Processing Of Secondary Raw Materials Research Articles

SINGLE-STAGE AND SIMPLE FABRICATION OF PE FILMS DECORATED WITH HALLOYSITE NANOTUBES

Background. Environmental pollution with plastic waste is a global problem that requires the search for effective and safe ways of disposal or processing of secondary raw materials. The use of catalysts for this purpose is a promising direction for research. Objective. In this work, a method of introduction of nanomaterials on the surface of a polyethylene film by partially dissolving the upper layer of the polymer in a heated nanomaterial suspension, namely aluminosilicate halloysite nanotubes in cyclohexane, was developed. Methods. Thermogravimetric, optical, and dynamic mechanical analyses of synthesised samples were carried out, and their properties were compared with reference samples of pure polyethylene and treated without the addition of nanomaterial. Results. It was achieved by the introduction of halloysite nanotubes in the amount of a maximum of 2.83 % by mass after immersion of the film in the suspension at a temperature of 50 °C for 120 seconds. The resulting film showed a wetting angle value of 77.11o, while for the reference sample without HNT it was 99.24o, which indicates the presence of hydrophilic nanotubes in the PE surface layer. Conclusions. At the same time, the synthesised samples showed a significant decrease in mechanical properties, such as elasticity and tensile strength, due to the destructive effect of the solvent on the polymer.

Food waste as a raw material for production of polyhydroxyalkanoates: State and prospects

The growing problem of environmental pollution by plastic leads to the search not only for the most promising biodegradable polymer, but also for optimal raw materials for its production. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) — biodegradable polymers with physical and mechanical properties close to traditional plastics — are considered a potential solution to this problem. The production of PHA can be organized according to the principles of circular bioeconomy through biotechnological processing of secondary raw materials to produce a product with added value. However, an important component of the expansion of PHA production is the need to find the most promising secondary raw materials for its production. The PHA market in Russia and the global market have been analyzed, highlighting the demand in the packaging and food industries, biomedicine and agro- industry as the fundamental factor for the growth of PHA production. Bibliographic analysis using the PRISMA scheme and VOSviewer program allowed identifying three main directions of PHA research: search for optimal secondary raw materials among food waste, analysis of challenges in PHA production, and the ecological and economic effects of its implementation. Promising types of secondary raw materials have been revealed: vegetable oil production waste, fruit and vegetable process- ing waste, dairy whey, sugar and starch industry waste, spent coffee grounds and coffee oils extracted from them. Advantages and disadvantages of using secondary raw materials, options for improving their use in the production of PHA, and the main strains-producers were determined. To optimize the cost and processes of PHA production, further studies of food waste are required, aimed at developing approaches to increase the polymer yield, including through the use of secondary raw material preparation processes, and the search for the most productive strains synthesizing PHA.

ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОЕ ОБОСНОВАНИЕ РАЦИОНАЛЬНОГО СПОСОБА ВЫДЕЛЕНИЯ ЖИРА ИЗ ОТХОДОВ ИКОРНОГО ПРОИЗВОДСТВА

The purpose of the study is to substantiate a rational method for isolating fat from caviar production waste to obtain a biologically active lipid composition. Objectives: to conduct an experimental substantiation of a rational method for isolating lipids from caviar production waste; to develop an experimental installation for the extraction of the lipid part from the studied secondary fish raw materials. The research material is caviar production waste generated and collected during the punching of chum salmon shells at a fish processing plant located in the Khabarovsk Region. Sampling of raw materials and their preparation for analysis were carried out according to standard methods (GOST 31339-2006, GOST 7631-2008). Protein content was carried out according to GOST 7636-85 “Fish, marine mammals, marine invertebrates and their processed products. Methods of analysis". The mass fraction of lipids was determined using the Bly and Dyer method. Fatty acids were determined on a capillary gas-liquid chromatograph Shimadzu GC-16A (Supelcowax-10). The choice of an extraction method for separating fat from biologically valuable secondary raw materials of caviar production, which is waste after punching Pacific salmon caviar, is justified. The created experimental setup, operating according to the Soxhlet method, made it possible to obtain a lipid fraction from secondary raw materials of salmon using an extraction method using two solvents (polar and non-polar). The quality of the resulting fat was assessed by fatty acid and fractional composition. Analysis of the results obtained showed some differences between the fat of the initial secondary raw materials and the fat obtained using the extraction method in an experimental installation. In the isolated fat, the content of physiologically valuable extremely unsaturated fatty acids and triglycerides is lower than in the original raw material. In general, the quality of the resulting lipid fraction did not change significantly as a result of long-term extraction processing of secondary raw materials. In the future, ways to improve the developed and presented method for separating fat from caviar production waste are proposed.

Scientific substantiation of complex extraction and processing of secondary resources for the development of alternative sources of energy

Scientific research on the integrated extraction and processing of secondary resources, such as mine water, technogenic waste, and others, in order to develop alternative energy sources in the diversification of coal mines is an urgent scientific task that will help solve the issues on the economic, social and environmental transformation of coal mining regions. In practice, it is necessary to consider several alternative options and assess the possibility of obtaining different end products from the targeted processing of secondary raw materials. The choice of a rational processing option to obtain the target product is very complicated due to the different composition of the feedstock, as well as a significant variety of primary processing methods and parameters of intermediate processes, which causes certain difficulties in forecasts and calculations. Developing a methodology for typifying actions when choosing options for integrated processing of recyclable materials of different states, defining the basic principles and its structure for comparative analysis of the input, intermediate, and output parameters in terms of composition, physical, chemical, and technological characteristics are urgent modern tasks.

RECEIVING METALS FROM SECONDARY RAW MATERIALS. POWDER OF SILVER

Purpose of research. Powder of silver is one of the most widely used materials in industry. In the free or sintered (compressed) state, it is widely used in medicine as an element of antiseptics, in electronics as the basis of conductive pastes, conductive adhesives and contacts intended for closing and opening electrical circuits, in the production of multilayer ceramic capacitors, etc. Due to its high electrical conductivity, powder of silver is also used as a cathode material in solar cells. In today's conditions, the development of materials for alternative energy sources is quite relevant. Powder of silver can be used as a component of the active mass in chemical current sources. It is known that the characteristics of the active mass are influenced by the properties of the powder, namely, the size and shape of the particles. Materials and methodology. In this work, it was proposed to use boards of radio-electronic equipment as raw materials for the production of powders of silver. The reductant, recovery rate and modes of obtaining finely dispersed powders of silver after processing of secondary raw materials were identified. Results. The influence of the parameters of the reduction of powders of silver, namely, the type of reducing agent and the rate of reduction, was studied. It was established that in the process of forming powders of silver, a developed morphology and space between particles are formed, which increases the surface area, due to which the performance characteristics of various devices, in which powder of silver can be used as a component, will improve. Scientific novelty. Factors that affect the size and shape of powder of silver particles, namely, the type of reducing agent and the rate of reduction, have been established. Conclusions. It was established that the size of particles of silver depends on the speed of recovery. The stronger the reducing agent, the higher the rate of metal reduction, and the larger the particle size. Changing the speed of recovery (slowing down or speeding up) allows you to get particles of silver with the desired size. The indisputable advantage of the method of obtaining powder of silver by reduction is the formation of high-purity metal, which positively affects the properties.

Study of the characteristics of pavement elements made of reinforced soil with the use of secondary resources

The importance of using secondary resources on the basis of industrial waste is understood by both governments of developed countries and business (production of Portland cement using ground metallurgical slag as a mineral additive at Novotroitsk, Magnitogorsk, Sterlitamak, KatavIvanovsk and other plants in the South Urals). The use of secondary raw materials requires the creation of technological infrastructure for processing of secondary raw materials, the costs of which can be quickly recouped due to the cheapness and availability of industrial secondary raw materials and freeing the territory from environmental pollution. In order to recoup the costs of the infrastructure, it is necessary to guarantee full compliance of the quality of pavement elements with the requirements of GOST R 59120-2021. Secondary raw materials have a great variety and laboratory analysis of the quality of pavement elements is required in order to design compositions with the best quality, satisfying all regulatory requirements. In our work the authors present the results of laboratory research and evaluation of the possibility of using clinker-free lime-slag binder based on the mineral product of soda production and metallurgical slags to strengthen and stabilize soils for their use in pavement structures in the construction of roads for various purposes and climatic zones. It is experimentally shown that the addition of lime-slag binder in the amount of 8-10% of the dry weight of both cohesive (loamy soil, loamy sand) and non-cohesive (fine sand) soil allows to obtain reinforced soil with improved strength and elastic-deformative characteristics, which can be used instead of scarce natural crushed stone and gravel in the construction of underlying layers of pavements in the construction and reconstruction of highways. This technology can be used not only in the Russian Federation, but also in a number of other countries, including those with hot dry climates (e.g., the Republic of Egypt).

Investigation of the biopotential of products of hydrolysis of waste from cutting the white-legged shrimp Penaeus vannamei

The relevance of studying the biopotential of shrimp waste and their hydrolysates is due to the need for complex processing of secondary raw materials of aquatic organisms to obtain useful products. At the fish processing plant Vichyunai-Rus LLC when manufacturing food products from white-legged shrimp, up to 60 % of the mass of waste (cephalothorax, shell) remains. This raw material contains valuable organic components, but is not processed. The paper proposes its complex processing with the production of hydrolysates in two ways – high-temperature and enzymatic. During thermohydrolysis in the aquatic environment, three fractions are formed from shrimp waste (fatty, water-soluble and water-insoluble). After separation, the water-soluble fraction was sublimated, and the water-insoluble fraction was dried by convection. The fat fraction was further purified by washing in warm water. The general chemical composition of shrimp waste and hydrolysis products has been studied. It has been shown that water-soluble hydrolysates are a good source of protein components (66.6–71.6 %). In comparative studies of the amino acid composition of water-soluble hydrolysates, the presence of all essential amino acids is established with minor differences between the samples. Both hydrolysates are dominated by alanine, arginine, glycine, isoleucine, lysine, aspartic acid, tyrosine, valine (3.3–6.4 g/100 g of protein). In terms of formol-titratable nitrogen in fermentolisates, alkalase ferments shrimp waste more actively than collagenase. The fatty acid composition of lipids isolated by thermohydrolysis from shrimp waste has been analyzed. Shrimp oil is characterized by a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (44.7 %) with a relatively low content of omega-3 family acids (10.7 %) and a high content of omega-6 (33.9 %) at a ratio of 1 : 3.2 (close to the physiologically recommended). The organoleptic characteristics of water-soluble and water-insoluble shrimp hydrolysates have been studied. Due to the content of valuable biologically active components in hydrolyzates, their use as food and feed additives – sources of active peptides, high-molecular proteins, minerals and chitinous components – is recommended.

Complex technological process for production of apple distillates and evaluation of its quality indicators.

The research presented in the paper is related to solving an important and urgent problem in the wine industry – use of waste and by-products of production as secondary raw materials. In the course of the experimental part, generally accepted and special research methods and techniques were used; the peculiarities of the extraction and fermentation processes were studied. This is the first time when, in the technology of manufacturing apple distillates, a method was used to reduce the amount of the resulting head fraction during fractional distillation, and the prospects for the reuse of a new by-product of fractional distillation – an intermediate fraction – were scientifically substantiated, as well as diffusion juice obtained from apple pomace was involved at the fermentation stage. The uniqueness also lies in the fact that all the techniques are combined into a single integrated approach. As a result, a scientifically sound, improved and cost-effective technology for production of apple distillates with complex processing of secondary raw materials of winemaking has been developed, which makes it possible to increase the level of economic feasibility and efficiency of the industry, and is the basis for innovative economic development aimed at import substitution. The paper reflects the basic technological layout of the developed technology, describes its operations and stages, as well as studies of the main quality indicators (physical-and-chemical, organoleptic indicators and comparative analysis of the tasting test with the consumer focus group) of apple distillates obtained by integrated waste technology.

DEVELOPMENT OF ECOLOGICAL COMPETENCE OF SOCIAL WORK SPECIALISTS IN CONTINUING EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

The problems of professional development of social work specialists on the basis of the competence approach are considered. The main operational goals of environmental training in a continuing education institution are identified, which are to master the knowledge that natural resources are interconnected and limited; natural resources affect the standard of living in society, they are unevenly distributed on Earth; man is actively changing the processes that occur in nature; urgent measures must be taken in this regard to preserve the relevant values of nature resources for future generations; proper use of natural resources requires a significant amount of knowledge from various fields of science and technology; the development of society and technology is causing changes in the way natural resources are used, and so on. The article presents the formulation of the purpose and means of development of ecological competence of social work specialists in continuing education institutions. The essence of the necessary changes in the content-procedural aspects of professional development of a specialist in social work in ecology has been clarified. In particular, it is necessary to supplement the content of environmental training with information on environmentally balanced consumption, opportunities and the need to regulate needs, positive examples of solving environmental problems at regional and local levels, including everyday life examples. The importance of encouraging, organizing and supporting activities aimed at the collection and processing of secondary raw materials, economical use of heat, electricity and water in everyday life was emphasized. It is concluded that only by understanding and realizing from personal experience the content of advanced training in ecology, social workers can be psychologically ready to carry out environmental activities. Social workers should not only teach others the principles of environmental thinking, but also be an example of environmental activity on these principles. This task is difficult and controversial, because it requires a change in their views and behavior, conscious limitation of needs and the education of new resource-saving habits. The actual tasks that need further solution are outlined: updating the content and process of professional development of social work specialists; development of appropriate integrated training courses, which would not be limited to the transfer of information, but involve a change of position, patterns of behavior, stereotypes; development of various necessary educational and methodological literature sources for specialists in social work devoted to ecological thinking.

ЗЕЛЕНІ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ В МАЛОМУ БІЗНЕСІ: РОЗВИТОК І ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ ВПРОВАДЖЕННЯ

The article considers the prospects of green technologies, the state and factors hindering their further development in Ukraine. Proposals for the development of green technologies in Ukraine for expanding the participation of small businesses in this process are provided. It has been established that the transition from the traditional model of economic growth to the model of green growth, which provides a high level of production and employment, as well as a fair distribution of income without harming the environment, contributes to sustainable economic development. Based on expert estimates, it is proven that green technologies will become leading in the XXI century. As a result, a small business belonging to a mobile institution can effectively implement green technologies, thus solving a wide range of problems related to its development. It is known that Ukraine is one of the ten countries in the world that produce the largest amount of solid waste. Much of the solid waste from households is dumped in landfills and cannot be recycled and reused due to the complexity of their separate collection, which exacerbates the problem. Small businesses are involved in the process of efficient recycling of solid waste, starting from the stage of preparation for recycling and ending with the process of their disposal. The experience of waste recycling in a closed-cycle economy as part of Industry 4.0, which is characterized by minimizing the negative impact on the environment, is considered. Issues related to solid waste management are considered. Difficulties in the processing of secondary raw materials were highlighted, including the shortage of secondary raw materials in the country and the need to import them, as well as the lack of waste sorting and the necessary containers for the collection of separated waste. The conditions for encouraging the sorting of household waste from the standpoint of environmental and economic feasibility are presented. Measures have been proposed to introduce closed-loop green technologies in Ukraine and involve small businesses (especially in the management of solid and organic household waste), including: bringing legislation in line with the requirements of the closed-loop economy (separate collection of household waste); conducting organizational and educational activities in society to organize separate collection of household waste; ensuring the production of technical means for their separate assembly.

Certain features of using modified collagen-containing raw materials with prolonged shelf life in food technology

In the current circumstances, trends in nutrition of a person striving to lead a healthy life-style require intake of meat products with the reduced energy value, minimal amounts of fat, increased protein mass fraction, presence of substances improving homeostasis of the body. The synergism of the modern nutrition science and meat industry enables creating food products that satisfy consumers’ demand. Today, in the Russian Federation, a theoretical and practical base of the technology development has been collected to the full extent in the field of rational processing of secondary raw materials in the food industry, optimal use of animal secondary raw materials, study of the protein ingredients of animal and plant origin and their deep scientifically substantiated processing, improvement of technological processes and equipment, and correspondently, product range extension. The paper broadens the information about the modified collagen-containing raw materials (cattle rumen), examines physico-chemical characteristics of the collagen-containing raw material and its changes in the process of freeze-drying with a special attention paid to the study of changes in the histological structure. The presence of the relatively uniform fibrillar structure was determined, which facilitated discovering the functional potential of proteinoids that form the fibrillar matrix in the composition of products from different groups. Analysis of IR-spectra revealed several significant absorption bands linked with the state of peptide bonds. The character of bands is linked with the complex of valence and deformation vibrations of the N- and С- types. It is believed that IR-spectra reflect conformations in the protein secondary structure, which suggests preserving properties of the tropocollagen particle or collagen molecule. Freeze-dried modified collagen-containing cattle rumen was tested by the example of jellies. The obtained databank broadens information about physico-chemical properties of modified collagen-containing raw materials (cattle rumen).

Розробка біокомпозитів, наповнених продуктами переробки вторинної сировини рослинного походження

The article presents the results of the analysis of the composition and forming technology of biocomposite materials based on an adhesive (bone glue K3,5) and disperse fillers obtained by processing of secondary raw materials of plant origin (coffee grounds with high dispersion of particles, mechanically crushed dried leaves, coconut coir and grains stalks. The content of fillers in biocomposite materials varied in the range of 80…130 wt. parts. This is the optimal content of particles in the biopolymer matrix. Samples formed by mechanically mixing a solution of bone glue with the processed filler. Then the resulting biocomposition pressed into a mold. Homogeneity and continuity of the biopolymer matrix is ensured by a step-by-step heat treatment of biocomposite materials. The optimal content of fillers was determined by the results of analysis of experimental studies of the compressive strength of cylindrical samples. The highest values of the compressive strength (78,02 MPa) have biocomposite materials containing 190 wt. parts of particles of grain stalks. The macrostructure of the developed biocomposite materials analyzed. Biocomposite materials filled with particles of crushed dried leaves have the largest number of macroscopic defects after heat treatment. A large number of pores and cracks were found in these samples. The least number of defects have biocomposites filled with particles of crushed grains stalks, which confirmed by the obtained values of the compressive strength. The developed biocomposite materials can use for fabrication elements of furniture and floor, elements of a decor of salon of vehicles, containers and cases of devices.

EFFECT OF «MICROORGANIC» ORGANIC FERTILIZER ON WINTER WHEAT PRODUCTIVITY

The results of researches of technological process, chemical-biological indicators of organic fertilizer "Microorganic", obtained as a result of processing of secondary raw materials by the method of accelerated biological fermentation, are given. On the basis of experimental and industrial researches it is established that technological process of aerobic fermentation on open sites should be maintained within the following limits: humidity - the optimal level of 50-60% (permissible - 45-70%); temperature 50-55oC (permissible 40-60oC); oxygen concentration - more than 10% (permissible not less than 5%); density - 650 kg / m2 (550-750 kg / m2 is admissible). The obtained organic fertilizers "Microorganic" contained 1.5-2.3% nitrogen, 0.8-1.4% phosphorus, 1.2-1.8% potassium, the pH was 6.5-7.5. They are environmentally friendly, do not contain similar weed seeds, pathogens. The positive effect of fertilizer on agrophysical, agrochemical and microbiological properties of soil has been established. With the introduction of "Microorganic" increased microbiological activity of the soil as a test indicator of the positive effect of fertilizer, on average by 30% compared to the control (unfertilized soil with this type of organic fertilizer). At the same time, the content of soil copyitrophs (ammonifiers, microorganisms that decompose nitrogen - free compounds and the enzymatic, biochemical activity of the soil, the process of humus formation and the tendency to accumulate it in the soil increased especially). . A characteristic indicator of the activation of the microflora under the influence of these organic fertilizers is the increase in CO2 emissions, which is the result of accelerated accelerated decomposition of soil organic compounds (including humus). The average content of nutrients in the soil increased on average: for mineral nitrogen - by 10-15%, mobile phosphorus - by 10-30%, metabolic potassium - by 5-20%. The microbial potential of the organic fertilizer "Microorganic" contributed to the increase of biological activity of the soil, which led to increased access of biophilic elements to the root systems of plants, ensuring the formation of high yields. The highest yield of winter wheat variety "Tsentilivka", on average for three years, was on the option where organic fertilizers "Microorganic" were applied at a dose of 5 t / ha + N50P50K50 and was 8.81 t / ha, which is 4.75 t / ha more compared to the control Economic analysis obtained. The results of the study showed in this case and the highest economic indicators of cultivation with a level of profitability of 151.7%

Processing of polymetallic concentrate from waste recycling plants by distillation in vacuum

The sequence of operations for the processing of secondary raw materials has been proposed based on the analysis of the physicochemical properties of the main metals: copper, zinc, lead and tin contained in the metal concentrate from waste processing, including the developing complete state diagrams of binary systems of copper with lead and zinc, including the melt-vapor phase transition in vacuum. The proposed technology includes preliminary smelting of the concentrate into roughing brass for composition averaging and subsequent distillative extraction of lead and zinc each into roughing metals at a temperature of more than 1000°C with a decrease in pressure from atmospheric to 30 Pa. Copper-base still bottoms can be processed in copper production. Technological studies have confirmed the fundamental possibility of such technological scheme.

THE CURRENT STATE AND TRENDS OF PROCESSING SECONDARY RAW MATERIALS OF WINEMAKING IN UKRAINE

The current state of processing secondary raw materials of winemaking in Ukraine has been analysed. It has been shown that these materials are a rich source of bioactive compounds. This allows using them to manufacture a wide range of products (oenological tannin, food oenocolourant, polyphenolic extracts, tartaric acid, beverages, grape oil, vitamin D, protein, animal feed, food powder, fertilisers, abrasive materials, etc.) with high consumer value for various industries: food, pharmaceutical, perfume and cosmetics, chemical, compound feed, etc. In the light of modern views, phenolic compounds contained in large quantities in grape stems and pomace have been shown to be indispensable factors in nutrition and treatment. It has been noted that in today’s Ukraine, there are no specialised enterprises for complex processing of secondary raw materials of winemaking. In particular, unprocessed grape stalks and pomace are in most cases uncontrollably carried away to farmlands. This leads to acid erosion of the soil and to polluting the environment by micromycete metabolites, which but exacerbates one of mankind’s global problems, the environmental one. It has been concluded that traditional domestic technologies of processing secondary raw materials of winemaking are technologically, economically, and environmentally ineffective. There is no comparative analysis of innovative domestic and foreign technologies and equipment for processing secondary raw materials of winemaking. Modern innovations to obtain bioactive additives and other products cannot be introduced, since there is no necessary home-manufactured equipment, and imported machines are too expensive. Besides, there is but weak interaction among wineries, research institutions, business structures, and administrative authority. Cluster ideology has been suggested as a basis to organise comprehensive processing of secondary raw materials of winemaking in Ukraine. This will unite the interests of wineries (producers of secondary raw materials), processing enterprises (manufacturers of products from secondary raw materials), research institutions, and potential consumers of innovative products

The use of plant extracts in the production of whey beverage

At present, in the dairy industry there are a number of unresolved issues, one of them is the processing of secondary raw materials, namely whey curd. Processing of dairy whey in Russia, despite numerous developments in this area, is held back for various reasons. Production and introduction of whey drink will allow to extend the assortment of functional products and due to resource-saving technology will allow to solve the problem of processing of secondary raw materials. The results of researches on making extracts of vegetative raw material by different methods are resulted in the article and the optimum one which allows to enrich maximal extract with biologically active substances is chosen. The technology of whey beverage with the use of plant extracts is developed. The influence of extracts from vegetable raw materials on the nutritional value of whey drink has been determined.

Drivers and Barriers for a Circular Economy (CE) Implementation in Poland—A Case Study of Raw Materials Recovery Sector

Mobilizing industry and transforming industrial sectors to a circular economy (CE) is one of the key areas of activities in the European Green Deal (EGD)—the newest strategy of economic growth in European Union (EU). In the CE, the raw materials that can be recovered from various waste streams play a key role, therefore, recommendations for their management were developed, both at the European and national level. In Poland, the raw material recovery sector is one of the strategic sectors (key industries) described in several documents determining the further directions of economic growth in the country. This paper presents the revision of these documents and guidelines for the implementation of the CE in the raw material recovery sector. The scope of the paper also includes a description of the current state of the raw materials recovery sector and its return, supported by the analysis of drivers and barriers in its further development. In previous years, a dynamic development of the recovery industry was observed, followed by formation of new companies (dominated by medium-sized companies comprising ~50% of entities in the sector) and increasing amount of people employed (~70,700 people). A growing level of processing of secondary raw materials with the use of more and more innovative technologies has been observed, which could contribute to the improvement of the level of innovation of the national economy. There also some barriers, such as the lack of sufficiently developed industrial symbiosis (IS) and long-term support for the implementation of recovery technologies. The growing ecological awareness of society and enterprises themselves, as well as the growing belief in the importance of resource recovery for environmental protection, suggest the possibility of subsequent development of the raw materials recovery sector. Further actions in this field will be taken to strengthen the implementation of the CE in the country.

STATE AND PROSPECTS OF PROCESSING OF SECONDARY RAW MATERIALS OF WINE-MAKING IN UKRAINE

The analysis of the current state of processing of secondary raw materials of wine-making in Ukraine is given. It is proved that the latter is a rich source of biologically active compounds, including phenolic ones, which makes it possible to use it for the production of a wide range of products (raccoon, polyphenol extracts, tartaric acid, beverages, fertilizers, grape oil, cake, vitamin D, animal feed, food powder, abrasives) with high consumer value for various industries: food, pharmaceutical, perfume and cosmetics, chemical, feed, etc. In the light of modern research, the role of phenolic compounds as essential nutrition factors that cannot remain out of the field of view of physiologists, pharmacologists, and food hygiene specialists is shown. However, currently in Ukraine there are no specialized enterprises for complex processing of secondary raw materials of winemaking; traditional technologies are not effective from a technological, economic and environmental point of view, which indicates not rational use of resources and loss of material resources; there are no systematic studies on physical and chemical, microbiological, Toxicological composition in order to determine the optimal direction of its use. A limiting factor is also the lack of comparative analysis of innovative domestic and foreign technologies for processing secondary raw materials of winemaking. In the vast majority of cases, in particular, combs and pomace are taken out of control to agricultural land without special treatment, which leads to acid soil erosion and pollution of the environment with metabolites of micromycetes, increasing one of the global problems of mankind-environmental. At the present stage of technological development, there are a number of innovative developments in the field of processing secondary raw materials, in particular grape pomace, in order to obtain biologically active additives, the limiting factor for the introduction of which is the lack of domestic and expensive imported equipment. A promising way to solve the existing problems is to create a mechanism that will unite the interests of wineries (producers of secondary raw materials of winemaking), processing enterprises (producers of products from secondary raw materials of winemaking), scientists and potential consumers of innovative products. Consolidation of the above-mentioned institutions and enterprises is possible by creating clusters for the development and implementation of innovative technologies and equipment

Heat and mass transfer modeling during keeping bulk food raw materials in ferroconcrete storages

The quality of finished and semi-finished food products, as well as the possibility of deep processing of secondary raw materials, largely depends on the storage conditions of raw materials coming for processing. Excessive overheating or overcooling of bulk food raw materials (for example, grain, potatoes, Jerusalem artichoke and other types of agricultural products) often leads to bacterial contamination and another type of damage. It causes unwanted costs due to extra sorting Besides, the damaged raw material cannot be recycled to extract additional useful substances such as starch from the cleaned surface of the pulp or food fibers during the processing of Jerusalem artichoke, so additional losses occur. Thus, the processes should be closely attended both in the storage themselves and directly in the stored bulks of food products. It is necessary to take into account this external environment impact on set mode storage to maintain the required temperature and humidity conditions, providing safe prolonged storage regimes for the bulk food raw materials.

Возможности индустриального решения вопроса селекции и переработки коммунальных отходов

The results of the author's analysis of the problems of selective collection and processing as secondary particularly valuable and environmentally limited types of municipal solid waste (MSW): batteries, polymer materials and glass, are presented. The urgency of these problems is determined by the proclamation of the "garbage reform" in our country in connection with the large accumulation of MSW - up to 65 million per year with 5% recycling. Abroad, the practice of MSW processing with the burial and incineration of only their residual part, which cannot be disposed of, has been es-tablished. The prospects of recycling the considered types of MSW as recyclable materials are shown, including the data on mer-cury lamps, electroplated sludge and effluents, silt sludge from treatment facilities, published earlier in the materials of the Institute of Social, Economic and Energy Problems of the North, Komi Science Centre, Ural Branch, RAS (2018). The effectiveness of this direction in MSW management is ensured by obtaining highly liquid products while reducing negative environmental impacts on the environment by removing particularly dangerous components from the composition of stored MSW. Currently, the implementation of the "garbage reform" is to create a system of "Regional Operators" for the removal and handling of MSW, payment for these services by the population and design the construction of modern waste processing plants in the Moscow region and Tatarstan. The profitability of the garbage business, with limited possibilities for Russian regions to create a sustainable infrastructure for its technological implementation, without state co-financing, can make the process of self-organization, that has begun, unmanageable. The growth of income from the removal of MSW in the absence of processing facilities provokes their disposal in new places, remote from Moscow and St. Petersburg. From these positions, it is recommended to organize network Regional Innovation and Consulting Centers (RICC) responsible for environmental awareness, education and environmental and technological control under the auspices of Rospotrebnadzor (Russian Consumer Supervision). From these positions, the "garbage reform" should be considered as the creation of a new industrial sector for the processing of secondary raw materials (recycling).