Process In Near Future Research Articles

Synthesis of cigarette filter-derived activated carbon using various activating agents for flexible capacitive supercapacitors

Activated carbon (AC) with low-cost, high surface area and pore volume properties is common active material of commercial supercapacitor (SC). Producing AC using cigarette filters (CF) cannot only reduce serious CF pollution but also decrease ingredient costs. Also, activating agents have been reported to play important roles on energy storage ability of home-made AC. In this work, it is the first time to use CF to synthesize AC with ZnCl2, KOH and H3PO4 as activating agents. The CF-derived AC activated by KOH (CAC-KOH) shows abundant functional groups, larger surface area, well-constructed pore structure and suitable defect-to-graphene intensity. The CAC-KOH electrode achieves the largest specific capacitance (Csp) of 106.5 F/g at 0.5 A/g, while the CF-derived AC electrodes fabricated using ZnCl2 and H3PO4 show smaller Csp values of 4.2 and 9.4 F/g, respectively. The symmetric SC assembled using CAC-KOH electrodes presents a maximum energy density of 5.15 Wh/kg at 325 W/kg and a Csp retention of 73 % after 11,000 charge/discharge cycles. Synthesizing AC with polluted CF successfully opens new blueprints for using wastes to produce efficient active material. It is expected to further enhance energy storage ability of wastes-derived AC by refining the activation process in near future.

A critical perspective on the scope of interdisciplinary approaches used in fourth-generation biofuel production

The use of algae in biofuel production is more sustainable as compared to crop-based resources as it doesn't compromise food security, rainforests, or arable land. Furthermore, the utilization of molecular biology methods such as CRISPR/Cas9 with guided RNA for genetic modification in algae has opened up new avenues to meet the future energy demand. Recently, a progressive shift in the paradigm of algal growth from an open system (raceways) to a closed system (e.g.; PBRs) has been observed because the latter is more efficient in biofuel production as it provides optimized growth conditions. Several algal species have been genetically engineered and characterized for different parameters, especially their ability to grow in a closed system. Since the advent of the closed system viz. fermenters for industrial applications, several advancements have been made in its design and functions to optimize the growth of industrially used microbial strains and the yield of their bio-products. Genetically engineered algae have diverse growth condition requirements varying even at strain levels, consequently, an enormous amount of significant information or data is available on the optimization of algal growth conditions in PBRs. In conjunction with different computational biological approaches, the high throughput analysis of data becomes fast, enabling to predict the scale-up production process and capital cost and investment requirements. Systematic and planned, altogether applications of genetic engineering, PBRs, and computational approaches should not only help to make the production of fourth-generation biofuels more convenient but also pave the way of different interdisciplinary approaches to be used in algal biofuel production processes in near future.

Enhanced ultrasensitive detection of ozone gas using reduced graphene oxide-incorporated LaFeO3 nanospheres for environmental remediation process

An efficient and facile benign approach to develop reduced graphene oxide (rGO) incorporated into perovskite LaFeO3 nanostructure with excellent surface area to detect ultrasensitive Ozone (O3) gas for environmental remediation has been demonstrated. The prepared rGO/LaFeO3 nanocomposites have diameter in the range ~ 1 μm constituting nanospheres with average size ~ 50 nm. Phase purity and chemical composition of rGO/LaFeO3 nanocomposites were revealed through XRD and XPS analysis. The ozone gas sensing performance of rGO/LaFeO3 nanocomposites was investigated and found to exhibit excellent sensitivity, high selectivity, good response (20 and 31 s) and recovery time (39 and 31 s) for 80 ppb at 100 °C when compared to pure LaFeO3 nanostructures. These results indicate that the composites of rGO not only enhanced the ozone gas sensing response at low ppb concentration, but also a decrease in the working temperature. From these perspectives, rGO/LaFeO3 nanocomposites based ozone gas sensor can be regarded as a promising candidate for environmental remediation process in near future.

Silver nanoparticles deposited on metal tungsten bronze as a reusable catalyst for the highly efficient catalytic hydrogenation/reduction of 4-nitrophenol

In this work, we fabricated a Na0.2WO3/Ag2O nanocomposite using a facile method and applied it successfully for the catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP). The as-synthesized material was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Brunauer-Emett-Teller (BET) analysis. Our fabricated material provides good catalytic activity for the reduction of 4-NP. The estimated activation energy was 54.85 Kj/mol by exploring the kinetics study. Additionally, it can be retained and reused several times without significant loss in its catalytic activity. The simple, economical and mild strategy may be used to synthesize other nanocomposite and apply for the reduction process in near future.

Internet of Things (IoT) For Galactic Cosmic Ray Application Over Astronomical Observatory in Near Future: A Review Study

Galactic Cosmic Ray (GCR) it’s very harmful for human life. The Ultra high Neutrino radiation GCR energy from outside galaxy were intimidated Earth and Environmental. The measurement GCR energy using neuron monitor is successful to capture Ultra-high Neutron and Gamma ray, respectively. During Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR), the current neutron monitor was expanded into Internet of Things (IoT) system to obtain Ultra-high Neutron and Gamma ray in near future. Thus, in this study aimed to develop conceptual study of Neutron Monitor with IoT system over Astronomical Observatory. The result shows Neutron Monitor with IoT system need to deploy in Equator and Antarctic region due to Gamma ray distribution. Here, Neutron Monitor data with IoT system were applied to analyse Natural Hazard potential with predictor from GCR flux parameter. By using auto send status from IoT system, Natural Hazard potential will be updated per-hour into stakeholder (e.g. hospital, Astronautics, and meteorology service). Thus, a disaster victim from Natural Hazard potential caused by Ultra-high Neutron and Gamma ray will be minimized using IoT system during evacuation process in near future.

Saliva application in oral and systemic diseases

Saliva is a noninvasive and accessible biofluid that permits early detection of oral and systemic diseases. Changes in saliva reflect the alterations in the blood and thus making saliva a suitable diagnostic tool. The use of saliva has many advantages, including simple and non-invasive sampling and easy, low-cost storage. Today salivary diagnostics is a promising tool for diagnostic processes and clinical monitoring. Saliva is used to detect illicit drugs, alcohol, to measure hormone levels, and in the diagnosis of wide range systemic diseases such as cardiovascular, infectious, renal, endocrine diseases, some types of cancer as well as nonsystemic oral diseases. The current review presents a critical overview of saliva as a promising tool for the development of valuable salivary biomarkers, their relevance to the prognosis, diagnosis and management of systemic and oral diseases. Development of point-of-care testing based on saliva samples as a screening tool will also support the diagnostic process in near future.

Sirovine za budućnost - ima li novih izvora?

A survey is given on the present status of raw materials reserves, trends in consumption rate, etc. The raw materials are further depleting and crisis in supply is possible in future. The components of the supply/consumption complex are identified and analyzed in an attempt to get closer in balancing them. Approach was accepted not to limit the possible sources of raw materials. Some extraordinary sources were considered, as e.g., exploitation of metals from the Earths deep interior and of planet Mars. No matter that the feasibility of such processes in near future is with low chances, one should keep them in mind as one of the promises of new technologies. Another, quite futuristic chance was selected and analyzed. Space mining, the subject of past dreams, seems to get closer to its birth. The asteroid 16 Psyche, is declared to provide iron supply for 'several million of years' (!?), and activities are in course to get prepared for accepting such a gift from the sky. Varieties of exploitation possibilities, parameters of space mining, costs, property and other economy related aspects are already considered. The most distinctive characteristic of this asteroid is that it is free of crust, i.e. only metallic core does exists, so that there is no non- metallic layer of burden to be removed when exploiting it.

ADVANCES IN BIOLOGICAL HYDROGEN PRODUCTION PROCESSES

Biological hydrogen production processes offer a technique through which renewable energy sources like biomass can be utilized for the generation of the cleanest energy carrier for the use of mankind. Hydrogen intensive research work has already been carried out on the advancement of these processes, such as the development of genetically modified microorganism, metabolic engineering, improvement of the reactor designs, use of different solid matrices for the immobilization of whole cells, biochemical assisted bioreactor, development of two-stage processes, etc. for higher H 2 -production rates. Maximum H 2 yield is found to be 7.1 mol H 2 /mol glucose. However, major bottlenecks for the commercialization of these processes are lower H 2 yield and rate of H 2 production. Suitable microbial cultures are required to handle waste materials efficiently, which are usually complex in nature. This will serve dual purposes: clean energy generation and bioremediation. Scale-up studies on fermentative H 2 -production processes have been done successfully. Pilot plant trials of the photo-fermentation processes require more attention. Use of cheaper raw materials and efficient biological hydrogen production processes will surely make them more competitive with the conventional H 2 generation processes in near future.

혐기성 막 생물반응조를 이용한 하수처리의 최근 동향

【With the increasing concern on climate changes and energy shortage, anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBR) become a promising alternative to aerobic processes for domestic wastewater treatment. Two major advantages of AnMBRs are energy production and sludge reduction. Recently, several different configurations of AnMBRs have been proved to produce high quality effluent at reasonable hydraulic retention time and ambient temperature. One of the major problems of the AnMBR is membrane fouling control, and some solutions are already suggested. Other problems to be solved before the full application of the AnMBR are recovery of dissolved methane, management of residual nutrients and sulfide. Considering the potential advantages and future technology development, AnMBR will become major domestic wastewater treatment process in near future.】

Advances in biohydrogen production processes: An approach towards commercialization

Biological H 2 production has an edge over its chemical counterpart mainly because it is environmentally benign. Despite having simpler technology, higher evolution rate of H 2 and the wide spectrum of substrate utilization, the major deterrent of anaerobic dark fermentation process stems from its lower achievable yields. Theoretically, the maximum H 2 yield is 4 mol H 2 /mol glucose when glucose is completely metabolized to acetate or acetone in the anaerobic process. But it is somewhat difficult to achieve the complete degradation of glucose to carbon dioxide and H 2 through anaerobic dark fermentation. Moreover, this yield appears too low to be economically viable as an alternative to the existing chemical or electrochemical processes of hydrogen generation. Intensive research studies have already been carried out on the advancement of these processes, such as the development of genetically modified microorganism, improvement of the reactor designs, use of different solid matrices for the immobilization of whole cells, development of two-stage processes, and higher H 2 production rates. Maximum H 2 yield is found to be 5.1 mol H 2 /mol glucose. However, major bottlenecks for the commercialization of these processes are lower H 2 yield and rate of H 2 production. Competent microbial cultures are required to handle waste materials efficiently, which are usually complex in nature. This will serve dual purposes: clean energy generation and bioremediation. Scale-up studies on fermentative H 2 production processes have been done successfully. Pilot plant trials of the photo-fermentation processes require more attention. Use of cheaper raw materials and efficient biological H 2 production processes will surely make them more competitive with the conventional H 2 generation processes in near future.

Advances in biological hydrogen production processes

Biological hydrogen production processes offer a technique through which renewable energy sources like biomass can be utilized for the generation of the cleanest energy carrier for the use of mankind. Hydrogen intensive research work has already been carried out on the advancement of these processes, such as the development of genetically modified microorganism, metabolic engineering, improvement of the reactor designs, use of different solid matrices for the immobilization of whole cells, biochemical assisted bioreactor, development of two-stage processes, etc. for higher H 2-production rates. Maximum H 2 yield is found to be 7.1 mol H 2/mol glucose. However, major bottlenecks for the commercialization of these processes are lower H 2 yield and rate of H 2 production. Suitable microbial cultures are required to handle waste materials efficiently, which are usually complex in nature. This will serve dual purposes: clean energy generation and bioremediation. Scale-up studies on fermentative H 2-production processes have been done successfully. Pilot plant trials of the photo-fermentation processes require more attention. Use of cheaper raw materials and efficient biological hydrogen production processes will surely make them more competitive with the conventional H 2 generation processes in near future.

The Efficacy of a New Bees-Like Disposable Brush for the Scope Cleaning

[Background and Aim] A couple of new disinfectants such as hyperacetic acid and orthofuthalaldehyde have been developed to shorten the period of scope cleaning based on the standard precaution. However, it is needless to say that the most important process is the meticulous mechanical cleaning using brush and sponge. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of a new bees-like disposable brush as an alternative to the conventional scope brush. [Method] A total of twenty-two consecutive scopes for EGD immediately after the procedures were enrolled in this study. This new round-shape brush (BIOTO Co.,Ltd. Tokyo, Japan) looks like a bees sized as 3mm in diameter with very minute ‘villi’ around the surface. The control specimens were obtained aspirating 200ml of purified water immediately after the procedure. The specimens for the bees group (group A: n=11) were obtained as follows: One bees-like disposable brush was aspirated from the tip of the scope through the working channel, followed by 40ml of saline). On the other hands, the specimens for the conventional brush group (group B: n=11) were obtained aspirating 40ml of saline after the standard brushing process. The detergents were not used. The obtained specimens were cultured and the values of the protein were measured using the pyrogallol red-molybdate(IV) method. [The results] The detected bacterial species were as follows: Klebsiella pneumoniae: Klebsiella oxytoca: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: Haemophilus parainfluenzae: a-Strept.: GPR: Serratia marcescens: Strept.viridans: Candida albicans: Candida glabrata: Staph.aureus: Enterobacter cloacae: Aeromonas hydrophilia: E.coli:Strept.non-hemolyticus: Enterobacter aerogenes: Non-fermenter sp. The decreased and diminished rates of the amounts of bacteria in group A and B were 91%(10/11):91%(10/11), 36%(4/11):46%(5/11), respectively. The decreased rates of the values of protein were 36%(4/11):64%(7/11), respectively. [Conclusion] This bees-like disposable brush seems as effective as the conventional scope cleaning brush in order to wash out the bacteria and protein in the working channel. We feel that this technology has the potential to automate the scope cleaning without any manual process in near future.

Chitinolytic enzymes: an exploration.

Chitin and chitinolytic enzymes are gaining importance for their biotechnological applications. Particularly, chitinases are used in agriculture to control plant pathogens. Chitinases and chitooligomers produced by enzymatic hydrolysis of chitin can also be used in human health care. The success in employing chitinases for different aspects depends on the supply of highly active preparations at reasonable cost. Therefore, the understanding of biochemistry and genetics of chitinolytic enzymes, their phylogenetic relationships and methods of estimation will make them more useful in a variety of processes in near future.

The Relation between Temperature and Carbon at the End of Oxygen Blowing into the Stainless Steel Bath in Electric Furnaces

How to guess the carbon content accurately at the end of oxygen blowing is an important problem in melting stainless steel using 10t and 30t electric furnaces. The carbon control method owes a shop worker's experience especially the volume of oxygen blowing.So, in order to connect the method with computer control of melting process in near future, a mathematical model was drown up after analyzing decarburization reaction speed from the point of speed theory considering about operational conditions.