Brand-name Products Research Articles

Economic Empowerment Of Creative Wood Craftsman Communities Through The Establishment Of Communal Branding Based On Local Wisdom

The purpose of this study is to analyze the economic empowerment of the Creative Wood Craftsmen Association in Ngawi Regency, through the development of their production brand based on local wisdom. The research method used is action research, using the design thinking method (Kelly & Brown, 2018) starting from: (1) Empathize, (2) Define, (3) Ideate, (4) Prototype and (5) Test, in developing the brand name of creative wood products of the Ngawi Creative Wood Craftsmen Association. In capturing the participation of the empowered community, which is carried out in stages, starting with a Focus Group Discussion with the main stakeholders in Ngawi, creative wood craftsmen community leaders, the core administrators of the Creative Wood Craftsmen Association, to FGD with representatives of all members of the Creative Wood Craftsmen Association. The results of the study indicate that the formation of a participatory agreement from the Ngawi creative wood association on the brand image of creative wood products, the Establishment of the Ngawi Brand Name with the name "Papinkra" Ngawi, the Papinkra Tagline "Creative Wood", the New Vision "Becoming an International Class Creative Wood Craftsman", produced an output of a new brand name based on local wisdom consisting of 1. Logo, 2. Letterhead, 3. Product Catalog, 4. Stamp, and 5. Label as a brand image of creative wood products that will be used in expanding product marketing both online and offline.

US Trends In Anticancer Medicine Pricing And The Impact Of Competition, 2014-20.

Prices of anticancer medicines (including chemically synthesized medicines and biologics manufactured from living organisms) are a subject of concern, as they contribute to spending by health plans and patients. We describe prices and evaluate the impact of competition among 185 anticancer medicines, using IQVIA data from the period October2014-February2020. We calculated the price of each medicine, defined as volume-weighted wholesale costs net of prompt-pay discounts and gross of rebates, without and with inflation adjustment, and summarized them by patent status, formulation, and therapeutic class. We evaluated the relationship between prices and competition, using regression analyses. We also conducted event studies of the impact of generic entry on the prices of three medicines from distinct clinically relevant therapeutic classes. Over the course of the study period, medicine prices increased among brand-name products and decreased among generics and biosimilars. After exclusivity loss, generic and biosimilar medicine prices decreased, whereas brand-name prices remained stable. Event study results present more divergent price trends after exclusivity loss. Consistent with previous research, our study showed that competition may improve the affordability of medicines for payers and patients. However, this effect is limited for anticancer medicines because only a minority are available as generics and biosimilars.

Google, SEO and helpful content: How artificial intelligence can be helpful for e-commerce websites

This paper explores the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on search engine optimisation (SEO) practices within a marketing agency setting, with a particular focus on quality, topical authority and relevance over quantity. By leveraging AI-powered content creation tools, the study explores the effectiveness of generating various SEO elements for enhancing the visibility and ranking of product pages. Using models such as OpenAI’s text-davinci-003, the study demonstrates the generation of SEO elements tailored to specific product details, brand names and website URLs. Through examples of fitness equipment, the study showcases the creation of SEO-friendly content, enhancing the discoverability of product pages and user engagement. Furthermore, the study extends its focus beyond textual content to include the generation of image alt tags, identifying low-resolution images and implementing contextual internal linking using AI techniques. The study explores methodologies for generating alt tags for images based on image URLs, identifying low-resolution images from a list of URLs, and recommending internal links based on content similarity and topical relevance. The study also describes practical applications of AI in various SEO optimisation tasks, emphasising the role of AI-driven solutions in enhancing website crawlability, user experience and overall SEO performance, thereby contributing to improved visibility, traffic and conversion rates. By addressing key SEO challenges and leveraging AI technologies, marketing agencies can optimise their strategies for better search engine visibility, ultimately driving growth and competitiveness in the digital landscape.

Enhanced Labeling to Promote Consumption of Nutrient Dense Foods and Healthier Diets.

Background/Objectives: Efforts are underway worldwide to design and deploy food labeling systems that provide consumers with the information needed to shift dietary patterns toward nutrient dense, healthier foods. Despite a compelling need for progress, worrisome public health trends persist that are rooted in the popularity of unhealthy, heavily processed foods. Methods: The nutrition and health-related content on the packaging of nine common foods sold in the US and Europe is analyzed and compared. The current scope of nutrient-specific messaging is characterized, including messages highlighting health-related benefits stemming from the mix and levels of mostly macronutrients in food products. Results: An average of 6.9 unique nutrition-related messages appear on the packaging of nine US food products, while EU food products contain an average of 5.0. Messaging around the ingredients in food products accounts for the largest share, e.g., "100% whole grain", "Vegan", and "No artificial preservatives". The macronutrients of fat, fiber, cholesterol, salt, sugar, and protein are the focus of most messaging around health benefits. The degree of food processing and essential vitamin, mineral, and phytochemical micronutrients receive little or no attention, despite their importance in positive health outcomes. Conclusions: Current nutrition-related labeling fails to inform consumers of the enormous differences in the contribution of food products in meeting nutritional needs. Existing metrics and rating systems do not effectively account for the critical relationship between nutrient density and caloric content. Existing metrics and systems do not reflect the impacts of processing on food nutritional quality in ways that provide consumers meaningful information. New concepts, metrics, and label elements are described that could promote healthier dietary patterns. Clear and mandatory nutrition labeling could begin shifting market share toward healthier options, and this could trigger and guide changes in manufactured food recipes that make brand-name products healthier, benefiting all consumers.

Relaxivity and In Vivo Human Performance of Brand Name Versus Generic Ferumoxytol.

Ferumoxytol is a superparamagnetic iron-oxide product that is increasingly used off-label for contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). With the recent regulatory approval of generic ferumoxytol, there may be an opportunity to reduce cost, so long as generic ferumoxytol has similar imaging performance to brand name ferumoxytol. This study aims to compare the relaxation-concentration dependence and MRI performance of brand name ferumoxytol with generic ferumoxytol through phantom and in vivo experiments. The secondary purpose was to determine the optimal flip angle and optimal weight-based dosing. Phantom experiments were performed using both brand name (AMAG Pharmaceuticals) and generic (Sandoz Pharmaceuticals) ferumoxytol products. Each ferumoxytol product was diluted in saline, and separately in adult bovine whole blood, at 5 iron concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 2.1 mM. Vials were placed in an MR-compatible water bath at 37°C and imaged at both 1.5 T and 3.0 T. Longitudinal and transverse relaxation rate constants (R1, R2, R2*) were measured for each ferumoxytol concentration, and relaxation-concentration curves were estimated. An in vivo dose accumulation study with flip angle optimization was also implemented using a cross-over design, in healthy volunteers. Cumulative doses of 1, 3, 5, and 7 mg/kg diluted ferumoxytol were administered prior to MRA of the chest on a 3.0 T clinical MRI system. For each incremental dose, the flip angle was varied from 40° to 10° in -10° increments over 5 breath-holds followed by a repeated 40° flip angle acquisition. Regions of interest were drawn in the aortic arch, paraspinous muscles, and a noisy area outside of the patient, free from obvious artifact. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was calculated as the quotient of the average signal in the aortic arch and the standard deviation of the noise, corrected for a Rician noise distribution. Contrast-to-noise ratio was calculated as the difference in SNR between the aorta and paraspinous muscles. Absolute SNR and contrast-to-noise ratio values were compared between products for different flip angles and doses. There were no statistically significant or clinically relevant differences in relaxation-concentration curves between AMAG and Sandoz products in phantom experiments. Six healthy volunteers (38.8 ± 11.5 years, 3 female, 3 male) were successfully recruited and completed both imaging visits. No clinically relevant differences in image quality were observed between ferumoxytol products. The optimal flip angle range and dose for both products was 20°-30° and 5 mg/kg, respectively. Brand name and generic ferumoxytol products can be used interchangeably for MRA.

Incidence of new fractures in older patients with osteoporosis receiving biosimilar teriparatide or reference products: A retrospective cohort study.

Biosimilar products have clinical characteristics similar to those of brand-name products and can reduce medical costs. However, the use of biosimilar products for osteoporosis treatments remains limited due to concerns regarding its safety and efficacy. We aimed to clarify the effectiveness and safety of the biosimilar teriparatide compared with those of the reference product using the incidence of new fractures and osteosarcoma as outcomes in osteoporosis patients. This study used the DeSC database, which contains medical claims data for various insurers in Japan. We included patients with osteoporosis aged ≥65 years who newly received either biosimilar teriparatide or the reference products between April 2019 and November 2022. Competing risk analyses were performed with adjustments for patient characteristics. The primary and secondary outcomes were the occurrence of new fractures and osteosarcoma, respectively. Among 45 861 included patients, 3613 and 42 248 were in the biosimilar and reference product groups, respectively. The median follow-up duration was 439 days. New fractures occurred in 6.7% of patients. Cumulative incidence function curves showed similar risks of new fractures over time in both groups. The cause-specific hazard ratio for new fractures was 0.95 (95% confidence interval: 0.82-1.11) for the biosimilar group compared with that of the reference product group. The incidence of osteosarcoma did not differ significantly between the groups (P = .559). The biosimilar teriparatide showed effectiveness and safety comparable with those of the reference products in treating osteoporosis patients. Our results suggest that clinicians need not hesitate to prescribe biosimilar teriparatide for osteoporosis patients.

O-PTIR spectroscopy for characterizing active pharmaceutical ingredient specific particle size distributions of nasal spray suspension products

Evaluation of the particle size distribution (PSD) of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in nasal suspension products is challenging due to the presence of both API and excipients. To characterize these intricate formulations, it is essential to have sophisticated analytical methods that offer high spatial resolution and the ability to chemically pinpoint and map out the presence of API particles. However, such advanced techniques have not been documented for nasal formulations yet.In this proof-of-concept study, we investigated the utility of optical photothermal infrared spectroscopy (O-PTIR) to analyze the PSD of commercially available Nasonex® and its generic Azonaire® nasal mometasone furoate (MM) suspensions. Simultaneous O-PTIR and Raman spectra, as well as IR chemical maps, were collected from the particles in both formulations. Spatially resolved spectra from the particles confirmed the presence of peaks related to MM (1727 cm−1, 1661 cm−1, and 1122 cm−1) and excipient microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) (1061 cm−1). The PSD of MM particles was characterized using chemical maps specific to MM (1661 cm−1) and automated imaging. Results confirmed that the PSD of both formulations were comparable. Spectral analysis also revealed the presence of free MM, free MCC, and particles containing co-localized MM and MCC.For suspension-based nasal products, O-PTIR enables the measurement of API PSD, which is critical for formulators in developing nasal suspension products. This approach holds potential as an innovative complimentary analytical tool that could diminish the need for extensive clinical endpoint bioequivalence studies when evaluating the comparability of generic and brand-name nasal suspension products.

Bioequivalence and Safety of Generic Glecaprevir/Pibrentasvir Compared to a Branded Product: A Randomized, Crossover Study in Healthy Volunteers.

This was an open-label, randomized, single-dose, 2-period, crossover clinical trial with an adaptive design to evaluate the bioequivalence and comparative pharmacokinetics of generic glecaprevir/pibrentasvir versus the brand name product in healthy White male and female volunteers under fed conditions. Safety profiles were also assessed. A total of 56 healthy adult volunteers were enrolled and randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive a single dose of either the generic or reference formulation. After a 7-day washout period, subjects received the alternate product. Blood samples were collected at pre-specified time points up to 48hours post-dosing. Plasma concentrations of glecaprevir and pibrentasvir were determined using a validated high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. The geometric mean ratios of the test to the reference formulation for maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the concentration-time curve from drug administration to the last measurable concentration (AUC0-t) fell within the predefined bioequivalence range of 80%-125%. Both formulations demonstrated comparable pharmacokinetic profiles for glecaprevir and pibrentasvir, and can be considered bioequivalent. No adverse events were reported, and both formulations were well tolerated by all participants.

Draft Guideline for Industry to Manage Drug Shortages in Japan.

The increasing global drug shortage poses a substantial challenge to national healthcare systems and affects access to essential therapies. In Japan, this problem is exacerbated by a large-scale government campaign to switch from brand-name products to generic drugs and manufacturing/marketing authorization holders with poor development and manufacturing controls. Regulatory bodies, such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency have developed guidelines aimed at ensuring continuous drug supply and mitigating manufacturing risks. However, Japan's efforts have primarily relied on voluntary industry guidelines, lacking the robust regulatory frameworks of other developed nations. Therefore, this study proposes a draft guideline for Japan's pharmaceutical industry to manage drug shortages effectively. The Japanese government needs to establish a framework system that will enable pharmaceutical companies to effectively maintain a stable supply based on the proposals developed in this study.

Phytochemical analysis and investigation of analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antispasmodic activities of hydroethanolic extracts of Alternanthera dentata, Ocimum carnosum, and Plectranthus barbatus, three species with vernacular names derived from analgesic drugs

Ethnopharmacological relevancePlant vernacular names can provide clues about the popular use of a species in different regions and are valuable sources of information about the culture or vocabulary of a population. Several medicinal plants in Brazil have received names of medicines and brand-name products. Aim of the studyThe present work aimed to evaluate the chemical composition and pharmacological activity in the central nervous system of three species known popularly by brand names of analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, and digestive drugs. Materials and methodsHydroethanolic extracts of Alternanthera dentata (AD), Ocimum carnosum (OC), and Plectranthus barbatus (PB) aerial parts were submitted to phytochemical analysis by HPLC-PAD-ESI-MS/MS and evaluated in animal models at doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg. Mice were tested on hot plate, acetic acid-induced writing, formalin-induced licking, and intestinal transit tests. Aspirin and morphine were employed as standard drugs. ResultsThe three extracts did not change the mice's response on the hot plate. Hydroethanolic extracts of AD and PB reduced the number of writhes and licking time, while OC was only effective on the licking test at dose of 1000 mg/kg. In addition, AD and OC reduced intestinal transit, while PB increased gut motility. ConclusionsPharmacological tests supported some popular uses, suggesting peripheral antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects, while the phytochemical analysis showed the presence of several flavonoids in the three hydroethanolic extracts and steroids in PB, with some barbatusterol derivatives described for the first time in the species.

Religious Analysis of Negative Brand Name Product Purchasing Decisions among State General College Students and Students at Islamic Religious Colleges in Surabaya

Religious Analysis of Negative Brand Name Product Purchasing Decisions among State General College Students and Students at Islamic Religious Colleges in Surabaya

The inverted U-shaped relationship between information entropy of keyword combinations and sales of digital products: Evidence from China Tmall

As a result of a consumer's online purchase search task, the combination of keywords plays a crucial role in decision-making and sales on e-commerce platforms. The current research aims to examine how the information entropy of keyword combinations influences digital product sales. The data (N = 4755) was collected from Tmall.com, a prominent e-commerce platform in China, and the methods of natural language processing and regression were employed to process data. Our findings demonstrate that there is an inverted U-curve between the information entropy of keyword combinations that contains product name information entropy (PNIE) and brand name information entropy (BNIE) and sales instead of a linear relationship. Furthermore, logistics evaluation (LE) and seller service quality (SSQ) play differentiated moderating effects on the inverted U-curve relationship leading to various movement of turning points and shape changes of steepness or flatness. These findings contribute to understanding sales from the viewpoint of information entropy and providing compelling guidance for e-commerce enterprises on keyword advertising bidding, logistics, and service.

Consumers Awareness of Nutritional Information in Food Labels in Benghazi/Libya

A nutritional label is a list of nutrient level of a product displayed on the food label. The current paper aims to study consumers' awareness of nutritional information in food labels in Benghazi, Libya. Study included four hundred participants; data were collected by questionnaires. Data were analysed by using descriptive statistics. Chi-Square test used to examine the significant differences in the sample. Findings showed that, most participants were aware that pre-packaged foods must carried nutritional label, while more than half of them had low awareness level of nutrition label information. Fat and total energy were the most sought for nutrient information among participants who used nutrition label. The use of “no preservatives” phrase for measuring consumer awareness level of nutritional label was the only parameter that give high consumer awareness level of nutritional label in comparison with other parameters such as brand name of products and the components of nutrition label. Statistically significant association were observed between nutrition label awareness and age, gender, job, marital status and education level of participants.

The Language and Thainess of Thai Food Products on an E-Commerce Platform

The term ‘food products from Thailand’ was searched on the biggest e-commerce platform, Amazon. 140 Thai food products from Thailand were presented and fell into four categories: rice products (2), canned and instant food (19), snacks and candies (35), and food ingredients and seasonings (84); and 29 Thai food products from other countries were also found in three categories: rice products (6), canned and instant food (6), and food ingredients and seasonings (17). Thai brand names were the most found (53.52%) followed by English brand names (29.58%). In terms of language patterns, English dominance showed in the use of Thai-English (50.01%) together with the use of English only (23.26%) and English-Chinese (1.16%). Thainess was mostly presented with pictures of Thai food dish along with fresh vegetables, herbs, and spices (86.73%). Notably, certain food products with clear and transparent plastic packaging were presented without any pictures, but the products themselves. Although rice is one of the major food exports from Thailand, only 2 brand names of rice products from Thailand were found compared to 6 brands of rice products from other countries. Notably, a name of Thai place was found in a food product exported from other country.

Research on storage stability differences between ceftriaxone sodium products

The conditions and mechanisms leading to stability differences between ceftriaxone sodium products were examined to ensure drug quality and efficacy. We used a combination of powder X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis to examine the differences between preparations for injection from different pharmaceutical processes to elucidate the changed processes by exposing samples to different humidity and high-temperature conditions. Water loss or absorption due to varying environmental humidity levels did not adversely affect the crystal structure, but could lead to the reversible redistribution of hepta-hydrate in the unit cell of generic products, causing its stability change. The irreversible distribution of hydrate may occur when generic drugs stored at 25 °C, whereas the brand-name products remained stable at 40 °C. Therefore, generic ceftriaxone sodium and its powder preparations would be acceptable by better controlled sealing and storing under cool conditions during storage period to meet the efficacy and stability.

Patents and regulatory exclusivities on FDA-approved insulin products: A longitudinal database study, 1986-2019.

Insulin is the primary treatment for type 1 and some type 2 diabetes but remains costly in the United States, even though it was discovered more than a century ago. High prices can lead to nonadherence and are often sustained by patents and regulatory exclusivities that limit competition on brand-name products. We sought to examine how manufacturers have used patents and regulatory exclusivities on insulin products approved from 1986 to 2019 to extend periods of market exclusivity. We used the publicly available Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations (Orange Book) to identify all approved biosynthetic insulin products. Individual products approved under the same New Drug Application (NDA)-e.g., a vial and pen-were considered as separate products for the purposes of analysis. We recorded all patents and regulatory exclusivities listed in the Orange Book on each product and used Google Patents to extract the timing of patent application and whether patents were obtained on delivery devices or others aspects of the product. The primary outcome was the duration of expected protection, which was determined by subtracting the FDA approval date for each product from its last-to-expire patent or regulatory exclusivity (whichever occurred later). We performed a secondary analysis that considered overall protection on insulin lines-defined as groups of products approved under the same NDA with the same active ingredients manufactured by the same company. We also examined competition from follow-on insulin products-defined as products approved with the same active ingredients as originators but manufactured by different companies (approved via a specific drug approval pathway under section 505(b)(2) of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act). During the study period, the FDA approved 56 individual products across 25 different insulin lines and 5 follow-ons across 3 different insulin lines. Thirty-three (59%) of the 56 products were drug-device combinations. Manufacturers of 9 products approved during the study period obtained patents filed after FDA approval that extended their duration of expected protection (by a median of 6 years). Approximately 63% of all patents on drug-device combinations approved during the study period were related to delivery devices. The median duration of expected protection on insulin products was 16.0 years, and the median protection on insulin lines was 17.6 years. An important limitation of our analysis is that manufacturers may continue to add patents on existing insulin products while competitors may challenge patents; therefore, periods of protection may change over time. Among several strategies that insulin manufacturers have employed to extend periods of market exclusivity on brand-name insulin products are filing patents after FDA approval and obtaining a large number of patents on delivery devices. Policy reforms are needed to promote timely competition in the pharmaceutical market and ensure that patients have access to low-cost drugs.

Factors Influencing Purchase Intention towards International Cosmetic Products among Malay Women

An attractive appearance is essential for women. Women are willing to spend money for the sake of taking care of their face and skin by buying trusted cosmetic brands. The utilization of cosmetic items has emerged as a significant aspect across the lifespan, from infancy to old age, with a growing number of consumers engaging in the consumption of such products. Consumers in developing countries prefer well-known international products rather than domestic products because they have more confidence in the quality of foreign products. Hence, the researcher aims to investigate the extent to which product quality, packaging, brand name and promotion influence purchase intention toward international cosmetic products among Malay women in Putrajaya Malaysia. Therefore, a survey of 105 Malay women in Putrajaya Malaysia was conducted to analyze the factors that influence purchase intention toward international cosmetic products. Correlation analysis is used to analyze the data to identify the relationship between the variables. Furthermore, multiple regression analysis is used to assess the significant influential factors toward purchase intention. The result from the survey discovered that only product quality has a significant relationship with purchase intention towards international cosmetic products among Malay women in Putrajaya Malaysia. Packaging, brand name and promotion were not found to have a significant relationship towards purchase intention towards international cosmetic products.

A Study on how Brand Positioning Helps the Business to Stand-Out Distinctively in Saturated Market: A Study With Reference to Select Supermarkets

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to examine how strategic brand positioning has affected the performance of select supermarkets stores in saturated market. This study aims to provide light on how brand positioning may contribute to market differentiation and create competitive advantage by analysing the positioning techniques used by these supermarkets and measuring consumer perceptions Theoretical framework: The study demonstrates that customers are motivated to visit supermarkets based on factors such as price, quality, location, hygiene, and personal experience. However, the establishment of customer loyalty and long-term retention can only be achieved by implementing various differentiation variables of brand positioning, including segmentation, benefits offered, product class categorization, brand name, and customer relationship management. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study was conducted in the city of Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India; primary data were collected by disseminating a questionnaire via Google Form and conducting face-to-face interviews. The sample consisted of 114 participants Findings: The study found that customers are motivated to visit supermarkets based on factors such as price, quality, location, hygiene, and personal experience. However, the establishment of customer loyalty and long-term retention can only be achieved by implementing various differentiation variables of brand positioning, including segmentation, benefits offered, product class categorization, brand name, and customer relationship management also it was found that ability of supermarkets to stand out significantly in a crowded market will continue to depend on their ability to establish and maintain strong relationships with their customers through effective brand positioning. Research, Practical & Social implications: It is recommended that future studies emphasise the contributions by doing study on the same select supermarkets in other cities. Originality/Value: The distinctive feature of this study lies in the absence of prior research conducted on the brand positioning of certain supermarkets in different cities.

Live Streaming Use and International Seller Sales Performance: An Information Economics Perspective

Although rapid technological development has resulted in the proliferation of digital platforms, there is limited understanding of these platforms’ roles in international markets. Drawing on the information economics perspective, the authors investigate whether live streaming, as an emerging platform-based function, enables foreign sellers to enhance their sales performance in host markets. Using a unique longitudinal data set from a business-to-customer digital platform in China, the authors find that live streaming use is positively associated with international seller sales performance. This positive effect is stronger when cultural distance is higher. Moreover, the influence becomes stronger when product price is higher, while the effect is weaker for name-brand products than for non-name-brand products. These findings provide rich insights on the role of digitalization to the international marketing literature.

Authorized Generics In The US: Prevalence, Characteristics, And Timing, 2010-19.

Authorized generics are approved brand-name drugs that are sold by brand-name manufacturers or licensees without brands on their labeling. Despite their prevalence in prescription drug markets in the US, little is known about trends in their launches, their timing relative to traditional generics, and the characteristics of their respective brand-name drugs. We linked Food and Drug Administration and IQVIA data to investigate newly launched authorized generics during the period 2010-19. We found 854 launches over this period, with launches peaking in 2014. Marketing appears strategic: In markets with traditional generics, three-fourths of authorized generics launched after the respective generic competition started. When we focused on markets where generics were eligible for the 180-day exclusivity, about 70percent of authorized generics launched before or during the exclusivity period. These findings provide insights for future research on the effect of authorized generics on competition, prices, and access to generics.