Selling Price Of Product Research Articles

How Does the Adoption of e‐Commerce Impact the Selling Prices of Agricultural Products? Empirical Evidence From Apple Farmers in China

ABSTRACTThe sale of products through e‐commerce is emerging in rural China, and it cuts out intermediaries and allows farmers direct access to the market. To understand how adopting e‐commerce impacts the selling prices of agricultural products and who benefits more from adopting e‐commerce, we interviewed 480 apple farmers from the three representative provinces in China. The Propensity Score Matching approach combined with sensitivity analysis is employed to address the potential self‐selection bias in estimating the impacts of adopting e‐commerce. We find that adopting of e‐commerce drives significant increases in the selling prices of apple products, including the average price, the maximum price and the minimum price. The heterogeneity analysis suggests that the adoption of e‐commerce has significant heterogeneous effects on selling prices across various ages and education of household heads, land area, distance to the local town centre and social capital. The analysis of potential pathways reveals that increases in selling prices are attributed to farmers achieving more marketing flexibility through more adaptable sale times and extended sale periods due to adopting e‐commerce. The research findings provide rigorous evidence on optimal future policy design regarding the development of rural e‐commerce for poverty alleviation in China and other developing countries.

ANALISIS PERBEDAAN SISTEM PENYULUHAN PERTANIAN PADA MASA SEBELUM DAN SELAMA PANDEMI COVID-19 DI KABUPATEN MALANG

The agricultural extension system is a whole series of development of abilities, knowledge, skills and attitudes of main actors and business actors through extension. The agricultural extension system in Indonesia has experienced quite dynamic ups and downs since the COVID-19 pandemic hit this country. The extension system has changed in line with the policies taken by the government in response to Covid-19. This research aims to determine the effect of differences in agricultural extension systems before and during COVID-19 in the Malang Regency. This research method is descriptive qualitative with data analysis using Structural Equation Modeling. The research analysis results show significant differences in the agricultural extension system before and during COVID-19 in Malang Regency. During the pandemic, there have been significant changes in agricultural extension methods. Online methods and information technology are increasingly dominant, while face-to-face meetings have decreased drastically. Even though online methods are increasing, there are challenges in information accessibility for some farmers, especially farmers who live in rural areas with limited technological infrastructure. Farmer participation in extension activities tends to decrease during the pandemic. Factors such as technological limitations, unstable internet connections, and difficulty understanding online material are the main causes. The Covid-19 pandemic has also had a significant economic impact on farmers. The main challenges faced by farmers during the pandemic are limited market access, increasing prices of agricultural inputs, and decreasing selling prices for agricultural products.

ANALISIS KELAYAKAN HARGA JUAL DALAM PERSAINGAN PASAR PRODUK SYNTHETIC THICKENER

This study aims to analyze the feasibility of the selling price of synthetic thickener products in tight market competition based on financial aspects of Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR), and Profitability Index (PI) with three price levels from the price range requested by customers. The research was conducted using a qualitative research method with five stages, namely 1) defining the problem, 2) identifying each alternative, 3) analyzing the feasibility of the selling price with a three-level price scenario, 4) conducting a comparative analysis and 5) recommending the decision given. The results of the research with the NPV, PI and BCR methods are not feasible for price as well as level 1 and feasible for selling prices 2 and 3.

Analisis dan Perancangan Usaha Pembukaan Cabang Baru pada Konveksi XYZ di Kota Bandung

Konveksi specific industry or agency. The problem with convection piling up and not making convection operational activities efficient. The aim of this study is to consider market aspects, technical aspects and financial aspects. By carrying out this feasibility analysis, convection can find out what needs to be prepared and know what risks will occur in order to avoid or minimize existing risks in the longer term. This financial aspect approach uses calculations of the Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Net Present Value (NPV), Payback Period (PBP), and Profitability Index (PI). The benefit of the proposed design results is that it can estimate the size of market demand for the opening of a new branch of XYZ Convection in Bandung City, namely 8,513 pcs in 2025, it can design the technical and operational aspects of opening a new branch of XYZ Convection in Bandung City by determining an investment of IDR 153,738,772, it can measure the financial feasibility of opening a new branch of Konveksi sensitivity of four variables, including sensitivity to decreasing demand levels, decreasing product selling prices, decreasing, increasing raw material costs, and increasing direct labor and indirect labor costs. Can identify the risks of opening a new branch of Konveksi XYZ in Bandung City with a percentage of 4.9%, and for entrepreneurs, it can be used as a consideration in making decisions in the business of opening a new branch of Konveksi. Based on the results of a feasibility study carried out taking into account market aspects, technical aspects and financial aspects, opening a new branch at XYZ Convection in Bandung City is feasible.

From pre-owned printers to pristine Porsches

Abstract Recent years have seen a considerable increase in e-commerce, with sales forecast to continue rising over the coming years. This study provides a corpus linguistic analysis of item descriptions on eBay’s UK website, on which both members of the public and businesses can offer goods for sale. It is based on two corpora of items sold on the site in 2015 and 2020 which together contain 412,601 item descriptions and over 57 million words of text. The analysis applies corpus linguistic methods to gain further insight into the diachronic development of language use on eBay, to explore linguistic features in item descriptions and across product categories, and to relate word choice to product selling price. Its findings offer new understanding of the changing language of online selling and indicate how a corpus linguistic methodology may be used to explore the impact of linguistic features on sales figures.

Analisis Penetapan Harga Jual Produk dan Volume Penjualan: Studi Kasus pada Rumah Makan Raja Ayam Kota Gorontalo

This research aims to determine the selling price of products at the Raja Ayam Restaurant in Gorontalo City and to determine the sales volume of products at the Raja Ayam Restaurant in Gorontalo City. The research method uses a survey method. The primary data source in this research is the owner of Raja Ayam Restaurant, Gorontalo City. The data obtained will be presented in tabular form and analyzed descriptively. The results of the research show that the product selling price at the Raja Ayam Restaurant in Gorontalo City is determined by calculating all costs which consist of fixed costs and variable costs. Raja Ayam Restaurant in Gorontalo City uses a selling price method that involves a mark-up of 30% of the total production costs. Thus, the selling price of the product is calculated by adding 30% of the total production costs. This strategy provides clarity in determining prices and includes the desired profit elements. In the main menu of Rumah Makan Raja Ayam, the price of each package or size of chicken is determined by applying a certain mark-up above the purchase price. By using the Mark-Up Pricing Method, these prices cover the profits desired by business actors and provide an overview of the pricing strategy used in the Raja Ayam business in Gorontalo City. The average sales volume of Rumah Makan Raja Ayam reaches around 1,229 packages of chicken every month, with sales of around 40 packages per day. The net income earned every month reaches Rp. Rp. 29,388,093.18, and daily net income is Rp. 979,603.11. Stable sales volume and good income reflect the positive performance and operational success of Rumah Makan Raja Ayam in Gorontalo City.

Analyzing how inflation affects non-instantly decaying goods with demand linked to ads and selling price in a dual-warehouse setup

This study explores inventory management strategies specifically designed for non-instantaneous deteriorating goods under inflationary conditions, utilizing a dual-warehouse system—one owned and the other rented with limited storage capacity. We examine the effects of advertising frequency and product selling price on demand rates, taking into account the gradual decline in customer patience, which leads to partial backlogging of shortages. The primary objective is to determine optimal replenishment policies for retailers that effectively minimize total costs per unit time. In real life, managing oil inventory is crucial for industries where factors like gradual deterioration, demand fluctuations due to advertising and pricing, and sensitivity to inflation require sophisticated inventory models to optimize replenishment policies and minimize costs. To validate our proposed inventory model, we provide a numerical. A sensitivity study using MATLAB R2024a software highlights the impact of parameter changes, providing significant information for decision-makers across various industries.

Multi Agent Model Analysis in Identifying the Relationship Between Productivity Level, Production Cost and Product Selling Price

Multi Agent Model Analysis in Identifying the Relationship Between Productivity Level, Production Cost and Product Selling Price

Pendampingan Penentuan Harga Jual Produk di UMKM Kieran Tea

This research was conducted to determine the cost of production of one of the micro, small and medium enterprises or UMKM that has the opportunity to sell individually packaged tea drinks. Meanwhile, in marketing Kieran tea products, several stages need to be carried out, especially in determining the price in the market before this tea product is put on the market, so that prices can be adjusted to compete in the market and at the same time be accepted by people who want to enjoy this special tea treat. In this research, the HPP method was used to determine the price that can be released to the market. After going through calculations, the selling price for camellia tea was obtained, namely IDR 12,300/bag and IDR 308,600/box. Business owners also understand the influence of the cost of production and expected profits in their business in determining the selling price of their products, so there is a significant difference between determining the selling price of products without taking HPP into account and those taking HPP into account.

Performance enhancement by integrating concentrated inclined solar still for jaggery production

While unrefined sugar/jaggery consumption has various health benefits, unsustainable and inefficient production processes can negatively impact the environment and health. This study proposes a novel, sustainable approach to jaggery production using solar energy. The primary concentration is done in a VARS system, followed by the secondary concentration in a solar still field at low temperatures to maintain jaggery quality. The study presents experimental observations from the developed inclined solar still with external reflectors to preheat and concentrate the juice. In the absence of sun, the solar still field functions as an evaporation-condensation unit under auxiliary heating. By connecting several solar stills in series, the energy requirements from the PTC field can be reduced. The system is capable of producing a by product of distilled water, amounting to 169.78 kg/day, under varying solar radiation in April at Chennai, India. The overall energy efficiency of the system is 48.31 % under solar load, and 63.05 % under auxiliary heating. The system also leads to enhancement in CO2 mitigations, amounting to around 3134.7 tons of CO2 from dry bagasse combustion. Due to the added revenue from distilled water production, the system's payback period is reduced to as low as 4.89 years, depending on product selling price.

Estimation of selling price for grasshopper (Valanga nigricornis Burm.) snack bar products using cost-based method

Abstract Determination of the selling price is an important part of the commercialization process of researched food products. The food product that had been developed was a snack bar product made from grasshopper flour (Valanga nigricornis Burm.). This research purpose was to determine the selling price of snack bar products made from grasshopper flour based on recipe differences. The method of determining the selling price was the cost-based method. Variations of this method are variable costing and full costing. The result of this research was the chosen recipe for the main snack bar production was recipe two. Recipe two had an additional level of grasshopper flour of 8,39% per batch. The estimated selling price of the grasshopper snack bar product from all of these product recipes was Rp. 10,000.00 – Rp. 14,500.00 per pack containing one snack bar per pack. Based on variable and full costing calculations, recipe two had an estimated selling price of Rp. 11,714.01 – Rp. 13,311.37 and of Rp. 12,242.62 – Rp. 13,912.06 respectively. The nutritional values of recipe two per package were water content of 8.08%; ash content of 2.3919%; protein of 13.894%, fat 25.1424%; carbohydrates of 50.4914%; and total Energy of 483.8245 kcal. This value served as nutrition value information that must be printed on the product packaging label. These research results can be used to help the development and design of scale-up processes to make food products compete in the market.

Perancangan Media Promosi Whatsapp Web dan Facebook Market Place Produk Kerang pada Koperasi Ikhtiar Swadaya Mitra (ISM) Karya Sinar Bahari, Desa Tanggul Jaya, Kelurahan Banten, Kecamatan Kasemen, Kota Serang, Provinsi Banten

This service is entitled Promotional Media Design on Whatsapp business and Facebook Market place at the Karya Sinar Bahari Cooperative (KSB) Tanggul Jaya Village, District. Kasemen, Serang City, Banten Province. The main objective of this community service activity is to provide education about methods and steps to open a distribution network through designing wider promotional media efficiently and effectively to achieve profitable product selling prices, choosing media that is efficient and suitable for product promotion. green mussels and determining the appropriate media placement to promote green mussel products by the Karya Sinar Bahari Cooperative (KSB) Tanggul Jaya Village, Kec. Kasemen, Serang City. The method used is a survey method and direct delivery of material as well as simulations and discussions regarding the science of marketing management in the digital era as well as creating a WhatsApp business account along with photos of the green mussel catalog products.

Taguchi Method for Optimizing Economic Product Selling Prices in MSMEs Concrete Industry

This article examines research related to determining the economic selling prices for concrete brick products at Karunia MSMEs, with the aim of optimization for production cost while still maintaining process quality. The method used in this research is Design of Experiment (DoE) based, namely Taguchi with regression, then continued with cost analysis to determine the optimal cost of production for efficiency. The technique in this method uses 3 variables, there are sand, cement and the length of time for mixing the concrete mixture with the quality parameters and production costs of the concrete bricks. Based on the experimental results, in achieving the goal of increasing cost efficiency, through sensitivity analysis it was obtained that the optimal composition of the cost of production was IDR 5,000 per piece of concrete brick, while maintaining SNI quality standards in optimal results of compressive strength is 117.37 kg/cm2, water permeability is 7.77% and roughness is 52.42 µm. The cost of production is the same as the initial cost of production before composition optimization efforts are carried out, where the initial concrete brick product is indicated as not meeting SNI quality standards because it has a compressive strength value below standard. The results of this research are expected to be able to provide recommendations for economic selling price for concrete brick by production costs optimizing while maintain the SNI standard quality of concrete brick products.

Sosialisasi Perhitungan Harga Pokok Penjualan dan Harga Jual Produk Pada Pelaku UMKM di Desa Sade Kabupaten Lombok Tengah

Small and medium businesses have an important role as drivers of the economy in Indonesia. However, various obstacles that arise can hinder its development, especially problems in the financial sector. MSMEs' difficulties in determining the cost of goods sold and selling prices can affect their profits and business sustainability. The outreach was carried out to provide knowledge and understanding for MSME players so they can calculate the cost of goods sold and selling prices correctly. This community service activity was carried out in Sade Village, Central Lombok Regency, which was attended by MSME actors in the tourist village. The aim of this service is to provide knowledge and understanding for MSMEs in determining the cost of goods sold and the selling price of products. This activity was carried out on March 6 2024. The results of the activity showed that the socialization provided could provide positive benefits for participants. This can be seen from the alignment of the material presented with the participants' needs as well as the participants' enthusiasm in participating in this activity.

How to promote the application of green pesticides by farmers? Evolutionary game analysis based on “government–farmer–consumer”

Green pesticide use, as a key means to reduce pesticide use, plays a crucial role in promoting environmental and food safety. However, the effectiveness of green pesticide use policies in China falls short of expectations. Existing research mainly examines the policy promotion issues of green pesticide use from a static and single-agent perspective. However, green pesticide use behavior is a dynamic process influenced by multiple factors, including the government, farmers, and consumers. This paper builds an evolutionary tripartite game model of the government, farmers, and consumers from the perspective of dynamic strategy evolution and explores the evolutionary conditions that affect the stability of the tripartite game strategy during green pesticide application. The results show that 1) through different partnership models, the government, farmers, and consumers can evolve to a stable state. 2) Keeping the government’s regulatory intensity in the market for green agricultural products within a reasonable range will help farmers apply green pesticides. 3) Users’ preference for high-quality vegetables will increase the market selling price of green products. 4) Maintaining the government’s ecological subsidies for green pesticides will help stimulate farmers’ enthusiasm for using green pesticides. Therefore, the government should appropriately strengthen ecological subsidies and market supervision, guide consumers’ green consumption behavior, and encourage farmers to use green pesticides.

Cost Plus Pricing as a Sustainable Solution for MSMEs Case Study: Permata Bakery Lampung

This study aims to accurately determine product selling prices by calculating the cost-plus pricing method at Permata Bakery. This research uses primary data with descriptive quantitative methods. The results showed that the selling price set by Permata Bakery differed from the one the author calculated. The calculations made by the business owners tend to be lower, so the selling price of the product is lower, and the profit earned tends to be lower because the selling price of the product is not accurate. Using cost-plus pricing-based calculations, Permata Bakery's profits are expected to increase. This research will help business owners set a precise selling price to make the business profitable. The cost-plus pricing method is expected to provide sustainable profits for small and medium enterprises, which, in practice, find it challenging to increase business capital in a sustainable business effort.

PENGENALAN DAN PELATIHAN DIVERSIFIKASI PRODUK HASIL PERIKANAN KEPADA ISTRI NELAYAN DI KENJERAN-SURABAYA

The impoverished economic condition of fishermen is one of reasons that compelling the wives to work and earn extra living for their families. This problem is predominantly occurred in fishermen households in Kenjeran, Surabaya. This impoverished economic condition of fishermen is considerably influenced by the lack of adequate facilities and education related to the processing of diversified fishery commodities. Therefore, in order to help the economy improvement and reduce the poverty level within fishermen households, it is necessary to provide community service which is focusing on giving skill in diversification process of fisheries commodities. This activity aims to provide training and information enrichment related to fishery product processing skills in order to encourage financial independence in fishermen communities. This community service activity was initially began with conducting preliminary survey, which then continued with the training in making products from fisheries commodities. In the counseling process, primary data was taken by conducting interviews to fill out questionnaires. The result of this community service activity showed that the majority of participants already had certain level of understanding toward nutritional information and proper method to make processed fisheries products. The participants of this activity were given information regarding to the utilization of package in protecting and elevating the selling price of fisheries products. The questionnaires evaluation shows that the fishermen wives need further assistance regarding the variety of fish processing method, along with the effective marketing strategy and the proper implementation of sanitation hygiene to make products with high selling price. The Kenjeran fishing community understands the importance of diversifying fishery products. This is an effort to increase the economic value of products as an economic resource for residents.

Analisis Biaya Pokok Produksi (BPP) Dalam Menentukan Harga Jual Sapu Injuk Dan Hasil Laba Penjualan

The calculation of the cost of production for SME business actors needs to be carried out or applied as a basis for determining product selling prices and optimal profit amid increasingly fierce market competition and increasing prices of basic commodities which occur as an effort to adjust prices amid frequent fuel price phenomena. go on. This research was conducted to determine the process of determining the cost of production of injuk broom in determining the selling price and profit. The full costing method is the right method to use in this study where all elements of production costs start from raw material costs, labor costs, and factory overhead costs. In determining the selling price that can be determined from the cost of production plus the expected profit. Profit derived from the selling price minus the cost of production. The data were obtained from the results of interviews, observations and documentation conducted by the author to the Sweep Injuk village of Muaradua. Based on the results of the research, it is known that in the calculation of the production cost of production, it has not been included in all the cost components in the production of injuk brooms, so that it affects the setting of selling prices that are not appropriate and the expected profit results are not optimal so far. Then the results are obtained which the researcher can conclude, seen from the calculation of the cost of production using the full costing method tends to be greater.

Two-echelon supply chain with production disruption and controllable deterioration considering carbon emission under Stackelberg game approach

This paper considers a two-echelon supply chain consisting of a manufacturer and a retailer in which the manufacturer faces a random production disruption risk. The manufacturer replenishes the unproduced items to fulfil the retailer’s order from the secondary market at a higher price. To attract more customers, this paper considers a customer’s demand dependent on product selling price, stock level, and freshness level of the fresh items. Furthermore, this paper considers preservation technology investment (PTI) to mitigate the deterioration rate of the items and carbon tax regulation to curb down carbon emissions revealed from the supply chain activities. The Stackelberg game approach with a leader–follower relationship is used considering the manufacturer as a leader and the retailer as a follower. Several theorems are developed to illustrate the concavity of the profit function and to find out the optimal solutions in which the objective is to maximize the manufacturer’s total profit subject to the minimum total cost that the retailer is willing to incur. Several numerical examples are presented to illustrate the proposed models and the obtained results are compared for with and without carbon tax policy. Finally, sensitivity analysis with some key managerial insights is given to demonstrate the model. The results show that a product’s freshness level influences consumers’ decision to buy more, and that’s why the freshness level is an important competitive tool to increase sales as well as the supply chain’s total profit.

Geospatially explicit technoeconomic assessment of sustainable aviation fuel production: A regional case study in Virginia

There is strong interest in sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) to decarbonize aviation; however, local decision-makers will need to consider what additional incentives could stimulate SAF commercialization within their own jurisdictions. This study analyzed SAF production in Virginia, evaluating two biomass-to-energy platforms (gasification Fischer Tropsch [GFT] and pyrolysis) and two regionally abundant feedstocks (woody wastes and municipal solid wastes). A suite of open-access modeling tools were applied to possible SAF supply chains encompassing feedstock collection and transportation, conversion, and fuel upgrading and transport. Key modeling outputs were minimum product selling price (MPSP) ($/gallon) and life-cycle global warming potential (GWP) (g CO2eq/MJ). Results suggest that early SAF production via GFT will require local incentives of approximately $3.61 per gallon compared to $0.75 per gallon for pilot-scale pyrolysis. Location of production facility (by county) influences economic and environmental metrics but is not nearly as important as facility size (tonnes/year). Different formats of financial incentives (i.e., tax credits, loan forgiveness, etc.) offer markedly different reductions in SAF MPSP. Finally, under current federal incentives in the US, it is still more economically efficient to use pyrolysis (with higher GWP) than GFT (with lower GWP). Therefore, regional stakeholders will need to navigate the tradeoff between economic and environmental performances of these platforms. Though Virginia was used as a case study, the methodology is replicable for other jurisdictions, insofar it can be adapted for use in other locations without decision-makers having to completely build their own TEA models.