Product Manufacturing Activities Research Articles

Characterization of atmospheric mercury from mercury-added product manufacturing using passive air samplers

Although alternatives to mercury (Hg) are available in most products and industrial activities, Hg continues to be an ingredient in some products, including fluorescent lamps and electrical and electronic equipment (EEE). In this work, low-cost passive air samplers (PASs) were used to investigate the atmospheric Hg pollution in Zhongshan, a large industrial city and major hub of mercury-added product manufacturing in South China. The GEM concentrations in the atmosphere were measured for two weeks during the summer of 2019 at a total of 144 sites across Zhongshan. Comparison with the results of active sampling confirmed that the PASs yielded accurate and reliable gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) concentrations and were thus well-suited for multi-site field monitoring. The mean GEM concentrations in the areas with mercury-added product manufacturing activities (5.1 ± 0.4 ng m−3) were significantly higher than those in other parts of Zhongshan (1.5 ± 0.4 ng m−3), indicating that local releases, rather than regional transport, were responsible for the atmospheric Hg pollution. Elevated GEM concentrations (up to 11.4 ng m−3) were found in the vicinity of fluorescent lamp and EEE factories and workshops, indicating significant Hg vapor emissions, presumably from the outdated production technologies and non-standard operation by under-trained workers. The Hg emissions from mercury-added product manufacturing were estimated to be 0.06 and 7.8 t yr−1 for Zhongshan and China, respectively, based on the scales of fluorescent lamp and EEE production. The non-carcinogenic health risk of Zhongshan residents from inhalation and ingestion was judged acceptable, whereby the inhalation exposure in Hg-polluted areas exceeded that of dietary ingestion. These findings demonstrate that mercury-added product manufacturing still contributes notably to anthropogenic gaseous Hg releases in the industrial areas with intense mercury-added product manufacturing activities.

Analisis Kontribusi Keuntungan Atas Produk Produk Pada Usaha Moulding Keramajaya Di Tenggarong (Penerapan Linear Programming Metode Simpleks)

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the production volume of the Keramajaya Muolding Business in Tenggarong was at the optimal point to generate maximum profit. The analytical tool used is the simplex method. The primary data used is the production costs incurred in carrying out product manufacturing activities in 2019. The results of the simplex method analysis show that during 2019 the Keramajaya Molding Business in Tenggarong generated gross sales of Rp. 282.850.000 (442 units of product) consisting of 182 units of doors, 126 windows and 134 units of frame with a net profit of Rp. 36,110,000. The results of the analysis of the calculation of the simplex method obtained optimal gross sales of Rp. 220,000,000 (220 units all doors) with a net profit of Rp. 29,700,000. From these two comparisons, it can be concluded that the production of the Keramajaya Molding Business in Tenggarong in 2019 was optimal because it generated profits above Rp. 29,700,000. So that the first hypothesis in the study is accepted because it is proven true.

Taxation for a Circular Economy: New Instruments, Reforms, and Architectural Changes in the Fiscal System

This article addresses fiscal policy as a key instrument for promoting the transition to a circular economy. It is based on the hypotheses that (1) the current tax system penalizes circular activities, which are generally labour intensive, as opposed to new product manufacturing activities, which are generally intensive in materials and energy, highly automated and robotized, and (2) that the environmental taxation implemented in recent decades is unable to introduce significant changes to stop climate change or keep the economy within planetary ecological limits. This article examines the basis of an alternative tax system and tax instruments for correcting the current linear economy bias and driving the transition to a circular economy. Proposals are developed for both structural and partial reforms of the fiscal system, focusing on tax measures that can be implemented in the medium or short term to boost a circular economy. More specifically, we suggest a complete redesign of the currently opaque and significant amount of tax expenditure to transform environmentally harmful tax benefits into environmentally friendly tax measures that are suitable for the circular economy.

Social Manufacturing: What are its key fundamentals?

Abstract Product manufacturing activities must be synchronous with social, scientific and technological developments, social manufacturing as a kind of next generation manufacturing paradigm combines the state-of-the-art technologies, such as Internet, cyber physical system (CPS) and internet of things. This paper is a typical position paper for elaborating the key fundamentals of social manufacturing based on its characteristics. The theoretical research and empirical study on social manufacturing in recent years, six key fundamentals have emerged and can be summarized as demands on service principles, grouping and communities with complex network, extended CPS and nets for industrial needs, collective intelligence in social manufacturing, block chain for cyber-credits and matched industrial software framework and models. Demands on service principles is the base key fundamental and determine others. In this paper, the key fundamentals and the technologies behind them have been analyzed for better development of social manufacturing in the future.

Innovación y Producción en la Industria Manufacturera: Estudio Comparativo de Cadenas Globales

A new logic in the capitalist accumulation process has emerged in the last four decades. The hypothesis of the article is that this new logic expresses itself in the manufacturing industry through the increasing segmentation of product innovation and product manufacturing activities, and the integration of two alternative types of innovation activities: informational and aesthetic-expressive. Starting from an approach that combines different theoretical categories (global value chain, historical system of accumulation, disconnection between innovation and production capabilities) and a methodology based on the analysis of secondary sources of information, three productive chains have been studied: pharmaceutical, apparel and consumer electronics. The outcome of the research confirms the formulated hypothesis and allows us to detect specificities in the content of innovation, the constitution of entry barriers and the geographical dispersion in each chain.