Product Certification System Research Articles

Review and Assessment of Existing and Future Techniques for Traceability with Particular Focus on Applicability to ABS Plastics.

It is generally recognized that the use of physical and digital information-based solutions for tracking plastic materials along a value chain can favour the transition to a circular economy and help to overcome obstacles. In the near future, traceability and information exchange between all actors in the value chain of the plastics industry will be crucial to establishing more effective recycling systems. Recycling plastics is a complex process that is particularly complicated in the case of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plastic because of its versatility and use in many applications. This literature study is part of a larger EU-funded project with the acronym ABSolEU (Paving the way for an ABS recycling revolution in the EU). One of its goals is to propose a suitable traceability system for ABS products through physical marking with a digital connection to a suitable data-management system to facilitate the circular use of ABS. The aim of this paper is therefore to review and assess the current and future techniques for traceability with a particular focus on their use for ABS plastics as a basis for this proposal. The scientific literature and initiatives are discussed within three technological areas, viz., labelling and traceability systems currently in use, digital data sharing systems and physical marking. The first section includes some examples of systems used commonly today. For data sharing, three digital technologies are discussed, viz., Digital Product Passports, blockchain solutions and certification systems, which identify a product through information that is attached to it and store, share and analyse data throughout the product's life cycle. Finally, several different methods for physical marking are described and evaluated, including different labels on a product's surface and the addition of a specific material to a polymer matrix that can be identified at any point in time with the use of a special light source or device. The conclusion from this study is that the most promising data management technology for the near future is blockchain technology, which could be shared by all ABS products. Regarding physical marking, producers must evaluate different options for individual products, using the most appropriate and economical technology for each specific product. It is also important to evaluate what information should be attached to a specific product to meet the needs of all actors in the value chain.

DISCUSSION ON ECOLOGICAL AQUACULTURE AND INNOVATIVE OPERATION STRATEGY

This study aims to improve the problems faced by Taiwan's aquaculture industry, such as the increased risk of drug residues caused by excessive use of water and soil resources and high-density farming, and to improve its competitiveness. Improve regional production and marketing operations, increase environmental protection production methods, and increase young people's willingness to return to their hometowns to invest. In order to increase consumers' trust in aquaculture aquatic products, basic safety requirements can be achieved through production and sales history labels, vacuum-sealed packaging, and clear labels, thereby enhancing consumer loyalty. Brand features and product discounts can also enhance loyalty. This study uses the focus group interview method to understand the problems of regional farming and the expected future prospects. Results found that it is possible to integrate regional farmers, establish sales channels for agricultural and fishery products in Chiayi, achieve sustainable development and improve competitiveness, and increase the willingness of young people to return to their hometowns to invest. To sum up, there are the following three propositions: (1) Construct cooperation channels to increase the added value of production and sales. (2) Introduce friendly breeding and increase product differentiation. (3) Establish an intelligent platform to train young people to return hometown. In addition, it is also suggested to combine the promotion of local recreational fishery and the characteristics of e-commerce distribution and sales to establish an operation model of online distribution and sales; and widely publicize Taiwan's seafood and aquatic product certification and inspection system to promote friendly farming methods to improve the existing breeding environment. Protect the sustainable environment and increase production value.

Blockchain Traceability Adoption in Low-Carbon Supply Chains: An Evolutionary Game Analysis

Blockchain technology has brought innovation to supply chain management, particularly in managing carbon emissions in the manufacturing sector. However, there is a research gap regarding the policy tools and the role of local governments in implementing blockchain technology to achieve carbon emissions traceability. Additionally, the strategic relationships and policy implications resulting from the implementation of blockchain technology are not examined systematically. An effective method for examining the strategies used in interactions between supply chain stakeholders and governments is evolutionary game theory, or EGT. This paper employs mathematical modelling and MATLAB 2016 software simulation to examine the decision-making process of manufacturing companies when considering implementing blockchain technology traceability. Specifically, the subjects in the model include product manufacturers (PM), product suppliers (PS), and local governments (LGs). The aim is to examine the decision-making behavior of carbon traceability participants in blockchain technology. This paper analyses the most effective blockchain-based traceability strategies for low-carbon supply chain members under a variety of scenarios by modifying the parameters. The findings suggest the following: (1) Manufacturers and suppliers need to manage the cost of blockchain traceability, collaborate to create an environmentally friendly product certification system, and improve brand image. (2) Local governments should set up efficient reward and punishment systems to incentivize supply chain stakeholders to engage in the blockchain traceability system. The aforementioned discoveries furnish policymakers with guidance to encourage the implementation of blockchain-based carbon footprint traceability technology, thereby establishing a transparent carbon footprint traceability framework across the entire supply chain.

Blockchain Applications in Agriculture: A Scoping Review

Blockchain is a distributed, immutable ledger technology initially developed to secure cryptocurrency transactions. Following its revolutionary use in cryptocurrencies, blockchain solutions are now being proposed to address various problems in different domains, and it is currently one of the most “disruptive” technologies. This paper presents a scoping review of the scientific literature for exploring the current research area of blockchain applications in the agricultural sector. The aim is to identify the service areas of agriculture where blockchain is used, the blockchain technology used, the data stored in it, its combination with external databases, the reason it is used, and the variety of agricultural products, as well as the level of maturity of the respective approaches. The study follows the PRISMA-ScR methodology. The purpose of conducting these scoping reviews is to identify the evidence in this field and clarify the key concepts. The literature search was conducted in April 2021 using Scopus and Google Scholar, and a systematic selection process identified 104 research articles for detailed study. Our findings show that in the field, although still in the early stages, with the majority of the studies in the design phase, several experiments have been conducted, so a significant percentage of the work is in the implementation or piloting phase. Finally, our research shows that the use of blockchain in this domain mainly concerns the integrity of agricultural production records, the monitoring of production steps, and the monitoring of products. However, other varied and remarkable blockchain applications include incentive mechanisms, a circular economy, data privacy, product certification, and reputation systems. This study is the first scoping review in this area, following a formal systematic literature review methodology and answering research questions that have not yet been addressed.

The impact of different regulation policies on promoting green consumption behavior based on social network modeling

To alleviate the situation of resources constraints and ecological pressure, it is of great practical significance to strengthen government regulation of green consumption behavior. This paper used the policy simulation method and developed a dynamic decision-making model based on social network. Simulation experiments were used to evaluate the effects of order-based regulation (government subsidy and green product certification system) and emotion-based regulation (publicity and education and social discussion) on green consumption behavior, respectively. The results show that: (1) Green consumption behavior under the influence of order-based regulation evolves to a steady state more quickly than emotion-based regulation. (2) Green consumption subsidies and green product certification both effectively promote green consumption behavior. Still, when the subsidies reach a certain amount, green consumption behavior will not change much. (3) Publicity and education can increase the rate of consumers with positive attitudes in the initial consumer network, but the implementation proportion of green consumer behavior increases slowly if the intensity exceeds a certain threshold. In addition, strengthening social discussion is needed at the initial stage, but the intervention effect is somewhat weakened at the later stage. On this basis, this study proposes that both two types of regulation policies should be rationally used. This study provides new enlightenment for the promotion of green consumption behavior under government regulation.

Farming practices and biodiversity: Evidence from a Mediterranean semi-extensive system on the island of Lemnos (North Aegean, Greece)

The management of agroecosystems affects biodiversity at all levels from genetic to food-web complexity. Low-input farming systems support higher levels of genetic, species and habitat diversity than high-input, industrial ones. In Greece, as in other Mediterranean countries, the role of traditional farming practices has been underlined in studies concerning conservation in agricultural landscapes. With this study, we aim to provide evidence for the potential of semi-extensive farming for biodiversity conservation at landscape-scale, focusing on Lemnos, a medium-sized island in the North Aegean. Evidence was gathered by species- and community-level local-scale surveys on various trophic levels (vascular plants, arthropods, birds). The surveys took place in 2018 and 2019 in 25 sampling areas comprising 106 plots of 100 m2 (vascular plants, arthropods) and 57 points where bird species were recorded. The plots were classified into three landscape types: mosaic agriculture, mixed rangelands and uniform rangelands. The relevés of Lemnos farmlands were assigned to plant communities of 18 phytosociological alliances, grouped into 12 classes. The most abundant arthropods were Coleoptera, Chilopoda, and Hymenoptera, followed by Opiliones and Isopoda, while 133 different bird species were recorded in total, including the recording for the first time on the island of five species. Farming on Lemnos is rather extensive compared to most agricultural landscapes of Europe. Our approach has demonstrated that, given the geographic characteristics of the area, the measured data reveal very high biodiversity. Our explorative findings suggest that moderate seasonal grazing, the mixed habitat mosaic with ecotones, fallow and stubble fields at the landscape scale, and the small size of fields, the kinds of crop, and farm-scale crop diversification, like mixed cultivation and crop rotation, are key practices supporting this diversity. These explorative findings are considered as a first step providing the baseline for future assessments. A wider effort, for systematic evaluation of the impacts of farming practices to biodiversity, is required, as part of a subsidized agri-environmental scheme and/or through a market-oriented product certification system for the area.

Use of Social Media for Strategies to Improve the Indonesian Economy for the Sustainability of MSMES

Indonesia is currently entering the phase of this demographic bonus that must be used well. In the process of advancing micro, small and medium economic development, many Indonesians become small entrepreneurs selling products to others. The proportion of young people exceeds 25% of Indonesia's total population of around 250 million, plus 59.2 million Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) units, contributing 61.41% of GDP. Indonesia is Indonesia's two main economic powers. However, even though the January 2016 data shows that the potential for Information and Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure has reached around 90% of the population, and the mobile penetration rate of internet users exceeds 126%, there are still 90% of MSMEs. The unit is still running in the offline domain. Reaching 51.8% of the total population of Indonesia. Although he can only hold information technology by hand, one of them is through social media. You can take advantage of social media such as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter to sell goods. E-UMKM is an Android-based application designed to sell Indonesian MSME products online and has been integrated with the system. The steps that must be taken include data collection, MSME product certification, application development, socialization and delivery systems. This activity is expected to help MSME business players in selling their businesses online through social media.

Sertifikasi Produk Halal dalam Perspektif Mashlahah Mursalah

This study aims to determine the certification of halal products through the LPPOM MUI. In an effort to maintain the sustainability and effectiveness of halal certification and smooth administration, LPPOM MUI makes provisions for the halal guarantee system through its letter No: SK 13 / Dir / LPPOM MUI / III / 13 dated March 31, 2013. This halal product certification system is an integrated system that neatly arranged and maintained properly to regulate the ingredients in the product, human resources involved in the production, production process, and product distribution procedures. In responding to the needs of the community and the responsibility of the MUI (Indonesian Ulama Council) to protect the community, efforts are made to establish an institute for the study of drugs, food, cosmetics. In this case the researcher is interested in revealing that with the existence of this halal product certification, whether it has made it easy for all people to maintain their religion and assets or make it difficult for people to choose products that must be consumed for daily life. Humans will get happiness when all needs both dhohir and heart, and all desires are fulfilled. This study uses qualitative research with a phenomenological and normative approach. Data retrieval used is secondary data sourced from publications which include scientific journals, books, websites and newspapers that make this problem discussed in research.

Governing the Governors: The Global Metagovernance of Fair Trade and Sustainable Forestry Production

To promote environmentally sustainable corporate behavior, a complex system of global private governance operates where civil society groups play dominant roles. We argue that the concept of “metagovernance” developed in the public administration literature helps scholars and practitioners make sense of the constellation of actors, structures, and processes that have emerged in the field of global private governance. This article advances the metagovernance research agenda by providing a comparative application of the concept to two global private governance schemes: the fair trade and sustainable forest product certification systems. We examine the key organizations, arrangements, and relationships that constitute these systems to demonstrate that metagovernance in this sphere is produced heterarchically: multiple organizations within global private governance schemes are mutually responsible for their own coordination. We argue that employing metagovernance as an analytical tool enables the identification and appraisal of the strengths and weaknesses of complex systems for “the governance of governance” from a holistic perspective. Related Articles Alejo, Antonio. 2019. “Contemporary Diplomacy, Global Politics, and Nongovernmental Actors: Dilemmas of the Multistakeholder Mechanism of Participation in Mexico.” Politics & Policy 47 (1): 105‐126. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12284Bance, Philippe, and Angelique Chassy. 2017. “The Rollout of the Multilevel Governance System: A Source of Reworking the Contingent Valuation Method?” Politics & Policy 45 (6): 1080‐1107. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12236Burau, Viola, and Carole Clavier. 2018. “Understanding Gaps in the Coexistence between Different Modes of Governance: A Case Study of Public Health in Schools in a Multilevel System.” Politics & Policy 46: 604‐629. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12269 Related Media FLOCERT. N.d. “How it Works.” https://www.flocert.net/solutions/fairtrade-resources/how-it-works/Forest Stewardship Council. N.d. “Who We Are.” https://ca.fsc.org/en-ca/about-usfsc‐watch.com. 2016. “Jari Certificate Suspension: Why Was it Ever Certified in the First Place?” https://fsc-watch.com/2015/12/22/jari-certificate-suspension-why-was-it-ever-certified-in-the-first-place/

Integrated Pest Management Efforts for Eco-friendly Agricultural Production in Nepal: A Perspective

World-wide, Integrated Pest Management (IPM) has been considered one of the eco-friendly and powerful tools to manage crop pests. In Nepal, it has been adopted for more than two decades with its highest success in various crops. As dissemination and up-scaling tools to this approach, Farmers Field School (FFS) is being launched in numerous farming communities. The basic notion of initiation of this program was to mitigate and combat the negative consequence created by chemical pesticides while controlling insect pests in crops. In Nepal, it started in 1997 through a FAO Technical Cooperation Project (TCP). This article summarizes IPM activities ever since TCP to Second Phase of IPM Program (2008-2013) launched by the Government of Nepal with the support of Norwegian government. Until, 2012/013, altogether 3772 FFSs were conducted by PPD and FAO initiatives and 99751 farmers graduated in IPM Program, while 1175 farmers trained as IPM FFS Facilitators. More than 5000 farmers groups benefited from yearlong IPM FFS. Medium level agricultural technicians, government Officers from different disciplines and 25 participants from Council for Vocational Education and Training Centre (CTEVT) were trained as IPM Master Facilitators. IPM policy and participatory system of IPM product certification system were drafted however; they could not be finalized during the project period. Support for Master Degree studies and Bachelor degree mini-thesis were provided to students of various Agriculture Education Institution. Curricula developed for yearlong IPM FFS in different crops were adopted by CTEVT and other Institute in their academic programs. In the the later phase of project, emphasis was towards the institutionalization of the outcomes into regular program of the Government with a modified approach of bio pesticide production, plant clinics and networking. The program ignited and stressed largely on the socio-technical empowerment to the farmers and technicians. Initiation on the marketing of IPM products was also one of the outputs. This should be linked with increasing use of bio pesticides to the healthy food production so that environmentally damaging chemical pesticides may be reduced from the country.

Study on the status and improvement plans of the environmentally friendly product certification system

Study on the status and improvement plans of the environmentally friendly product certification system

The role of food quality assurance and product certification systems on marketing aspects

The level of quality that a product offers to consumers is a fundamental aspect of competition in many markets. Consumers’ confidence in the safety and quality of foods they buy and consume is a significant support to the economic development of production organizations of this type, and therefore the overall economic development. Consumer concerns about food safety as well as the globalization of food production have also led to the existence of a global internationally linked food production and distribution system. The necessity demanded by the consumer population to provide safe food with consistent quality at an attractive price imposes a choice of an appropriate quality assurance model in accordance with the specific properties of the product and the production processes. Modern trends, especially for the last ten years in quality assurance within specific production, such as the food industry, have marked the trend of hyperproduction and a number of production and safety standards, as well as a change of approach in the certification process of organizations according to one or more standards. This can be an additional source of costs for organizations, and can burden the food business operator`s budget in order to ensure their consistent application and maintenance. Quality assurance (QA) standards are considered to be a proven mechanism for delivering quality of product.

Ethical food choices: Examining people’s Fair Trade purchasing decisions

Fair Trade is a product certification system and social movement that aims to address global supply-chain issues such as forced labour, unsafe working conditions, and unfair pay for workers. The potential for Fair Trade to benefit producers relies directly on consumers’ decisions to support these products in their food purchasing choices. An extended Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) was used to investigate Fair Trade purchasing among a university student and community sample (N=178). First, the reliability of the extended TPB measures was confirmed via confirmatory factor analysis. Second, a proposed model predicting people’s Fair Trade purchasing behaviour showed a good fit via structural equation modelling. The model indicated that attitude, perceived behavioural control, self-identity, and moral norm predicted intentions which, in turn, predicted fair trade purchasing behaviour. The model explained 62.6% and 40.5% of the variance in intention and behaviour, respectively. Finally, a series of MANOVAs established that the underlying TPB beliefs of ‘making me feel good’; ‘reflecting my values’, and ‘being unable to afford Fair Trade products’ distinguished between people who did and did not purchase Fair Trade products. These salient beliefs, in conjunction with the identified predictors of people’s intentions and behaviour, can be used in persuasive campaigns by those advocating socially-motivated behaviour changes in our food choices.

Review: Progress in Research on near Infrared Spectroscopy for Fire Product Quality Rapid Detection in China

This article describes a present fire product certification system and some of the problems in supervision and management. The crucial components of extinguishing agents and fire-retardant materials are still unable to be detected rapidly on-site using the GA588 rules for field inspection and judgement of fire products. This article introduces the progress in research on near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy technology for active ingredients, moisture detection, species identification and brand identification of dry powder extinguishing agents, fireproof coatings and heptafluoropropane. It proves that NIR technology can rapidly, accurately and non-destructively measure dry powder extinguishing agents, fireproof coatings and heptafluoropropane. The construction of a rapid detection management system for fire extinguishing agents and fire-retardant materials is put forward.

프리캐스트 콘크리트 제품의 공장 인증 제도에 관한 연구

1994년 성수대교 붕괴사고 이후 강구조물의 품질 관리를 위해 철강구조물제작공장 인증제도가 건설기술관리법에 도입되어 법정임의 인증제도로 운영되고 있다. 그러나 콘크리트 부재의 공장 생산 방식인 PC (Precast Concrete)에 대해 국가적인 품질인증 체계는 마련되어 있지 않다. 이에 건축 구조용 PC를 대상으로 적절한 품질인증제도 도입을 위해 북미, 유럽, 일본 등의 PC 품질인증제도를 조사하였다. 미에서 PC 공장인증제도를 운영하고 있는 곳은 PCI, NPCA, CPCI 등이 있다. 유럽에서 PC 제품을 판매하기 위해서는 CPR 305/2011을 따르도록 법으로 정해져 PC 제품을 포함한 모든 건설 제품은 2013년 7월부터 CE 마크를 의무적으로 부착해야 한다. 일본의 경우 토목용 PC 제품은 제품인증인 JIS 마크 인증을 받도록 되어 있고 건축 구조용 PC를 생산하는 공장은 일본 프리패브협회의 심사를 받고 있다. 이런 조사 결과에 근거하여 국내 인증 체계에 부합될 수 있도록 건축 구조용 PC 제품의 인증제도의 도입 방향을 이 논문에 제시하였다. The steel structure fabrication plant certification program was enacted as a part of the construction technology management act, article 24-3, to improve the quality of steel construction after the decay falling accident of Seongsu Bridge in 1994. However, the national certification program for structural precast concrete that is a prefabricated construction products produced by casting concrete in plant is not implemented yet. So, to introduce the proper certification system for precast concrete, the quality certification programs of North America, Europe and Japan are surveyed. In North America, the organizations that manage the plant certification programs are PCI, NPCA, CPCI and so on. Sales of precast concrete elements in Europe are governed by the construction products regulation 305/2011. Therefore, CE marking is mandatory from July 2013 for all construction products including precast concrete. In Japan, precast concrete products used in civil engineering are certificated by JIS mark, product certification system and plants for manufacturing precast concrete building elements are audited by Japan Prefabricated Construction Suppliers and Manufacturers Association. Based on these survey studies, in this paper is described an adaptation of precast concrete plant certification to comport with the certification system in Korea.

Guest editorial: Fairtrade impacts

February 2014 WELCOME TO A SPECIAL ISSUE exploring the effectiveness and impacts of fair trade in practice. The papers here seek to advance the debate on this vibrant topic by drawing on detailed fieldwork, and providing an overview of Fairtrade impact assessment and the issues thrown up by the evidence agenda. These articles come with an exciting Crossfire debate. The fair trade movement combines the efforts of many different organizations with a shared aim of achieving more equitable trading partnerships between disadvantaged producers and mostly Western consumers. This special issue focuses on one strand of this movement commonly known as ‘Fairtrade’ – the product certification system operated by Fairtrade International. Fairtrade, and other voluntary sustainability standards, have expanded rapidly in recent years, particularly in certain products such as tea and cocoa, but they are still relatively minor in relation to overall conventional trade in many products. Fairtrade is a pioneer among the voluntary sustainability standards and with a consumer label and particularly high visibility in certain markets, it has unsurprisingly attracted more attention than other market-based mechanisms, including other voluntary sustainability standards (although this is beginning to change). This collection of papers emerges at a critical juncture for Fairtrade. With its expansion and the increased attention given to effectiveness and impact of all kinds of interventions in international development, there is increased questioning of its impact and relevance in many quarters. The case studies and overview paper in this issue draw on detailed empirical studies of Fairtrade around the world and practical experience of conducting impact studies. The authors cast a critical eye over the key factors and processes in each place which influence the implementation and uptake of Fairtrade by producer organizations and companies, and the eventual outcomes. The overview raises questions about how best to understand the outcomes and impacts of Fairtrade in a way which minimizes bias and supports rigour, but which also pays attention to utility and learning. Taken collectively, these papers ask pertinent questions about the efficacy of Fairtrade and offer practical suggestions as to how improvements might be achieved. The Crossfire debate sets the scene nicely with a robust debate on the question ‘Does Fairtrade have more impact than conventional trade or trade certified by other sustainability standards?’ Matthew Anderson argues that despite some limitations, Fairtrade is a unique tool for promoting development and empowerment of marginalized rural communities in the South. Philip Booth and Sushil Mohan counter that while Fairtrade is a welcome addition to markets because it opens up alternative trade channels which meet the needs of some producers, it will never reach the very poorest farmers, it will remain a niche market, and it is not tackling market Guest editorial: Fairtrade impacts VAlerIe NelSoN

Eventos adversos e queixas técnicas relacionados ao fio para sutura cirúrgica comercializado no Brasil

Surgical suture (SS) is a medical material used invasively for positioning biological tissues and is regarded as a critical product due to its contact with skin, vessels and other tissues. The present study aimed to critically analyze the Brazilian National Adverse Event and Product Complaint Reporting (Notivisa) data related to SS. Descriptions of reports made between 2006 and 2009 were thoroughly evaluated. There were 256 reports associated with SS, of which 94 (36.7%) were related to adverse events and 162 (63.3%) to product complaints. The analysis of Notivisa data showed some conceptual inconsistencies and incomplete reports. Most reports were related to suture products including low tensile strength and breaking as well as problems with suture needles. The reports analyzed involved 51% of surgical suture companies doing business in Brazil and there was more than one reporting for 28 batches. These findings stress the importance of implementing a compulsory product certification system with mandatory minimum quality requirements and show a need for ongoing training of those involved in the reporting process. More accurate, faster reporting process would support timely action by health surveillance agents and product companies to prevent or minimize unfavorable health outcomes in the exposed populations.

Protecting Endangered Cultures from Harms of Globalization: Where Current Public Action and Private Product Certification Systems Fail

Today, at roughly a price 1 to 2 percent higher than other products, most of us can buy certified organic coffee or "fair trade" handicrafts that help the environment and improve labor standards for workers in certain industries. Yet, we may be committing genocide (in the form of cultural destruction and disintegration) at the same time. The "organic" product may be cashcropped on land stolen from vulnerable peoples or produced by workers coerced into working as laborers for a foreign export product of little or no local or foreign benefit in ways that are destroying a culture. The "handicraft" may actually be a foreign design and produced in a local factory, or in villages where toxic runoff has made the water unfit to drink, in ways that irreparably transform, if not poison, a community.

1A1-H08 パーソナルケアロボットの適合性評価の概要(NEDO生活支援ロボット実用化プロジェクト)

Product certification system is defined as in ISO/IEC Guide 67 and the optimum set of element for a specific product certification depends on the conditions. Product certification so far, required values are specified in the standard, but in case of ISO 13482, any required values are not specified in the standard. It's need to specify the value from the result of risk assessment. As the result, the certification body needs to evaluate whether or not there are inconsistency or relevant hazards are covered. So the evaluation should starts from the beginning of product development. Certification for personal care robot has only just begun. It's expected to help for end users and suppliers and lead to growth a personal care robot industry.

호안구조 인증제도 도입에 관한 연구

Abstract Certification system was recently proposed in Korea to guarantee variable revetment construction methods as well as revetment materials in the progress of investigation of hydraulic characteristics from the real scale test. In this study, the elements required for the revetment construction certification system from existing certification system or ISO were drawn and the introduction of newly suggested certification system results in minimization of trial and error by suggesting the direction of the certification system. The results can be summarized as follows: First, composition of revetment construction certification system follows conformity assessment activity suggested by ISO. Second, certification body must build product certification system as temporary legal certification system in the division of certification system. Thrid, standard for product certification must be prepared with reliable criteria. Forth, legal basis must be supported with opinions of the persons concerned for certification system.