Process Of Economic Change Research Articles

Pengaruh Ekspor, Impor, Defisit Fiskal, Dan Utang Luar Negeri Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Di Indonesia Periode 2017 – 2020

Economic growth is a process of economic change that occurs in a country on an ongoing basis to lead to changes for the better over a certain period of time. The development of the Indonesian economy cannot be separated from the influence of various factors, including factors from abroad. Economic growth is influenced by several factors including exports, imports, fiscal deficits, and foreign debt. This study aims to determine the effect of exports, imports, fiscal deficits and foreign debt on economic growth in Indonesia for the 2017-2020 period. The sample selection in this study used the cluster sampling method because the objects and data sources to be studied were very broad, consisting of 34 provinces in Indonesia, the total data used was 680 samples. The data analysis technique used in this research is multiple linear regression analysis. The results of this study indicate that exports have a negative and significant effect on economic growth. Imports have a positive and insignificant effect on economic growth. The fiscal deficit has a positive and insignificant effect on economic growth. Foreign debt has a positive and significant effect on economic growth. Further researchers can also continue this research with a qualitative approach, where several variables that have no significant effect can be studied and analyzed by several key stakeholders who have a direct role in economic growth, so that further research models can be better.

AN INSTITUTIONALIST-CONVENTIONALIST APPROACH TO THE PROCESS OF ECONOMIC CHANGE

This paper highlights the problems that neoclassical theory encounters in providing a comprehensive explanation of the process of economic change. Whereas institutionalism combined with conventionalism has the merit of conceptualising economic and social processes, showing that institutions are the result of social interaction and not just structures produced by rational and maximising individuals. The Economics of Convention provides a theory of rules that is close to institutional foundations. Thus, an institutionalist-conventionalist approach will explain the interaction between individuals and institutions, shaping goals and desires, in a process of economic change due to institutional change.

Political Economy of Dispossession and Economic Change: A Case of Rajarhat in West Bengal, India

Land dispossession under the neoliberal capitalist development has become a focal point of debate across Indian states, particularly in West Bengal. Based on household surveys conducted in Rajarhat in West Bengal (India) in 2009 and 2016, this article illuminates how a large-scale dispossession of farmers from land for a neoliberal planned urban centre adjoining Kolkata Metropolis leads to a process of economic change and rural transformation, giving birth to diverse non-farm livelihood activities for the dispossessed households. While access to these new livelihood opportunities in the burgeoning urban economy turns out to be unequal, the dispossessed households broadly undergo upward economic mobility. It also argues that the benefits of speculative land value arising from neoliberalisation of spaces in the post-acquisition stage actuate the partially dispossessed households to sell off their remaining land and produce a basis for social differentiations and asset inequalities within the dispossessed households. To prevent these and similar outcomes, it calls for apt policies.

FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF ECONOMIC GROWTH IN INSTITUTIONAL THEORY

The theoretical and practical aspects of fundamental concepts of economic growth in institutional theory are investigated in the article. The aim of article is to study the fundamental concepts of economic growth, which formed by representatives of the institutional direction of economic theory, in the context of the possibility of their application in shaping the country’s economic growth policy in modern economic conditions. The research was carried out with using 
 
 the historical-genetic method, ascent from the abstract to the concrete, as well as methods of deduction and induction, generalization method. An analysis of the genesis of economic growth institutional theories, which were aimed at explaining socio-economic phenomena that could not be grasped by the methods of classical, Keynesian and neoclassical theory are made. The general ideological principles of institutionalism, which consist in the fact that economic growth is determined by a set of rules that form the conditions of social production, are revealed. It was clarified that the institutional theory of economic growth involves the analysis of economic phenomena through the prism of non-economic factors – rules, norms, procedures, that regulate the processes of economic change and affect the behavior of economic entities. It is determined that modern concepts of institutionalism in the abstract sense converge on the need for effective political and legal institutions forming, in particular, the establishment and protection of property rights, state policy of protectionism and industrialization, social influence, etc., which are in synthesis with capitalist base, market and state regulation are form the basis of state’s economic growth. The practical value is the substantiation of rationale for the feasibility of applying institutional concepts of economic growth in the process of forming the state economic policy, given that they determine the general principles of economic systems, taking into account multiple socio-economic and ideological factors.

Growth and institutional changes: a historical evolution

ABSTRACT This paper highlights the fact that neoclassical theory cannot explain the process of economic change. In an uncertain and ever-changing world, a theory based on static equilibrium models is of little help. Whereas we have placed the institutions at the centre of the understanding of economic systems, since they constitute their incentive structure. Thus, economic change is largely an intentional process created by individuals’ perceptions of the consequences of their actions. These perceptions, coming from the beliefs of individuals, combine with their preferences. In the end, a dynamic theory of economic change will not be built, but an attempt will be made to understand the link between institutions and economic growth, the process of change, and to develop assumptions, within its limits, capable of improving the human environment and economic results.

Ecology, Coloniality, Modernity: Argentine Fictions of Tierra del Fuego

In recent decades, numerous Latin American artists and theorists have invited their readers to see Western Civilization and the story of its elaboration from below, that is to say, from the global South. Publications that challenged representations of history and cultural encounters appeared worldwide around the 500th anniversary of the Columbus voyage. Others have considered Latin American economies and societies in light of globalization, as Latin American political and economic elites embraced neo-liberalism in the latter decades of the twentieth century. And as the last century closed, increasing numbers of working-class Latin Americans questioned neo-liberal policies, challenging them in elections, social movements, and popular protests that thrust debates into public view from Chiapas, Mexico, to southern Chile. In this socio-political context, creative literary works, as well as theoretical studies in the social sciences, have examined a history of colonization and economic injustice for diverse communities in Latin America. A key aspect of popular protests and literary works has lately included an interrogation of environmental questions: land and water use, resource exploitation and depletion, crises of human and ecological health. Faced with environmental, social, and economic transformations on a massive scale in an era of global exchange, authors like Tatiana Lobo (Costa Rica), Gioconda Belli (Nicaragua), Homero Aridjis (Mexico), and Luis Sepulveda (Chile) have considered how processes of economic change have transformed landscapes and affected human relationships with the non-human world in Latin America. In this study on ecology, coloniality, and modernity, I bring together scholarship from Latin American social scientists and from ecocriticism to consider two literary texts from Argentina: La tierra del fuego by Sylvia Iparraguirre and Un piano en Bahia Desolacion by Libertad Demitropulos. (1) Both La tierra del fuego and Un piano en Bahia Desolacion were penned by well-known Argentine writers, and each author has garnered an international audience for her texts. Iparraguirre won several prizes for La tierra del fuego in particular, including the prestigious Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz Prize in 2000. Demitropulos has also been recognized as an accomplished writer, having published numerous works before her death in 1998. Despite the international reputation of the authors, though, there have been very few scholarly studies published on their novels, either in Latin America or abroad. The few publications on La tierra del fuego have focused on the challenges it presents to official histories, a line of criticism closely tied to the production of post-dictatorial fiction in Latin America. (2) Of Un piano en Bahia Desolacion, I know of no scholarly studies at all, though there have been some published on Demitropulos's other works, particularly Rio de congojas. Both La tierra del fuego and Un piano en Bahia Desolacion can be situated broadly within the context of post-dictatorial fiction. In general, this fiction challenges the construction of history and memory in the wake of the trauma of dictatorship. The two novels considered here reach beyond recent crises to recover the memory of a marginalized Argentine landscape. In particular, they speak to the presence of the ecological and cultural diversity in Argentina that fell to an advancing capitalist frontier in the nineteenth century. The novels make explicit connections between human and environmental casualties of a new world order that took shape in an era of European colonialism and Latin American nation-formation. The novels also posit a retreat from modernity that is particularly significant in light of the context of the composition and publication of the texts. My reading of the novels shows how these contemporary works depict the great transformation and crisis of Latin American environments and indigenous societies in the nineteenth century. …

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. A HISTORICAL - NEOINSTITUTIONAL APPROACH OVERVIEW

This paper aims to investigate economic development through a historical-neoinstitutional approach, to improve the understanding of the process of economic change. It will try to demonstrate how the intervention of the institutions can trigger a virtuous circle able to reduce transaction costs, facilitate the dissemination of information, in order to make the functioning of the economy more efficient. In this sense, economic change is identified as an intentional process triggered by the combination of the beliefs and preferences of individuals. All this takes place through the intervention of rules, procedures and organizations. This scenario differs from that represented by the neoclassicists, both for the importance given to the market, to companies and other organizations linked to the institutional environment, and for the importance given to transaction costs. In this regard, the reasons for the existence of institutions such as companies and hierarchical organizations have been researched. The survey will therefore focus on the importance of the link between institutions and economic development, in order to achieve an improved understanding of the process of economic change.

The process of economic change of the Papuans in Jayapura

This paper seeks to explain the process of economic change of the Papuans in Jayapura which tends to be subsistence-oriented in the face of a market economy that came with the wave of transmigration since the 1960s. Amid market economy penetration, Papuans are included in a dual economy where a subsistence orientation to meet domestic needs is still being carried out but at the same time facing a capitalistic market economy so that what follows is only the expansion of subsistence and marginality. History shows that Papuans with a subsistence-based economy find it difficult to compete with price-based markets and a large number of migrants having complex trade networks and more established access to expanses. In addition, the relatively small scale of trade and the lack of technical aspects of trading in a market economy such as bargaining, debts and subscription systems make it difficult for Papuans to collect profits from their trading. The community and the regional or central government responded to this with strategies and policies that provided momentum for the expansion of their commercial businesses. This study then looks at how the strategies and momentum that emerged and utilized optimally by the Papuans to develop their economy and what factors would inhibit or drive it.

Europe, public opinion, and Brexit

ABSTRACTThe construction – and deconstruction – of Europe is a spatial democratic process, and public opinion is central to it. One part of public opinion is fuelled by pragmatic – either economic (the search for prosperity) or strategic (the need for security) – arguments. Another is fired by political, moral and religious ideologies and identities (and utopian views of Europe in particular). Attitudes concerning Europe were never identical in the Western or Eastern halves of the continent, or in Britain. They evolved in connection with processes of economic change (from the second to the third phase of the Industrial Revolution), and latterly in relation to globalization and its geographic impact. Euroscepticism demands a deep adjustment of Europe to its current political-intellectual scene and geographic organization.

The Role of Transaction Costs in Douglass North’s Understanding of the Process of Change in Economic History

The purpose of this chapter is an attempt to reconstruct the evolution of North’s approach to understanding economic history. Underlying this evolution has been an increasing recognition of the role that transaction costs play in explaining the economic performance of different societies through time. I argue that, as a by-product of North’s emphasis on transaction costs throughout his scholarship, he transitioned from a neoclassical to an Austrian understanding of the process of economic change. The implications of North’s growing emphasis on transactions costs throughout his career was a growing importance of other complementary features of economic theory, shared by Austrians, to explain processes of institutional change throughout economic history. These features of Austrian economic theory include: methodological subjectivism; competition and discovery under uncertainty; a dynamic conception of learning through time; and the role of ideology in structuring the patterns of meaning and purpose attached to human action.

The Process of Economic Change of Indigenous People: Orang Kuala’s Community Empowerment in Rengit, Johor

The Process of Economic Change of Indigenous People: Orang Kuala’s Community Empowerment in Rengit, Johor

Structural features of industrial growth policy

The present research is devoted to the main points of industrialization, its possible types and typical structural changes in the production process. To reveal its features we have identified parameters to compare industrialization and de-industrialization processes. According to this fact the industrialization is construed as a managed process of structural transformation of the Russian economy that suggests the movement of resources from mining industry to manufacturing one. This attitude to the process under consideration has revealed two main types of industrialization: the first one is characterised by the growth of industrial production share in GDP, and the second type suggests the increase of production manufacturability when the share of industrial sector in GDP does not change even if it decreases in the total amount of GDP. The revealed types of industrialization demand the specification of their implementation conditions in terms of the current Russian economy to solve all scopes of strategic tasks, such as the development of industrial production on a new technological basis and the increase of import substitution rate. For this purpose using the Minsky frame model we have presented a two sectoral model of economy as an aggregate of consumer and manufacturing sectors. Analytical accurate correlation between salary and labour productivity has been determined on this basis for different industrial growth regimes. The suggested theoretical model demonstrates that salary change rate in the manufacturing sector of production means may increase labour productivity rate in this sector to provide economic growth. Different regimes of economic system dynamics depending on the correlation between salary and labour productivity rates in consumer and production sectors have been determined. They confirm that the compliance of outpacing changes of labour productivity relative to salary is not compulsory to provide economic growth in the country. Moreover, according to the theoretical model it may limit the economic industrial growth. Besides, we have analytically revealed that when salary growth rate in the consumer sector outpaces the labour production growth rates it will lead to a regime when labour productivity growth rate in manufacturing sector must be higher than salary growth rate there. The conclusions we have made may be used as a foundation for the development of strategic priorities to provide security in the field of scientific and technical and technological development of the country. Meanwhile, the development of a complex macroeconomic policy considering the impact of institutional factors will be significant in the current trends of the Russian economy development. This policy will make conditions for further industrialization and the increase of industrial security of the country. Keywords structural policy, industrial growth, manufacturing sector, consumer sector, wages, labor productivity, two sectoral H. Minsky model. Acknowledgements The article has been prepared within the framework of the public order entitled “Macroeconomic and industrial policy of growth: Institutional, structural and technological changes” (№ 0163-2018-0002) of Market Economy Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences and within the public order of the Centre of Institutes of social and economic development of the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Kulturowy kontekst zmian gospodarczych

The economics sciences more and more often connects cultural variables to economic change processes. The article considers several theoretical and methodological issues in the analysis of culture, and in the way economic culture is used in studies on processes of economic change on various levels: at the macro-level of national economic culture in the search for historically rooted cultural values conducive to economic development; at the mezo-level of the economic culture of various social groups, communities and cities; and at the micro-level of organisational culture, which is a significant component of economic culture.

INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS OF ECONOMIC CHANGES:DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES OF DOUGLAS NORTH’S THEORY

The present article considers the contribution of Douglas North to general institutional economic theory with a special emphasis on the research of institutional factors of economic changes. It has been revealed how agents’ interaction models are formed and how institutions influence the agents’ behavior and change their models. It is especially important, that D. North's conclusions and their development in modern economic theory result in the emergence of the so-called institutional macroeconomics and being a scientific discipline it explains economic changes on long intervals of evolution. The main emphasis in the article is put on two D. North’s works: “Institutions, Institutional Changes and Economic Performance” (1990) and “Understanding the Process of Economic Change” (2005). The advantages and possible disadvantages of the new institutional approach by D. North that is devoted to a long interval of social evolution have been demonstrated. In particular the formal informal institutions relations have been discussed as well as compulsion mechanisms that according to D. North belong to special institutions that play a significant role in the description of institutional changes at long time intervals have been considered. The role of a government and government regulation mechanisms have been studied based on the compulsion mechanisms to observe the rules and norms in economy. We study the connection between transaction and transformation costs that are conventionally considered independently in the frameworks of a new modern institutionalism. The authors’ attitude to technologies as special and rather stable institutions at particular time periods has been proven. This attitude is opposite to the view that institutions and technologies are interconnection factors of institutional changes according to D. North. From the authors’ point of view the model approach by D. North provides restricted representation of institutional changes of complex social and economic model. Moreover, there is a redistribution of weights of change factors and D. North’s theory is not able to determine the regularities in the weights change. In its turn the introduction of the trust factor by G. Akerlof and R. Shiller is not a sufficient decision as different social institutions have macroeconomic importance. These institutions predetermine economy development and trust forms that are formed between some agents. For example, technologies are such institutions and processability of economy as a system predetermines its economic dynamics and demand for the change of some institutions into the others-institutional changes regime. Thus the task under consideration is difficult and has not been solved in economics yet. The opportunity to solve the above mentioned challenges using the postulates of “institutional macroeconomics” as the scientific analysis branch has been founded. Keywords Douglas North’s theory, institutional macroeconomics, institutions, compulsion mechanisms, agents, trust, institutional changes, transaction costs, technology.

Impact of French Colonial Institutions on the Economic Development of New Caledonia: An Introduction

In this paper I introduce the political context of New Caledonia and the specificity of its institutions. Among which, the institutionalised massive transfers from France to its dependency. I then proceed on explaining my theoretical development that links industrial entrepreneurs and institutions to explain the process of economic change. Finally, I give a quick overview of the methodology I derived directly from my theory and the data that will be used.

The institutional approach to economic history: Connecting the two strands

This essay examines the historiography of two episodes in history—the scattering of plots in the open fields in the Middle Ages and the transition to the factory system in the Industrial Revolution—to shed light on the uses of institutional economics in economic history. In both of these episodes, economic “just-so” stories advanced our understanding of history. What animated intellectual innovation in both cases was a bold conjecture about the raison d’être of a puzzling institutional structure. But what ultimately enriched our understanding was the process of conjecture and revision those conjectures set off. In both episodes, the revised conjectures that best withstood criticism and revision were those that saw the phenomena not as static snapshots of economic agents confronting an economic problem but rather those that embedded the phenomena within a larger economic problem and within a process of economic change. In the end it is an account of institutional change—what I call the good old New Institutional Economics—that connects the use of institutional economics to explain puzzling historical phenomenon with the role of institutional economics in addressing the big questions of economic growth.

Social Mobility in France 1720–1986: Effects of Wars, Revolution and Economic Change

The most basic question concerning social mobility—whether it has decreased, increased or remained in a constant flux over time—was formulated a century ago by Sorokin. Despite the enormous progress made by historians and sociologists, and the innumerable studies and the steady increase in the available data and methods of analysis, this question has still not been answered conclusively, because, we argue, of a lack of robust data covering a window of sufficient time span. In this article, we create and look through such a window, analysing intergenerational social mobility in France from the beginning of the eighteenth to the end of the twentieth century. We consider very long trends in total and relative mobility, and their association with the process of economic change, as well as perturbations of a shorter nature due to wars and revolutions. The results indicate that overall both absolute and relative mobility increased between 1720 and 1986, however not continuously, and not in synchronicity with the historical process of industrialization.

Environmental change and food security: the special case of small island developing states

Small island developing states (SIDS) are recognized as a special case for sustainable development due to the unique set of challenges and vulnerabilities they face. While SIDS are a diverse group of nations, most share characteristics of small size, limited land availability, insularity, susceptibility to natural disasters and deep integration into global markets that make them particularly vulnerable to global environmental and economic change processes. Although there has been considerable research into the impacts of global change processes on small island vulnerability, much less attention has been paid to their resilience, particularly at the intersection of environmental and economic change and the consequences for food security. This paper presents an overview of the social–ecological vulnerabilities that drive food and nutrition insecurity in different SIDS contexts and considers how policies and governance arrangements might better support more resilient and sustainable small island food systems drawing from the collection of papers in this Special Issue.

Small-scale hydropower in Africa: Socio-technical designs for renewable energy in Tanzanian villages

In this article, we explore the process of economic change following the NGO-led implementation of a small-scale off-grid hydropower system in Tanzania. We examine how the implementing actor deals with economic challenges and local ownership in order to achieve sustainable electricity supply. The qualitative case study shows that the NGO, ACRA-CCS, has overcome a number of constraints, which are sometimes associated with donor funding. This has been achieved by having multiple donors, an integrated approach and a longer presence. The ‘logic’ of implementation included active enhancement of productive electricity use, community services and benefits. As a result of these actions, the customer base grew quickly, rather than it taking many years to develop. The case illustrates the process whereby an off-grid system becomes economically viable. Local ownership has led to the project becoming an arena for community collaboration and problem solving, and creating values such as effective load management and protection of infrastructure. We suggest that attention should be given to possible public private community partnerships (PPCPs) – involving communities as crucial partners. The choice of a socio-technical system perspective was fruitful and provided crucial insights into how different factors manifested, interacted and played out in practice.

Urban regeneration and knowledge-intensive services

In recent years the city of Bilbao has undergone extensive urban regeneration. Large urban infrastructural schemes were undertaken that included cultural, transport and sewerage systems. These schemes improved run-down industrial areas, contributing to urban integration and an improved quality of life for citizens and helped drive economic recovery. This empirical study is based on the activities of Bilbao Ria 2000 , a public body created by government to carry out the regeneration. It analyses the impact that investment in urban infrastructure has had on the economic activity of the metropolitan area and assesses its effect on those sectors linked to the most modern processes of economic change and innovation: knowledge-intensive business services.