Processing Characteristics Research Articles

TMAA-net: tensor-domain multi-planal anti-aliasing network for sparse-view CT image reconstruction

Objective.Among various deep-network-based sparse-view CT image reconstruction studies, the sinogram upscaling network has been predominantly employed to synthesize additional view information. However, the performance of the sinogram-based network is limited in terms of removing aliasing streak artifacts and recovering low-contrast small structures. In this study, we used a view-by-view back-projection (VVBP) tensor-domain network to overcome such limitations of the sinogram-based approaches.Approach.The proposed method offers advantages of addressing the aliasing artifacts directly in the 3D tensor domain over the 2D sinogram. In the tensor-domain network, the multi-planal anti-aliasing modules were used to remove artifacts within the coronal and sagittal tensor planes. In addition, the data-fidelity-based refinement module was also implemented to successively process output images of the tensor network to recover image sharpness and textures.Main result.The proposed method showed outperformance in terms of removing aliasing artifacts and recovering low-contrast details compared to other state-of-the-art sinogram-based networks. The performance was validated for both numerical and clinical projection data in a circular fan-beam CT configuration.Significance.We observed that view-by-view aliasing artifacts in sparse-view CT exhibit distinct patterns within the tensor planes, making them effectively removable in high-dimensional representations. Additionally, we demonstrated that the co-domain characteristics of tensor space processing offer higher generalization performance for aliasing artifact removal compared to conventional sinogram-domain processing.

Deep convolutional neural networks are sensitive to face configuration.

Deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) are remarkably accurate models of human face recognition. However, less is known about whether these models generate face representations similar to those used by humans. Sensitivity to facial configuration has long been considered a marker of human perceptual expertise for faces. We tested whether DCNNs trained for face identification "perceive" alterations to facial features and their configuration. We also compared the extent to which representations changed as a function of the alteration type. Facial configuration was altered by changing the distance between the eyes or the distance between the nose and mouth. Facial features were altered by replacing the eyes or mouth with those of another face. Altered faces were processed by DCNNs (Ranjan etal., 2018; Szegedy etal., 2017) and the similarity of the generated representations was compared. Both DCNNs were sensitive to configural and feature changes-with changes to configuration altering the DCNN representations more than changes to face features. To determine whether the DCNNs' greater sensitivity to configuration was due to a priori differences in the images or characteristics of the DCNN processing, we compared the representation of features and configuration between the low-level, pixel-based representations and the DCNN-generated representations. Sensitivity to face configuration increased from the pixel-level image to the DCNN encoding, whereas the sensitivity to features did not change. The enhancement of configural information may be due to the utility of configuration for discriminating among similar faces combined with the within-category nature of face identification training.

Neurophysiological characteristics of reward processing in individuals at different levels of gaming.

Altered reward processing has been repeatedly reported in Internet gaming disorder (IGD). However, it remains unclear whether these changes are linked to the severity of addictive symptoms or the extent of gaming experience. This study examined the neurophysiological responses regarding reward anticipation and consummation in individuals at different levels of gaming (including 22 casual gamers, 31 regular gamers, and 27 individuals with IGD) through a monetary incentive delay task. Three event-related potential components during reward anticipation-cue-related P300 (Cue-P3), contingent negative variation, and stimulus-preceding negativity (SPN)-and two during reward consummation-feedback-related negativity and feedback-related P300 (FB-P3)-were measured. We found that IGD individuals exhibited greater Cue-P3 but lower SPN amplitude compared to casual gamers, while regular gamers fell between the two without significant differences. Regressions indicated that more extensive gaming experience, rather than the severity of the symptoms, primarily contributed to the increased Cue-P3 in IGD. No group differences were found during reward consummation. Our results highlight disrupted reward anticipation processing in IGD, characterized by increased attention bias toward reward cues (Cue-P3) but diminished cognitive resources for reward anticipation (SPN) and emphasize the role of gaming experience in increased attention bias in IGD.

Characteristics of R2019 Processing of MODIS Sea Surface Temperature at High Latitudes

Satellite remote sensing is the best way to derive sea surface skin temperature (SSTskin) in the Arctic. However, as surface temperature retrieval algorithms in the infrared (IR) part of the electromagnetic spectrum are designed to compensate for atmospheric effects mainly due to water vapor, MODIS SSTskin retrievals have larger uncertainties at high latitudes where the atmosphere is very dry and cold, which is an extreme in the distribution of global conditions. MODIS R2019 SSTskin fields are currently derived using latitudinally and monthly dependent algorithm coefficients, including an additional band above 60°N to better represent the effects of Arctic atmospheres. However, the R2019 processing of MODIS SSTskin still has some unrevealed error characteristics. This study uses 21 years (2002–2022) of collocated, simultaneous satellite brightness temperature (BT) data from Aqua MODIS and in situ buoy-measured subsurface temperature data from iQuam for validation. Unlike elsewhere over the oceans, the 11 μm and 12 μm BT differences are poorly related to the column water vapor at high latitudes, resulting in poor atmospheric water vapor correction. Anomalous BT difference signals are identified, caused by the temperature and humidity inversions in the lower troposphere, which are especially significant during the summer. Although the existence of negative BT differences is physically reasonable, this makes the retrieval algorithm lose its effectiveness. Moreover, the statistics of the MODIS SSTskin data when compared with the iQuam buoy temperature data show large differences (in terms of mean and standard deviation) for the matchups at the Northern Atlantic and Pacific sides of the Arctic due to the disparity of in situ measurements and distinct surface and vertical atmospheric conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to further improve the retrieval algorithms to obtain more accurate MODIS SSTskin data to study surface ocean processes and climate change in the Arctic.

Synthetic image data generation via rendering techniques for training AI-based Instance Segmentation

Within the scope of the development of the project, the acceleration and gyro signal, VR implementation, and User Control for VR were realized. The starting point was a list of MPU9250 data, which are acceleration and gyro data. The goal is to do the signal processing of the signal that is got from MPU9250 and implement the data with a specific format so that the LINAK LA36 actuator can be controlled in such a way that it performs as desired position. For this purpose, a multi-axis acceleration and position sensor is mounted on a surfing board which then collects the acceleration and Gyro data. A MATLAB Program had been written to convert the desired position into a CAN message. Before that, the raw acceleration data and gyro must be converted and filtered into actual data. First, the acceleration data was collected from another group. A signal processing method has been implemented. This includes gravitational force filter, noise filter, integration, and complementary filter method was used in order to get the accurate actual data that is able to be implemented into the system. For those methods, it was necessary to deal extensively with the characteristics of signal processing. VR application was implemented in this project to give the user a sensational surfing experience in the virtual world. User control has been implemented as well to allow users to control the video. Unity with Arduino work together so that both Arduino and Unity can communicate with each other, and signal messages will be sent to the Arduino from Unity and vice versa to achieve the synchronization of the video signal and Unity VR application.

Effect of La2O3-MgO ratio on the microstructure and properties of Si3N4 ceramics fabricated via digital light processing

Due to the low powder content characteristic of digital light processing in the preparation of ceramic green bodies, significant challenges arise in obtaining high-density, high-performance Si3N4 ceramic. Sintering aids exert a critical influence on the densification and properties of Si3N4 ceramics. To further improve the performance of 3D-printed Si3N4 ceramics, Si3N4 ceramics were fabricated using DLP technology combined with gas pressure sintering employing different ratios of La2O3-MgO as sintering aids. The ceramic slurries, microstructures, and ceramic performance were studied systematically. The results showed that increasing the proportion of· La2O3 powder enhanced the rheological and curing properties of Si3N4 ceramic slurries. Varying the La2O3-MgO ratio affected the composition of the liquid phase, leading to differences in the densification and grain growth of Si3N4 ceramics. The average grain size increased with higher ratios of La2O3-MgO, and reached a maximum value of 0.91 μm with a ratio of 9:1. With the increase of the La2O3-MgO ratio, the bulk density and shrinkage rate of the ceramics initially increased and then declined. In addition, the flexural strength and fracture toughness of the ceramics peaked at a ratio of 3:7 for La2O3-MgO, measuring 577 ± 16.28 MPa and 5.84 ± 0.17 MPa m1/2, respectively. These results demonstrate that high-performance Si3N4 ceramics can be effectively prepared using DLP technology by adapting the ratio of sintering additives.

Difficulties in perceptual–motor coordination of reaching behavior in children with autism spectrum disorder

Increased risk of injury from collisions with objects is an important issue in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The purpose of the present study was to examine whether impaired perceptual–motor coordination may underlie the high frequency of collisions. Specifically, we hypothesized that collisions are likely to occur frequently in children with ASD due to their difficulty with body-related spatial perception and their inadequate motor planning, due to their detail-focused processing style, i.e., a tendency to focus attention on specific details rather than on the overall context. To evaluate impairment of perceptual–motor coordination in children with ASD, an original action selection task was developed to assess (a) body-related spatial perception and (b) predictive attentional properties for planning the subsequent movements based on the measures of hand movement and gaze behavior. Twenty-six children (13 diagnosed as ASD and 13 with typical development [TD]) completed the task, and their parents completed a questionnaire regarding their child's susceptibility to injury. Results showed that children with ASD displayed inaccurate body-related spatial perception and inadequate motor planning under conditions that induced their detail-focused processing style. In addition, analyses of gaze behavior reflected the characteristics of a detail-focused processing in children with ASD. This was correlated with the severity of ASD and the measure of motor planning. The present findings suggest that difficulty with perceptual–motor coordination, resulting in part from the detail-focused processing style, might contribute to susceptibility to injury in children with ASD. We consider that our evaluation of the difficulty with perceptual–motor of individuals with ASD provides a framework for understanding their high rate of collision-related injuries and could inform strategies for preventing these injuries.

Characteristics of Speech Auditory Brainstem Response in Preschool Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of auditory processing (AP) in preschool children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) using the speech auditory brainstem response (speech-ABR), which provides insights into the AP of speech signals in the central auditory nervous system (CANS). A total of 84 preschool children diagnosed with ADHD, aged 4-6 years, were matched with 84 typically developing (TD) children based on gender and age. All children underwent speech-ABR testing, cognitive assessment using the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Fourth Edition or the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition, and a continuous performance test. Children with ADHD exhibited significantly longer latencies of speech-ABR waveforms V, A, and D compared to TD children. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the latencies of speech-ABR waves V, A, and D were affected by the presence of ADHD, but not by the full-scale intelligence quotient. This study revealed that preschool children with ADHD exhibited abnormal AP of speech signals in their CANS. The findings suggest that speech-ABR can be utilized as a reliable measure to evaluate AP ability in this population, as it remains unaffected by cognitive or attentional factors. The transient response (V, A) of speech-ABR was found to be a significant predictor of ADHD in a clinical setting. Early assessment of AP abnormalities via speech-ABR is recommended in preschool-age children to develop targeted interventions for ADHD. https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.26376502.

Encoding of object location in a scrolling display.

There are two main characteristics of visual information processing when viewing an image by scrolling on a small screen: viewing the image sequentially, section by section, owing to the limited visible area, and moving the image to view the desired section of the image. In this study, we investigated the effects of these characteristics on the encoding of object location. The participants were required to observe an image containing 10 objects under three viewing conditions without a time limit and to recall the location of the target object. The viewing conditions were a scrolling condition, a moving-window condition in which a fixed image was viewed by moving the window, and a no-window condition in which the entire image was viewed without a window. The results showed that although the recall accuracy did not differ among the conditions, the observation time increased in the order of scrolling, moving-window, and no-window conditions. These results indicate that in a scrolling view, the object location can be encoded with the same accuracy as that in a full view; however, more time is required for encoding. This finding suggests that viewing the image sequentially and moving the image degrade the encoding of object location.

Heterogeneous components removal mechanism and grinding force model from energy aspect in ultrasonic grinding continuous fiber reinforced metal matrix composites

Continuous fiber reinforced metal matrix composites (CFMMCs) offer higher specific strength, specific modulus, and operating temperature than matrix metals due to the unique enforcement mechanism of the one-to-one scale arrangement of matrix and reinforced phases. Due to the heterogeneous characteristics between the plastic matrix and brittle fibers, the removal mechanism of CFMMCs during processing is exceptionally complex. Ultrasonic vibration-assisted grinding (UVAG) shows great advantages in machining difficult-to-cut materials (i.e., ceramics and composites) by changing the motion trajectory between grains and workpieces, effectively reducing grinding force and improving machining quality. However, little is known about the removal mechanism of UVAG for CFMMCs composed of the ductile (i.e., metal matrix) and brittle (i.e., SiC fiber) phases with highly anisotropic structure characteristics. This raises the question of how CFMMCs with heterogeneous components perform under abrasive processing and how to predict their processing forces. Hence, UVAG and conventional grinding (CG) experiments with single CBN grain were carried out on SiC fiber reinforced TC17 matrix composites (SiCf/TC17) in this work. A grinding force model considering both phases and materials structure from energy aspect was proposed. A theoretical model for suppressing SiC fiber damage has been proposed, which is expected to guide low-damage processing of brittle materials. According to the results, the removal models of CFMMCs are revealed including: i) macro fracture of SiC fiber, ii) neat fracture of SiC fiber, and iii) TC17 matrix massive adhesion on the SiC fiber. Besides, no cracks crossing fibers are observed on the subsurface of SiC fiber under both UVAG and CG due to the good support of the TC17 matrix on SiC fibers. The grinding force predicted model error decreases as ap increases. When ap is 50 μm, the errors between predicted and experimental values are 7.8 % and 9.1 % for normal forces (Fn) and tangential forces (Ft), respectively. Ultrasound suppresses the severe wear behavior of grains, thereby improving the tool life. This paper aims to comprehensively reveal the characteristics of abrasive processing of CFMMCs from various aspects (surface morphology, subsurface features, grinding force prediction, and tool wear), which will promote the industrial application of CFMMCs.

The Evolution of Symbolic Thought: At the Intersection of Schizophrenia Psychopathology, Ethnoarchaeology, and Neuroscience.

The human capacity for symbolic representation arises, evolutionarily and developmentally, from the exploitation of a widespread sensorimotor network, along a fundamental continuity between embodied and symbolic modes of experience. In this regard, the fine balancing between constrained sensorimotor connections (responsible for self-embodiment processing) and more untethered neural associations (responsible for abstract and symbolic processing) is context dependent and plastically neuromodulated, thus intersubjectively constructed within a specific socio-cultural milieu. Instead, in the schizophrenia spectrum this system falls off catastrophically, due to an unbalance toward too unconstrained sensorimotor connectivity, leading to a profound distortion of self/world relation with a symbolic activity detached from its embodied ground. For this very reason, however, schizophrenia psychopathology may contribute to unveil, in a distorted or magnified way, ubiquitous structural features of human symbolic activity, beneath the various, historically determined cultural systems. In this respect, a comparative approach, linking psychopathology and ethnoarchaeology, allows highlight the following invariant formal characteristics of symbolic processing: (1) Emergence of salient perceptive fragments, which stand out from the perceptual field. (2) Spreading of a multiplicity of new significances with suspension of common-sense meaning. (3) Dynamic and passive character through which meaning proliferation is experienced. This study emphasizes the importance of fine-grained psychopathology to elucidate, within a cross-disciplinary framework, the evolutionarily and developmental pathways that shape the basic structures of human symbolization.

Standard models of spatial vision mispredict edge sensitivity at low spatial frequencies

One well-established characteristic of early visual processing is the contrast sensitivity function (CSF) which describes how sensitivity varies with the spatial frequency (SF) content of the visual input. The CSF prompted the development of a now standard model of spatial vision. It represents the visual input by activity in orientation- and SF selective channels which are nonlinearly recombined to predict a perceptual decision. The standard spatial vision model has been extensively tested with sinusoidal gratings at low contrast because their narrow SF spectra isolate the underlying SF selective mechanisms. It is less studied how well these mechanisms account for sensitivity to more behaviourally relevant stimuli such as sharp edges at high contrast (i.e. object boundaries) which abound in the natural environment and have broader SF spectra. Here, we probe sensitivity to edges (2-AFC, edge localization) in the presence of broadband and narrowband noises. We use Cornsweet luminance profiles with peak frequencies at 0.5, 3 and 9 cpd as edge stimuli. To test how well mechanisms underlying sinusoidal contrast sensitivity can account for edge sensitivity, we implement a single- and a multi-scale model building upon standard spatial vision model components. Both models account for most of the data but also systematically deviate in their predictions, particularly in the presence of pink noise and for the lowest SF edge. These deviations might indicate a transition from contrast- to luminance-based detection at low SFs. Alternatively, they might point to a missing component in current spatial vision models.

Evaluating the Combustion Performance of the Usual Timbers in Furniture Using a Grey Correlation Method Based on Thermolysis, Ignition, and Flame Spread

Timber is the most widely used material for furniture in view of its characteristics of light mass, high strength, easy processing, coloring, and decorative appearance. However, the flammability of wood has been frequently associated with increased fire intensity and the rapid spread of fire in buildings. In this paper, the combustion performance of six kinds of common furniture timber was investigated based on thermogravimetric analysis at 25–500 °C, cone calorimetry with 50 kW/m2 thermal radiation intensity, and flame spread experiments with 3 kW/m2 thermal radiation intensity. The ignition, weight loss, thermogenesis, smoke, and flame spread characteristics of these timbers were obtained. Subsequently, a comprehensive index system including thermal stability, heat release ability, smoke production capacity, and flame spreading speed was constructed to evaluate the combustion performance of the selected timbers. In addition, a grey correlation method relying on the game theory to assign weight was proposed for the quantitative analysis of the relevant evaluation indexes. As a result, the combustion performance of the six kinds of timber, which was defined as a specific value from poor to good, was as follows: pine (0.8696) > Chinese fir (0.8568) > Oriented Strandboard (OSB) (0.8425) > density board (0.8122) > plywood (0.8087) > elm (0.7909). Timber with poor combustion performance contributes to the reduction in fire risk in buildings. Our suggestions are of great significance for selecting furniture timber from the perspective of the prevention and control of building fires.

An overview of probiotic camel milk as a nutritional beverage: Challenges and perspectives

AbstractThere are challenges such as standardization for commercialization and guaranteeing sensory characteristics in camel milk processing. This review gathers a general view of the probiotic camel milk, its contents, its health aspects, and its industrial production. One of the potential candidates of a healthy food product is “probiotic camel milk” which contains several nutritional elements including Lactic acid bacteria and Bifidobacteria and postbiotics such as endopolysaccharides, exopolysaccharides, numerous beneficial enzymes, short‐chain fatty acids, teichoic acids, peptides, peptidoglycan‐derived neuropeptides, cell surface proteins, different vitamins, plasmalogens, and different kinds of organic acids. It should also be considered that camel milk generally has some advantages over cow milk like its health‐beneficial antidiabetic, hypoallergenic, and anticancer properties. As a result, it is gaining much attention from both consumers and manufacturers, and the global probiotic market trend is growing. Although there are obstacles in standardizing processing techniques and maintaining sensory excellence, the health benefits, economic prospects, and adaptability of camel milk and its probiotic variations create a promising avenue for continued research and advancement. Therefore, developing standardized processing techniques and sensory evaluation methods for probiotic camel milk can unlock its full potential as a nutritious beverage, offering a promising solution for consumers seeking healthy and functional food products.

Kernel vs. User-Level Networking: Don't Throw Out the Stack with the Interrupts

This paper reviews the performance characteristics of network stack processing for communication-heavy server applications. Recent literature often describes kernel-bypass and user-level networking as a silver bullet to attain substantial performance improvements, but without providing a comprehensive understanding of how exactly these improvements come about. We identify and quantify the direct and indirect costs of asynchronous hardware interrupt requests (IRQ) as a major source of overhead. While IRQs and their handling have a substantial impact on the effectiveness of the processor pipeline and thereby the overall processing efficiency, their overhead is difficult to measure directly when serving demanding workloads. This paper presents an indirect methodology to assess IRQ overhead by constructing preliminary approaches to reduce the impact of IRQs. While these approaches are not suitable for general deployment, their corresponding performance observations indirectly confirm the conjecture. Based on these findings, a small modification of a vanilla Linux system is devised that improves the efficiency and performance of traditional kernel-based networking significantly, resulting in up to 45% increased throughput without compromising tail latency. In case of server applications, such as web servers or Memcached, the resulting performance is comparable to using kernel-bypass and user-level networking when using stacks with similar functionality and flexibility.

Emotion effects survive non-standard orthographic representations

ABSTRACT Digital communication has generated forms of written speech that may deviate from standard ones, such as Greeklish (a Latin-alphabet-based script) vs. Greek. The question of interest is how different orthographic representations of the same referent (e.g. petaloyda, “butterfly”, in Greeklish vs. πϵταλούδα “butterfly” in Greek) may influence word processing, particularly visual word recognition and access to affective connotations. 120 Greek native speakers were tested on a lexical decision task, in which script (Greeklish vs. Greek) and valence (positive vs. negative vs. neutral) were manipulated within participants. Words were matched for word class, frequency, concreteness, length, number of syllables and orthographic neighbourhood. Emotional words differed from neutral ones in valence and arousal. Results yielded faster response times for words written in the standard script (Greek) than the non-standard script (Greeklish). Moreover, regardless of script, response times were negatively correlated with the words’ valence, with slowest responses for negative words and fastest for positive ones, suggesting that positive content accelerates lexical access, whereas negative content slows it down. To sum up, although script type was found to affect word recognition, activation of and access to emotional content seemed to resist non-standard characteristics of visual word processing.

Simulation on the effect of filling porous medium on the performance of thermally conductive plastic heat sinks

High thermally conductive plastics have the characteristics of corrosion resistance, easy processing, and high thermal conductivity and can be used in corrosive environments or complex-shaped heat sinks. However, its thermal conductivity is still significantly lower than that of traditional metal heat sinks. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the heat dissipation performance design. Based on the N–S equation and the k-ε turbulence model, the effect of porous media filled in the thermally conductive plastic heat sinks on its heat dissipation performance is studied. We compared this optimizing method with adding vortex generators in the literature. The maximum temperature of the heat sink bottom decreases by 9.3 °C. The pressure drop reduces by 55 %, and the Nusselt number increases by 9.3 %. The optimized heat sink has a hydrothermal performance factor (HTPF) 1.41. The heat dissipation performance can be similar to that of an aluminum heat sink. This study provides optimization ideas for expanding the application of thermally conductive plastics in heat sinks.

Experimental Tensile Strength Analysis of Different Manufacturer Oring

Importance and Purpose of Tensile Testing on ORings The tensile test on rings and especially on O-rings is primarily carried out for quality assurance reasons. The tensile test provides information about the formulation quality (evaluation of the absolute values, strength of the material, and determination of formulation changes). For example, it is not possible to detect an exchange of the polymer of compounds with different molecular weights and/or a different molecular weight distribution (e.g. highviscosity press mix by low-viscosity spray mix) by infrared spectroscopy (IR), but only by tensile testing and possibly by long-term compression set tests. Furthermore, the tensile test provides information on subsequent changes compared to the prototype condition. The Influence of Processing In the case of some O-rings, due to poor processing, it is not the strength value of the material that is determined, but the lower strength of the joining line (= confluence point of the rubber compound in the production of the O-ring in the injection mold) at which the O-ring tears. This problem depends on the material (e.g. certain acrylate rubbers), the tool and the process parameters. The joining line can usually be detected in advance by a visual and strain test or by relatively large scatter in a tensile test. Typical for the scatter in tensile tests of O-rings are 5-10%-points standard deviation related to the mean value of the elongation at break or the tensile strength. An important characteristic of good processing is the achievement of the optimum degree of vulcanization. However, there is no generally valid optimum, but this must be determined depending on the intended application of the elastomeric component. If, for example, the tear resistance is the most important material parameter for the finished product, a different degree of crosslinking or a different cross linking density must be aimed for than if, for example, a low

Research and Analysis on the Characteristics of College Students' Emotional Face Processing Based on Computer Vision Technology

The processing of emotional faces by individuals is an important basis for the perception and understanding of emotions. In accordance with the score of Schutte self-report Emotional Intelligence Scale (SSEIS), students in high and low emotional intelligence groups were screened out. Based on the computer vision technology, four kinds of emotional face pictures, including pleasure, anger, sadness and fear, were randomly presented with the help of the eye tracker, and four interest areas were divided into eyebrows, eyes, nose and mouth. The eye-movement indexes of subjects were recorded, and common characteristics of emotional face processing of college students and differences in gender and emotional intelligence were explored. The results showed that college students had a positive bias to emotional face processing and a certain bias to eye area; the number of fixation points in high emotional intelligence group was more and concentrated, and the processing was more rapid and efficient, while the number of fixation points in low emotional intelligence group was less and scattered, and the processing efficiency was lower; female college students were more detailed in emotional face processing.

Combined Addition of Citric Acid and Ascorbic Acid Significantly Inhibits Browning in Chinese Yam (Dioscorea polystachya Turczaninow) Processing

Chinese yam (Dioscorea polystachya Turczaninow) is widely cultivated in East Asia, whose edible stem is a common vegetable and herb in traditional Chinese medicine. In fruit and vegetable processing, browning is estimated to be a major reason of waste. Browning lowers the nutrition value and brings undesired characteristics in food processing. To develop a secure and low-cost browning inhibiting protocol in yam processing, different thermal treatment conditions and color protectants were tested for their color-protecting ability. Color difference ΔE was calculated to evaluate the browning with a colorimeter. To ensure that the color-protecting treatment does not influence the quality of yam, texture properties and nutrition compositions were quantified. The optimal treatment is as follows: deactivate yam in water bath of 60°C for 10 min and then incubate in 2 g/L citric acid and 1 g/L ascorbic acid for 1 hour. The treatment led to significant decrease of the color difference, with no obvious changes in the texture properties and nutrition value. To summarize, this research provides an ideal color-protecting solution in yam processing.