Product Price Variables Research Articles

Understanding the Ivorian market vegetables production: Is the agroecological transition the right strategy?

CONTEXTAfrican agriculture, and especially market vegetables production, which is dominated by smallholder systems, generally faces many challenges. There is growing interest in agroecology as a means to move towards more sustainable food and farming systems. The West African region is considered by FAO to feature the conditions to become “a global frontrunner in agroecology”, and ongoing efforts in Côte d'Ivoire attempts to understand and promote agroecology in vegetable production. OBJECTIVEThe objective of this study is to present a functional analysis of the Ivorian suburban market vegetables value chain, and discuss the suitability of and agroecological transition of the agricultural production link, towards more sustainable vegetables production in the country. METHODSA thorough functional analysis of the Ivorian market vegetables value chain was conducted, including the construction of typologies to identify the links between agroecological practices and overall technical and socio-economic efficiencies. RESULT AND CONCLUSIONThe available data (primary, secondary) allows but only a superficial understanding of the Ivorian market vegetables value chain. The analysis of economic returns as a function of their adoption of agroecological practices suggests that “formal” agroecological farms struggle economically, more so than the rest of producers. Observed relations between yields and certain agroecological practices practiced by most Ivorian producers, in combination with the functional analysis of the value chain, suggest that an intensification of these practices, coupled with improvements of the enabling environment (necessary to palliate the inputs cost and product price variability, as well as improve and secure access to land), may overall contribute to improved yields and higher gross margins. More and more detailed studies are necessary to determine the agroecological practices and their level of adoption that would minimise negative environmental and maximise positive socio-economic impacts. In Côte d'Ivoire, agroecology must prove its worth, through action-research initiatives, in order to further develop in terms of breadth and depth of application. SIGNIFICANCEthis article includes a national functional analysis of vegetable production systems. This is useful for understanding value chains and facilitating agroecological transition.

The Influence of Service Quality and Product Price on Purchasing Decisions

Purpose – The researcher conducted this study to analyze the effect on service quality variables (X1) and product price variables (X2) on the variable purchase results (Y) at PT Lunindo in Batam City. This research uses quantitative methods and distributes data by distributing questionnaires.
 Methodology/approach – The population in this study were 149 people. Using data collection techniques with sampling techniques with non probability sampling techniques in Purposive sampling technique. The sampling method uses the Slovin formula at a significant level of 0.05 because respondents was 109 people, then the questionnaire will be distributed to 109 respondents. The next set, data collected through Assistance multiple regression of analysis and with program SPSS.
 Findings – The results of this study indicate the service quality variable (X1) and product price variable (X2) which have a positive and significant effect on the outcome variable purchase (Y) at PT Lunindo in Batam City. Service quality variable (X1) with positive and significant consideration of purchasing decisions (Y), and product price variables (X2) are fully understood positively and significantly towards purchasing decisions (Y). Simultaneously service quality (X1) and product price (X2) have a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions (Y) at PT Lunindo in Batam City
 Novelty/value – Delve into the specific industry or sector that PT Lunindo operates within. Research could emphasize how service quality and product pricing impact purchasing decisions uniquely within that industry, potentially uncovering sector-specific patterns.

Pengaruh Kualitas Produk Dan Harga Terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Smartphone Iphone 12 Di Kota Bandung

The purpose of this study is to analyze the customer perception of smartphone iPhone 12 in Bandung City on Product Quality and Product Price on Purchase Decisions partially and simultaneously. The method that is used in this study is descriptive quantitative method. Sampling was carried out using a non-probability sampling method with a purposive sampling sample. The sample of this research was iPhone 12 users who live in Bandung City, with a total of 100 respondents. The analysis data technique that was used in this research was multiple linear regression. Based on the results of the T-test in this research, product quality and price variable have a significant influence on purchasing decisions partially on iPhone 12 smartphone users in Bandung City. Furthermore, based on the results of the F-test in this study, product quality and product price variables have a significant influence on purchasing decisions simultaneously on iPhone 12 smartphone users in Bandung City. Therefore, based on the result of the coefficient determination, the R Square has a score of 0.696, which means that the independent variables, product quality and product price affect the purchasing decisions by 69.6% while the remaining 30.4% is the contribution of the influence of other variables outside this study.

Comparison Analysis of Online Shop between Lazada and Shopee on Students of The Faculty of Economics and Business (FEB) Narotama University Surabaya, Indonesia

This study aims to analyze differences in consumer satisfaction in buying products through the Online Shop between SHOPEE and LAZADA among FEB students of Narotama University Surabaya seen from the perception of how to use applications, promotions, prices, and satisfaction. This type of research is comparative research with a quantitative approach. The population in this study were students of the Faculty of Economics and Business at Narotama University who had used both Lazada and Shoppe online shop applications using purposive sampling in the research sample. The research data was obtained by distributing research questionnaires on How to Use, Promotion, Price, and Customer Satisfaction, to 85 respondents. The results showed that: (1) There are differences in the variable of how to use the application between the Lazada online shop and Shopee, (2) There is no difference in the variable promotional activities carried out between the Lazada online shop and Shopee, (3) There are differences in the product price variables offered between the Lazada online shop and Shopee, (4 There is no difference in the consumer satisfaction variable in shopping through the Lazada online shop with Shopee.

Optimal Design of a Trigeneration Plant using Fuzzy Linear Programming with Global Sensitivity Analysis on Product Price Uncertainty

A trigeneration system consists of interdependent technologies for power generation, heat generation, and the generation of cooling effect which leads to the overall improved thermodynamic efficiency of the system. However, the optimal design of a trigeneration system also depends on the product price variability of the energy streams which are highly dependent on the price of the raw materials and the product demand. Taking into consideration expected price fluctuations of streams, it is then possible for plant owners and engineers to evaluate the investment risk associated with the design capacity of a trigeneration system. The study proposes the use of a 2k factorial design of experiments together with fuzzy linear programming to conduct a price sensitivity analysis in the optimal design of a trigeneration system. This type of analysis can provide plant owners information on possible configurations for optimal capacity given uncertainty in the price parameters.

Models on providing food security: case of Ukraine

Providing food security is a top issue of agricultural economics in a global scale. Although Ukraine helps other countries become more food secure through its exports of wheat, corn, barley, and sunflower, low per capita income levels create challenges for Ukrainians to keep their diet nutrition balance in animal food basket. The research objective supposed applying mathematical apparatus to support solving this problem. The offered consumption optimization model has been developed to ensure inelastic customers’ food preferences by animal products subject to income and calories constraints. The proposed econometric models have been designed to project broiler, pork, eggs, milk, and beef productions. Complex implementation of the set mathematical models maintained the tool to analyze scenarios by expected export/import and demands for grain and oilseed crops used for feed in animal husbandry. The results of this research provide state authorities, livestock and poultry producers, Ukrainian consumers and other interested parties with management guidance focused on developing animal husbandry in the presence of income, as well as animal product price variability.

Pengaruh Faktor Sosial Ekonomi Terhadap Loyalitas Konsumen Di Pasar Tradisional Ampel Kabupaten Boyolali

<p><em>This study examines socioeconomic factors on consumer loyalty in choosing to shop at the traditional Ampel market in Boyolali Regency. In order for traditional markets to survive and develop in the competitive business world in competing for consumers, it must be able to understand it’s consumers. Many factors can influence consumer loyalty in choosing to shop in traditional markets. In this study the factors that are thought to influence are product prices, product quality, merchant service, product location and market days. The type of research used is a survey with 50 sampling using incidental sampling. The type of data used is primary data and secondary data. Data collection techniques using questionnaires and data analysis techniques used multiple linear regression. Instrument test results show all valid and reliable. Multiple linear regression test shows Y = -9,199 + 0.510 X1 + 0.460 X2 -</em><em> 0.192 X3 + 0.708 X4 + 0.551 X5. It is shows that product price variables, product quality, market location and market day have a positive effect on consumer loyalty.</em></p>

Fuzzy mixed integer non-linear programming model for the design of an algae-based eco-industrial park with prospective selection of support tenants under product price variability

Eco-industrial parks provide a platform for the application of industrial symbiosis where the synergistic network of companies reuse portions of their by-products to reduce disposed waste, reduce environmental emissions, and improve plant efficiency. However, designing a complex network of material and energy exchanges between companies in an industrial park while satisfying multiple conflicting objectives require a systematic design methodology. In addition, strategic decision-making in an eco-industrial park involves the selection of prospective companies (i.e., support tenants), which complement the existing companies (i.e., anchor tenants). In this study, a fuzzy mixed-integer non-linear programming model is proposed to select prospective support tenants in an eco-industrial park while satisfying the product demand, minimizing the environmental footprint of the eco-industrial park, and also maximizing the annualized profit of each company in the eco-industrial park. A hypothetical but realistic case study involving an algae-based eco-industrial park is used to demonstrate the application of the model. The results demonstrate the selection of the appropriate support tenants for the algae-based eco-industrial park together with the optimal plant configuration. Sensitivity analysis is used to assess the performance of the algae-based eco-industrial park with respect to the changes in prices of the by-products. The developed model thus aid the planners of an eco-industrial park in assessing which among the prospective support tenants would best complements an existing anchor tenant. Furthermore, the model can also identify price negotiation points between tenants for some product streams which may show sensitivity on the plant capacity of each tenant.

Producer Preference for Price Stability

AbstractProducer preference for product price variability vis‐à‐vis price stability at the mean is examined in a simple two‐input model where one input is chosen after price is known while the other input must be chosen before price is observed. The result shows that risk‐neutral producers may strictly prefer price stability.

Extension of Oi's price instability theorem

Oi's theorem that product price variability raises the average profit of a single-product perfectly competitive firm is generalized in this paper to cover the case of an n-commodity firm. Under similar conditions to those mentioned by Oi for the single-product case, commodity (factor or product) price instability raises the average profit of an n-commodity perfectly competitive firm.

Discussion of Market Implications

The two papers presented at this session contain many points with which I can only agree, but also some thoughts with which one can take issue. In line with this, I would like first to share some thoughts that occurred to me while reading the two papers, and then add some observations made from my specific vantage point as financially-oriented researcher and investment analyst in a major agribusiness firm. The Barry/Fraser paper focuses on increased price variability for the farmers' products as an indicator that financial risk in primary agricultural production has increased. Furthermore, the paper discusses risk management primarily in terms of minimizing price variability and stabilizing expected returns. I contend that price variability, in itself and without reference to the corresponding cost of production, does not prove that the probability of incurring a financial loss has increased. It merely establishes the fact that it will statistically be more difficult to obtain the highest price possible. As a case in point, aggregate net farm income during the years 1973 and 1974 has reached unprecedented heights, both in absolute dollars and in relation to assets employed. This was not the result of a very sudden increased sophistication on the part of farmers to deal with the greater product price variability. The coefficients of variation for the annual mean prices shown in table 1 of the Barry/ Fraser paper are meaningless in my opinion because they are influenced heavily by the length of period selected for analysis and by the underlying secular trend in price levels. The paper points to a growth of over 1200% in debt per farm between 1950 and 1975 and a payback period of nearly three years for this debt as indicators of decreasing ability of the farm sector to absorb financial risks. But comparing statistics from the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Balance Sheet of the Farming Sector 1974 with comparable data for the Grain Processing Industry (SIC 2041) and the Agricultural Merchandising Sector, it beomes evident that these other sectors operate on a smaller gross profit margin and a much thinner cushion of financial reserves. This is what made it mandatory for them to devote major efforts to the task of risk management. Considering relative strength of net worth, it would take only a small fraction of the unhedged decline in the price of commodities to completely wipe out the net worth of a merchandising firm, compared to the decline necessary to completely dissipate the net worth of the farmer (see table 1). Barry/Fraser also suggest that more frequent sequential marketing can reduce risk, which is correct if we assume that risk aversion is the ultimate goal. But sequential marketing does not optimize prices. It is an averaging procedure that only guarantees that something better than the lowest price will be obtained. Maybe this explains why pooling results achieved by the cooperatives, as well as by the Canadian and Australian Wheat Boards, have been mediocre at best. Professor Gray's paper emphasizes institutional factors and the role of organized futures markets. I agree with his comments both in regard to the value of these institutions to our society and to the limitations still remaining. But in regard, for instance, to the lack of a sorghum futures contract, a broader definition by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission of bona fide hedging could do much to alleviate the present problem. Cross-hedging sorghum in corn futures gives essentially as much price protection as can be obtained hedging corn in corn futures. Another problem mentioned is the need for added margin calls to hedgers during periods of adverse price movements. It would seem there should be an objective reappraisal of using commodity options to deal with this problem. (Obviously, I would be opposed to dealing in naked options.) The hedger would in effect have already purchased with the option all additional margin potentially due if the market changes required it. Konrad Biedermann is the director of planning at the Continental Grain Company, New York.