Production Industry Research Articles

THE IMPACT OF CORPORATE BRAND COMPETITIVENESS AND SERVICE QUALITY ON CUSTOMER LOYALTY IN USING SMART CLASSROOM PRODUCTS: A CASE OF BEIJING ORIENTAL ZHONGYUAN DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD.

Purpose – This study examines the impact of corporate brand competitiveness and service quality on customer loyalty in the smart classroom products industry. The research aims to fill the gap in the literature by identifying specific factors influencing customer loyalty in this rapidly evolving technological sector.Methodology – The research employed a descriptive design, gathering data with convenience random sampling technique from 400 participants, including teachers, students, and administrative staff. Data was collected via a structured questionnaire that measured corporate brand competitiveness, service quality, and customer loyalty, using a five-point Likert scale. The data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods, including regression analysis. Reliability and validity were ensured through rigorous testing of the research instruments.Results – The findings indicate that demographic factors such as gender, age, and education do not significantly impact customer loyalty. However, corporate brand competitiveness, particularly in areas of competitive intelligence, pivotal merits, and communicative capacities, has a substantial influence on customer loyalty. Additionally, service quality, especially in terms of reliability, empathy, and assurance, was found to significantly drive customer loyalty in the smart classroom product market.Implications – The study suggests that companies in the smart classroom sector should focus on enhancing brand competitiveness through market intelligence, strategic communication, and providing high-quality service. These factors are crucial for fostering customer loyalty in a technology-driven educational environment. The insights provided can guide companies in developing strategies that strengthen customer satisfaction and retention.Originality/Value – This research provides new insights into the underexplored area of customer loyalty in the smart classroom products industry, offering valuable recommendations for both academic researchers and industry practitioners.

Resistance Element Welding (REW) of Steels with Non-Ferrous Materials: Potentials, Challenges, and Properties

Performance and functionality are two key factors in designing advanced components. One promising approach in manufacturing design is the fabrication of multi-material structures by joining dissimilar materials. Steels, known for their outstanding properties and cost-effective production, are widely used across several industries. However, their high density presents challenges when designing lightweight components. A solution lies in combining steels with lightweight, non-ferrous alloys to develop cost-effective multi-material parts. However, joining different materials is generally complex due to their different properties, making it sometimes challenging or even unfeasible. Resistance element welding (REW) offers a high-performance alternative to traditional methods, such as resistance spot welding, with a high potential in mass production industries like automotive manufacturing. This article comprehensively reviews the latest research on REW for dissimilar joining of steels and non-ferrous alloys. It focuses on the microstructural and mechanical properties of joints, innovations in the REW process, the influence of process parameters on joint quality, as well as simulation and numerical studies. In addition, REW is compared with traditional joining methods.

Catalytic Conversion of Ethyl Levulinate to γ-Valerolactone Under Mild Conditions over Zr-Beta Acidic Zeolite Prepared by Hydrothermal Method

As an important biomass resource, γ-valerolactone (GVL) shows considerable potential for applications in biofuel production, organic synthesis, polymer, and food industries. Herein, an effective method was presented for synthesizing GVL through the catalytic transfer hydrogenation (CTH) of ethyl levulinate (EL) under mild conditions. Using isopropanol as a hydrogen donor, a 100% conversion of ethyl levulinate and an 88.7% yield of GVL were achieved over 2%Zr-Beta-7d catalyst at 110 °C for 8 h. The acidic sites of synthesized Zr-Beta via hydrothermal methods easily adjusted and offered high catalytic activity and selectivity. The Lewis (L) acid sites on the zeolite serve as the active centers for the conversion of EL. Characterization results indicate that the amounts of L acid sites on Zr-Beta increased with the Zr content and crystallization time rose, thus enhancing the selectivity for GVL. Additionally, the influences of catalyst dosage, reaction temperature, and time on catalytic performance are studied, as well as calculations of kinetic parameters such as reaction rate constants and activation energies. The 2%Zr-Beta-7d catalyst retains its high performance after five cycles. The current research may present an efficient approach for the conversion of EL to GVL under mild conditions.

Monetised sustainability impacts of integrated planning in the manufactured construction products industry: A transport perspective from New Zealand

<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;">The extensive, interdisciplinary nature of construction supply chains make them prone to inefficiencies at organisational interfaces. Inefficiencies are accentuated by the project-centric delivery paradigm, and complex logistics systems between multiple stakeholders. They manifest as a multitude of concurrent activities, processes, and systems both on and off-site. Transportation is the largest component of the logistics domain. Transport operations are inherently fragmented, intrinsic to every business, while vehicle ownership and deployment is typically externalised. Differentiated waste removal and materials delivery further disintegrate the already fragmented construction supply chain. Inefficiencies from the insularity of the planning process across segmental boundaries aggregate incrementally, with impacts visible at the macro level. Re-configuration of activities, resources and actors are acknowledged strategies for optimising logistics and transportation function. This paper investigates the impact of three integration strategies on a manufactured construction products supply chain efficiency. These strategies include vertical integration of distribution, integrated planning for transport operations, and integration of reverse logistics into operations. Sustainability impacts are evaluated according to domestically determined monetary parameters in order to benchmark performance at the business and national scale.</span></p>

Indicators of Increased Military Production in the United States

This study examines the indicators of increased activity within the United States military-industrial complex. It identifies key markers that reflect both the state of the military production industry and its potential reforms. The paper highlights the factors that signify the growth of industrial production in the American defense industry: social, demographic, economic, political, and personal. Separately, it explores the conditions under which the US military industry can become more prominent within the national economy.

Strategi Komunikasi Global Dalam Praktik Pemasaran Global

This research is based on the desire to analyze the role of global communication strategies in current global marketing practices where competition is high. The analytical tool is a qualitative method used by the author, namely to fill in the data or information collected with the final result in the form of writing. This method is used to describe and explain management strategies for dealing with waqf problems through collecting information and studying documents, such as e-books, journal articles and papers. The ideas that will be put forward highlight: first, the concept of global marketing communications; second, variables that influence global communication; third, global marketing communications strategy; fourth, the benefits of global marketing communications. The research results concluded that the marketing activities implemented were based on a planned strategy design based on the results of an analysis of the competitive conditions of a product's industry at various levels of the product life cycle, which needed to be communicated between the company and the target market. In this activity, global marketing communication is very important, because through appropriate marketing communication in accordance with culture, life style, buying habits, consumer consumption patterns, communication media, target consumers.

Research on Industrial CO2 Emission Intensity and Its Driving Mechanism Under China’s Dual Carbon Target

As global climate change becomes increasingly severe, industrial CO2 emissions have received increasing attention, but the impact factors and driving mechanisms of industrial CO2 emission intensity remain unclear. Based on panel data from 2010 to 2021 in Shandong Province, a key economic region in eastern China, the industrial CO2 emission intensity under China’s dual carbon target was analyzed using multivariate ordination methods. The results showed that (1) total CO2 emissions from industry are increasing annually, with an average growth rate of 3.74%, and electricity, coal, and coke are the primary sources of CO2 emissions. (2) Total CO2 emissions originated primarily from the heavy manufacturing, energy production, and high energy intensity industry categories, and the CO2 emission intensity of different types of energy increased by 21.24% from 2010 to 2021. (3) CO2 emission intensity is significantly positively correlated with the proportion of high energy intensive industry, energy consumption intensity, and investment intensity and significantly negatively correlated with gross industrial output. In addition, the effects of different types of energy on industrial CO2 emission intensity varied, and coal, coke, electricity, and diesel oil were significantly positively correlated with CO2 emission intensity. Therefore, to reduce the CO2 emission intensity of the industrial sector in the future and to achieve China’s dual carbon target, it is necessary to adjust and optimize the industrial and energy structure, strengthen technological progress and innovation, improve energy utilization efficiency, improve and implement relevant policies for industrial carbon reduction, and then ensure the sustainable development of the economy, society, and environment.

Green Transformation of Industrial Structure of Jiaxing City Driven by Synergizing the Reduction of Pollution and Carbon Emissions

The "Implementation Plan for Reduction of Pollution and Carbon Emissions" emphasizes the need to explore mechanisms for pollution and carbon emission reductions, strengthen efforts for synergistic reduction, and accelerate the green and low-carbon development in different types of cities. Thus, this study established a multi-objective optimization model for the industrial structure of the city based on green total factor productivity （GTFP）, which was applied to Jiaxing, an emerging coastal city. The results indicated an overall 8% increase in GTFP across various industries in Jiaxing from 2016 to 2019. The top three economic sectors - chemical products； electricity and thermal production and supply； and communication equipment, computers, and other electronic devices-ranked 12th, 15th, and 5th in GTFP, respectively. Conversely, industries with the top three GTFP rankings-other manufacturing products, specialized equipment, food, and tobacco-ranked 19th, 12th, and 14th in GDP, respectively. Given the mismatch between economic output and environmental benefits among different industries, deepening industrial structure adjustment and promoting synergistic pollution reduction and carbon reduction are imperative. The chemical industry （decreasing by 2%） and the electricity and thermal production and supply industry （decreasing by 1%） crucially need industrial transformation. This can be achieved by setting higher environmental thresholds, reducing the growth rate of fixed asset investment, and curbing the final consumption of these industries to enhance the efficiency of existing facilities. Meanwhile, the service industry （increasing by 5%） should be rapidly developed, while other industries can continue to grow at their current pace. The city-level industrial structure optimization model established in this study can effectively support future decision-making for the dual control of total carbon emissions and intensity, foster new-quality productivity, and promote carbon peaking and green low-carbon high-quality development in different cities.

Factors Influencing Selection of Dairy Products by Retailers with Special Reference to Amul - A Study in Raipur

This report summarizes the comprehensive analysis of the behavior of retailers, product range, and promotion strategies by the fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) companies in the dairy products industry. The study was done during a two-month internship at Amul, with an objective to get practical knowledge about the distribution, marketing, and sales activities of FMCG companies through General Trade, Modern Trade, and Horeca channels. These considerations include profit margins, available products, reliable supply chain, and brand equity to arrive at a conclusion. Thereby, findings suggest the preference of retailers for trusted brands by the consumers having quality assurance and consistent supplies because of the perishability aspect related with dairy products such as milk, curd, and paneer. In addition, kiosk events, wall paintings, and shutter advertisements have proven to have a positive effect on the visibility of the brand and engagement of the consumers with the brand, thus affecting the decision of retailers to stock. Shelf space allocation was also observed to depend on consumer demand, brand promotions, and product differentiation in competitive retail environments. Through market visits and retailer feedback, the study provided actionable recommendations to strengthen Amul's brand presence and optimize product turnover. This internship emphasized the importance of close relationships and support mechanisms from strong retailers in fostering brand loyalty and market growth in the FMCG industry. Keywords: Distribution Efficiency, Brand Loyalty in Dairy, Retailer Relationship Management.

Quantification of Antimicrobial Use on Commercial Broiler Farms in Pakistan.

Pakistan has a large, intensive broiler production industry, where antimicrobials are extensively used for both therapeutic and prophylactic purposes. Monitoring antimicrobial use (AMU) at the farm level is crucial to guide interventions for antimicrobial stewardship. The objective of this study was to comprehensively quantify AMU on commercial broiler farms in Pakistan using different metrics. Data on on-farm AMU (both therapeutic and prophylactic) were collected from intensive commercial broiler farms in Punjab, Pakistan. AMU was quantified using four different metrics: treatment incidence (TI) based on defined daily dose (TIDDDvetPK), TI based on defined course dose (TIDCDvetPK), TI based on used daily dose (TIUDDvetPK), and mg/kg biomass. The median TIDDDvetPK, TIDCDvetPK, TIUDDvetPK, and mg/kg biomass values were 57.7 (7.5-257.9), 13.3 (1.8-52.5), 75.3 (21.1-182.9), and 301 (46.8-1009.6), respectively, based on 741 group treatments given at 100 participating farms with 225 flocks. About 34% treatments were administered for therapeutic purposes, with 66% administered as prophylaxis. A total of 41 active substances, distributed across 17 antimicrobial classes, were identified from 139 commercial antimicrobial products used. The most commonly used active substances (AS), out of total 741 group treatments, were colistin (polymyxins) at 17%, enrofloxacin (quinolones) at 8%, neomycin (aminoglycosides) and amoxicillin (aminopenicillins) at 7% each, and procaine penicillin (NS penicillins) and streptomycin (aminoglycosides) at 6% each. According to the WHO categorization, 57% of the used AS were found to be critically important antimicrobials (CIAs) for human medicine. As many as 30% of treatments were administered in the first week (13% on the first day of production), and the main indication was prophylaxis for early chick mortality, followed by 21% in week 5, with main indication being feed supplements for necrotic enteritis. The average weight at slaughtering was 2.25 kg, gained after an average of 44 days of the production cycle. The alarmingly high AMU in Pakistani broiler production emphasizes the urgent need to reduce AMU, particularly involving CIAs and the prophylactic use of antimicrobials. This can be achieved by improving farm management practices and strengthening regulatory oversight to enable prudent antimicrobial use, eventually reducing the risk of AMR.

Registration of ‘Rulon’, a six‐row, spring feed barley

AbstractIn Utah, spring feed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is commonly used in rotation with hay to supply the state's animal products industry. The objective of this research was to develop a spring feed barley cultivar with improved agronomic performance and adaptation to Utah's growing conditions. ‘Rulon’ (Reg. No. CV‐382, PI 705157, PVP no. 202400311) is a six‐row, spring feed barley cultivar developed and evaluated as UTSB10905‐72 and released in 2023 by the Utah Agricultural Experiment Station (UAES). Rulon was derived from the cross UTSB2120‐36/‘Goldeneye’. Goldeneye is a six‐row spring feed barley cultivar released by UAES in 2005. UTSB2120‐36 was an F4‐derived experimental line from the cross ‘Century’/‘IdaGold II’. Rulon was selected through a modified bulk breeding scheme from the F2 to the F4 generations. Derived from the F4 generation, Rulon was tested in replicated yield trials in Logan, UT, from 2013 to 2020, the University of Idaho (UI) Extension Variety Trials in 2016 and 2017, and the Western Regional Spring Barley Nursery from 2016 to 2018. Rulon yielded an average of 5987 kg ha−1 in Logan, outperforming all check varieties, and showed similar days to heading compared to Goldeneye. In the UI Extension Variety Trials, Rulon showed higher kernel plumpness (95%) compared to the check varieties (76–88%). In the Western Regional Spring Barley Nurseries, Rulon ranked among the top five yielding entries in 15 out of 25 site‐years. Rulon was released on the basis of its high grain yield, excellent kernel plumpness, and high test weight.

Revealing the Potential of Fucus vesiculosus Linnaeus for Cosmetic Purposes: Chemical Profile and Biological Activities of Commercial and Wild Samples

The natural products industry is gaining increasing interest, not only due to modern lifestyles becoming more aware of environmental and sustainability issues but also because of the loss of efficacy and undesirable side effects of synthetic ingredients. This pioneering study provides a comprehensive comparison between extracts obtained from wild and commercial samples of Fucus vesiculosus Linnaeus, highlighting their multifaceted benefits in cosmetic applications. The antiaging potential of acetone (70 and 90%) and ethanol 60% extracts from wild and commercial samples of F. vesiculosus, focusing on their application in cosmetics, was explored. The extracts were chemically characterized, their carotenoid profiles being established by HPLC, and the total phenolic content and phlorotannins by spectrophotometry. The extracts were evaluated for their antioxidant potential against the physiologic free radicals superoxide anion radical (O2•−) and nitric oxide (•NO), for their ability to inhibit the enzymes hyaluronidase and tyrosinase, and for their anti-inflammatory potential in the macrophage cell model RAW 264.7. The acetone 70% extract of wild F. vesiculosus was the richest in fucoxanthin, which accounted for more than 67% of the total pigments identified, followed by the acetone 90% extract of the same sample, where both fucoxanthin and pheophytin-a represented 40% of the total pigments. The same behavior was observed for phenolic compounds, with the ethanol 60% presenting the lowest values. A chemical correlation could be established between the chemical composition and the biological activities, with acetone extracts from the wild F. vesiculosus, richer in fucoxanthin and phlorotannins, standing out as natural ingredients with anti-aging potential. Acetone 90% can be highlighted as the most effective extraction solvent, their extracts presenting the highest radicals scavenging capacity, ability to inhibit tyrosinase to a greater extent than the commercial ingredient kojic acid, and potential to slow down the inflammatory process.

Peran Kepuasan Kerja Dipengaruhi Gaji, Stabilitas Pekerjaan, Pengayaan Pekerjaan, dan Lingkungan Kerja terhadap Komitmen Karyawan

Employee commitment is an important factor for the success of industrial companies in Tangerang City, especially in the tire production industry sector, because committed employees tend to increase job satisfaction, productivity, and profitability. This study aims to determine the effect of salary, job stability, job enrichment, and work environment on job satisfaction and employee commitment. The method in this study is quantitative, with a non-probability sampling method and a purposive sampling technique of 150 male employee respondents in the mixing center department at XYZ company in Tangerang City who have worked for at least 2 years. The results of data analysis using Partial Least Square - Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) show that salary, job stability, job enrichment, and work environment have a positive effect on job satisfaction and employee commitment. This research encourages companies to focus more on job satisfaction and employee commitment. It is expected that future researchers will add other variables that may be influential, such as organizational culture, leadership style, and employee performance to broaden their understanding of the factors that influence job satisfaction and employee commitment.

Leveraging Interfacial Electric Field for Smart Modulation of Electrode Surface in Nitrate to Ammonia Conversion

AbstractThe efficiency of nitrate reduction reaction (NO3RR) at low nitrate concentration is predominantly hindered by the poor affinity of nitrate ions and competitive hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), particularly in neutral and acidic media. Here, an innovative strategy to leverage the interfacial electric field (IEF) is introduced to boost the NO3RR performance. By in situ constructing tannic acid‐metal ion (TA‐M2+) crosslinked structure on the electrode surface, the TA‐M2+‐CuO NW/Cu foam sample exhibits an exceptional Faraday efficiency of 99.4% at −0.2 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) and 83.9% at 0.0 V versus RHE under neutral and acidic conditions, respectively. The computational studies unveil that the TA‐Cu2+ complex on the CuO (111) plane induces the increasing concentration of nitrate at the interface, accelerating NO3RR kinetics over HER via the IEF effect. This interfacial modulation strategy also contributes the enhanced ammonia production performance when it is employed on commercial electrode materials and flow reactors, exhibiting great potential in practical application. Overall, combined results illustrated multiple merits of the IEF effect, paving the way for future commercialization of NO3RR in the ammonia production industry.

Industry Image Perceptions and Organizational Attractiveness: Results of an International Survey

ABSTRACTExtending the research on corporate brand image and recruitment, this study investigates the influence of industry image on organizational attractiveness in a cross–national context. Drawing from signaling theory and the application of the instrumental‐symbolic image framework, we apply an experimental vignette design in the renewable energy industry (REI) and the oil and gas exploration and production industry (OGI) with potential job applicants in France, Germany, and the United Kingdom. We conceptualize national context as collective signaling environments. Results from 550 respondents indicate that the REI and OGI differ in most of the instrumental and symbolic image dimensions. The instrumental image dimension of pay and the three symbolic image dimensions of sincerity, innovativeness, and prestige predict organizational attractiveness. Moreover, sincerity, innovativeness, and prestige carry a mediating effect in the link between industry affiliation and organizational attractiveness. Findings also demonstrate that image perceptions of the REI and OGI vary across countries such that the already more favorable image perceptions regarding the REI are for the most part even more pronounced in France. Implications for theory and tailored recommendations for practice are provided.

Current issues in waste management in hot climate conditions

Abstract The article discusses current issues of waste management in the hot climate of Central Asia. It notes that the development of industry, construction boom, rapid motorization, diversification and growth of agricultural production, combined with a hot climate, along with population growth and its migration to cities, affect the waste situation. At the same time, the region is becoming familiar with the concept of the “green” economy and welcomes the adoption of global experience, modern technologies, and progressive thinking. It emphasizes that waste management is a “complex system” consisting of interconnected parts, each of which can be both a driver and a barrier.

Collaborations for Circular Food Waste Management in Italian Fish Manufacturing Firms: a Resource Dependence Perspective

This paper aims to shed light on supply chain collaborations in circular economy for food waste prevention and management. The exploratory study adopts a multiple case study research design on a sample of two polar cases: a small enterprise and a large company in the Italian manufacturing industry of fishery products. Resource Dependence Theory (RDT) allows for an understanding of the mechanisms of circular supply chains, describing strategic motivators of collaborations for circular economy, and overall provides a novel perspective on food waste prevention and management. This study highlights how companies develop in-house solutions when the food waste streams are moderate but rely on collaborations when the streams are conspicuous, thus, the need to implement circular economy solutions fosters collaborations. The findings provide a novel perspective on collaborations in circular economy; furthermore, RDT offers a novel conceptualization of food waste management practices, highlighting the suitability of further applying RDT to this field of study.

Thermally-assisted reformation of spray-printed polymer channel layer for improved transistor performance and device-to-device uniformity

Bulk and surface morphology of a channel layer needs to be controlled to obtain desirable electrical performance of organic transistors and circuits based on them. Although spray coating is widely used in industry for continuous production of thin films, the microscopically rough nature of the spray-printed films makes it challenging to apply in electronics. Herein, we demonstrate a simple, scalable, and general approach by combining solvent mixing and thermal annealing to improve surface flatness, and therefore device reproducibility, without additional apparatuses attached to the spraying tools. We find that a small amount (2–5 vol%) of a high-boiling-point solvent, which can dissolve the channel material only at an elevated temperature, reduces surface roughness and rearranges the internal microstructure of the channel layer via dissolution and re-solidification during heat treatment. Thermally-assisted reformation of the channels of representative polymers (P3HT and PDPP2T-TT) results in 1.5–2.1 times enhancement of charge-carrier mobility in organic electrochemical transistors compared to as-printed films. At the same time, the device-to-device variation is significantly reduced with about 4–5 times lower coefficient variation in electrical characteristics.

Self-encapsulation ultra-soft micro-channel with high thermal conductivity and passive radiation cooling

Oriented towards the industrialization of micro-electronic products, micro-channels suitable for micro and small electronic devices are committed to solving the issue of efficient thermal dissipation in the systems. Accordingly, research on integrating multifunctional thermal management composite materials for designing micro-channels has become a hot development trend. Notably, the design concept of efficient thermal dissipation micro-channel with the dual functional synergy of high thermal conductivity and passive radiation cooling was advanced. The compound of high thermal conductivity hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) and high-elastic thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) entrusts the micro-channel with a superb substrate with flexibility, stretchability, hydrophobicity, and high thermal conductivity. Draw support from a zero-energy consumption and environmentally friendly passive radiation cooling strategy, the micro-channel with a polyvinylidene fluoride/cellulose acetate (PVDF/CA) nanofiber film acquires an ultra-high reflectivity of up to 99.50 % (0.2–2.5 μm) and a high emissivity of 94.81 % (8–13 μm). The programmable patterned graphene oxide (GO) ink is assisted with high-viscosity natural Gleditsia sinensis polysaccharide (GSP) through 3D printing. Ultimately, a self-encapsulated, flexible, high thermal conductivity (0.42 W m-1K−1), passive radiation cooling micro-channel accumulated a temperature difference of 10.76 °C, potentially making a promising thermal management micro-channel system for development.

The impact of foreign direct investment on innovation in China's forest products industry

The forestry industry, with its high resource dependence, long production cycles, and extensive development modes, lags behind other industries in terms of innovation. This study examines the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on product innovation in China's forest products industry. We use data from 146,526 forest products enterprises spanning the years 1998 to 2013, merged with patent application records from the China National Patent Database, and employ a two-way fixed effects model. Our estimates show that a 10 % increase in FDI is associated with a 0.86 % increase in patent applications, a smaller effect than in other industries. In particular, we examine how this positive effect of FDI on innovation is affected by the specific production and layout features of the forest products industry. We find that this effect is greater in regions rich in forest resources and non-coastal areas. Additionally, enterprises in this industry often focus on strategic innovations, such as product design, rather than substantial technological change, with innovation priorities differing across sub-sectors. Mechanism analyses reveal that FDI promotes innovation in forest products enterprises by increasing R&D investments, optimizing the marketing environment, and alleviating financial constraints. Extended analyses indicate significant spillover effects of FDI-driven innovation across the industry, especially between the upstream and downstream segments of the supply chain. We advise the global forest products industry to consider these unique production and layout features in their development strategies, and suggest a reorientation of government innovation policies toward long-term goals.