Media Processing Research Articles

“The Beat” of the Black Press: An Exploratory Analysis of Black Newspapers and Their Podcasts

As newspaper readership trends shifted from paper to online/digital, several Black Press newspapers acquired websites. While this acquisition blurred the lines between ownership and management, the digital Black Press still contains pertinent and relevant content. Like the Black Press, podcasting is conceptualized as a participatory and engaging media process that has proven to be a viable avenue for news consumption, suggesting that it could be integral to the Black Press. This paper takes a constructivist grounded theory approach to investigate how four Black newspapers’ podcasts represent the goals of the Black Press. Our research showed that content across all three podcasts reported on stories that centered Black people, highlighted issues pertinent to Black audiences, and encouraged community action, thus aligning with the goals of the Black Press. While traditional and new media are often put at odds with each other, this study contributes to research on the Black Press by exploring a form of new media to not replace, but rather, evolve the Black Press itself and find new ways for it to reach and expand its audiences.

Measuring dynamic emotional experiences in response to media stimuli

Communication research has long recognized the dynamic nature of most media stimuli and the corresponding dynamic emotional processing implied on the side of the audience. Capturing and analyzing these emotional dynamics during media reception is imperative for advancing our understanding of media processing and effects, but is not common practice in most communication research. This article highlights several methodological approaches to measuring the physiological, behavioral, and experiential components of emotions during media exposure: Electrodermal activity, automated facial expression analysis, continuous response measurement, and self-probed emotional retrospections. We discuss these methods in terms of what they measure, their practical application to different research contexts, and aspects of data-analysis. We further highlight ways to adapt and apply these methods to advance research on hot topics in communication science, psychology, and related fields and provide recommendations for scholars who wish to integrate continuous measures of emotional responses into their research.

Pelaksanaan KRPL dalam Meningkatkan Ketahanan Pangan di Kelurahan Cipari Kecamatan Cigugur Kabupaten Kuningan

Sustainable Food Home Area (KRPL) is a concept that utilizes the yard around the house with varios types of plants. So that people get the benefits of getting food independently, can fulfill nutrition, and provide additional income independently. The purpose of this research is to find out how food availability and find out how to improve household food security in Cipari Village, Cigugur District, Kuningan Regency. The implementation of the Sustainable Food Home Area program begins with the search for raw materials to make a plant such as polybags, soil, rice husks, cow dung, and chili seeds, then proceed with the process of mixing planting media, namely soil, dried cow dung, and rice husks after mixing the plant media, then inserting the planting media into the polybag and inserting chili seeds into the polybag that has been filled by the planting media. The result of this program is that there are 200 plant seeds that were successfully made and successfully distributed to Cipari Village residents, especially in the Sukasari Rw 01, Rt 04 environment. The Sustainable Food Home Area Program is a program that can increase food security in every home in the Sukasari environment, especially Rt 04 and in this work program we can produce a product in the form of chili plant seeds.

The “Trolley Problem” in Fully Automated AI-Driven Media: A Challenge Beyond Autonomous Driving

ABSTRACT The rapid progress of artificial intelligence (AI) has resulted in its integration into various stages of the media process, including information gathering, processing, and distribution. This integration has raised the possibility of AI dominating the media industry, leading to an era of “autonomous driving” within AI-driven media systems. Similar to the ethical dilemma known as the “trolley problem” (TP) in autonomous driving, a comparable problem arises in AI automated media. This study examines the emergence of the new TP in fully automated AI-driven media (FAAIM), recognizing the complexity of this problem given the nature of media content and its societal impact. To address this complexity, we propose the adoption of the theory of “meaningful human control,” originally developed to address responsibility in the governance of lethal autonomous weapons systems, as a framework for governing FAAIM. By ensuring that humans can be held responsible for the operations of FAAIM, this paper aims to proactively confront the ethical challenges arising from FAAIM, identify potential solutions, and guide future research in media ethics.

Optimization of the integro-differential hyperbolic model

We consider a model of processes in viscoelastic media. The force arising inside the body may depend not only on the current values but also on the entire time history of the motion (for example, polymers, emulsions, and suspensions exhibit memory properties). Such processes often lead to the necessity of studying hyperbolic integro-differential equations with Volterra integral term. The main goal is to prove the existence and uniqueness of generalized solutions to the corresponding initial-boundary value problem, as well as to investigate the existence of optimal control for systems described by these models. The main results are obtained using the method of a priori inequalities in negative norms. In particular, we justify inequalities in negative norms for the integro-differential operator in certain functional spaces. The work begins with a short description of relevant results with similar formulations and referencing works with physical justification of the model. Afterwards, we describe the problem statement, constraints on equation parameters, and functional spaces used for the investigation. Below are the main results, in particular definitions of generalized solutions and properties on the well-posed of the initial-boundary value problem as well as the existence of optimal control. Control is carried out through the right-hand side of the equation using a certain special operator. It is possible to examine specific examples of such control operators (illustrating various control mechanisms) and the corresponding control spaces. By utilizing proven inequalities and relying on general results of S.I. Lyashko from the theory of a priori inequalities in negative norms, we establish sufficient conditions for the existence of optimal control. In particular, we impose the restrictions on the admissible set of controls and the quality criterion.

Unifying suspension and granular shear-induced self-diffusion

Shear-induced self-diffusion is a fundamental mode of transport in granular flows. Yet its critical behaviour and dependence on the particle solid fraction are still unclear. Here, we rationalize these dependencies by performing two-dimensional pressure-imposed numerical simulations of dense non-Brownian frictional suspensions. Our results, combined with existing numerical data on inertial granular flows, show that the shear-induced diffusion coefficients of both systems can be captured by a single function of the distance to jamming. They further show that the grain diffusive behaviour is underpinned by a specific random walk process, having a constant elementary step length driven at a frequency that increases with the solid fraction. The proposed scaling laws pave the way for a better understanding of mixing processes in granular media.

Key Drivers of Consumption, Conceptual, Sensory, and Emotional Profiling of Cheeses Based on Origin and Consumer Familiarity: A Case Study of Local and Imported Cheeses in Greece

The origin of a product, consumer familiarity, and purchasing identity are factors that affect the perception of cheese consumption. The present study aims at identifying consumers’ conceptualizations and attitudes towards local Greek cheeses of the North-Aegean Sea islands, such as Ladotyri, Graviera, Kasseri, Kaskavali, Melichloro, and Kalathaki, some of which have a Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) status, as opposed to cheeses of non-Greek origin, such as Cheddar, Regatto, and Gouda. Sensory and emotional attributes of local, local PDO, and imported cheeses, as well as drivers associated with consumers’ choice and acceptance above and beyond their sensory attributes, were studied using three methods: (a) flash profile to gain insight into the sensory positioning of products and description of samples; (b) qualitative analysis of focus groups to pinpoint consumer knowledge, preference, and consumption criteria; and (c) a new methodology for natural language processing and sentiment analysis of social media posts to determine consumer conceptualizations. Social media posts have proven to be a valuable source of linguistic and cultural data for cheeses. Local cheeses, including PDO products, were found to be linked to village life and family gatherings, home, tradition, and childhood memories, with saltiness and hardness being their main sensory attributes. Imported cheeses were linked to fast food, pizza, and snacking, with elasticity and gumminess as prominent sensory qualities. The main criteria for purchase were intended usage and versatility, taste and texture, price, and familiarity. The findings provide key sensory attributes, information about consumer purchasing criteria, and relevant vocabulary for the promotion of cheeses as agri-food and gastronomic identity key products.

Spectral and optic-metric methods of monitoring parameters of plasma channels caused by discharge currents between metals granules in working liquids

Introduction. Spark-erosion processing of metals and alloys granules in working liquids is the basis of a several technological processes. Efficiency of energy use in them and parameters of the resulting product largely depend on the accuracy of stabilization and regulation of pulse power in each plasma channel between the granules. To achieve this, until now only the voltage and current of the discharge pulses in the entire layer of granules have been controlled. Problem. The measurement methods, which are used, are not effective enough for monitoring the parameters of individual plasma channels and predicting the size distribution of eroded metals particles at the stage of their formation. The aim of the work is to develop a method for determining the volumes of components of plasma channels in layers of metals granules during their spark-erosion treatment to predict the size distribution of eroded metal particles at the stage of their formation, as well as to simplify the method of spectrometric analysis of the elemental composition of substances surrounding plasma channels for the operational prediction of the chemical composition of resulting products. Methodology. A series of experiments were carried out on spark-erosion processing of Al and Ag granules layers in distilled water. Using a digital camera, images of the plasma channels in them were obtained. Based on the theory of pulsed electrical breakdown of liquid dielectrics, an analysis of the components of plasma channels was carried out. Using the specialized ToupView program, the volumes of equivalent ellipsoids of rotation were determined, approximating the halos of colored radiation likely arising from streamers, as well as the spark cores of plasma channels emitting white light. The shades of the resulting radiation were studied for several metals and working liquids. The obtained data were compared with the known results of spectrometric studies for the same elements excited by similar mechanisms. Results. The theory of discharge-pulse systems for spark-erosion processing of granular conductive media has been developed in the direction of new methods for monitoring the parameters of discharge pulses and predicting the chemical composition and size distribution parameters of eroded metal particles at the stage of their production. An optic-metric method has been developed for determining the volumes of halos and cores of plasma channels. A simplified spectral method for determining the chemical composition of erosion particles based on the shade of the resulting radiation was proposed. Originality. The developed new optic-metric method makes it possible to obtain information about almost every plasma channel, which refines predictions of the size distribution of erosion particles. To implement the method, general-purpose hardware and specialized software that is freely available are used. The developed method of simplified spectral analysis of excited atoms makes it possible to make preliminary predictions of the chemical composition of the obtained erosion particles already at the stage of their formation without the use of expensive specialized equipment. Practical significance. The ratio of the volumes of halos and cores of plasma channels between Al and Ag granules in distilled water was measured. An analysis of the emission spectra of plasma channel halos between Al, Ag and Cu granules in distilled water, Fe in ethyl alcohol, Ni-Mn-Ga and Ti-Zr-Ni alloys in liquid nitrogen, and Ti-Zr-Ni in liquid argon was carried out. Based on spectrometry data, the resulting shades of these radiations were substantiated and their description in the RGB system is given. References 56, table 1, figures 4.

Laser-driven synthesis of functional materials for advanced energy applications: A short review

Since the initial exploration of synthesis possibilities at a liquid–solid interface through pulsed laser irradiation of iron in water, the pulsed laser ablation in liquid media (PLAL) process has garnered significant attention for constructing various nanostructures due to its simple, ultrafast, and clean methodology that avoids byproduct formation. Recent advances in functionalized heterostructures via the PLAL process suggest a broad range of applications for energy- conversion systems, including water splitting and energy harvesting. This review surveys recent advancements in PLAL for energy applications, with a specific focus on its applications in oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts and energy harvesting devices. The review discusses the synthesis mechanisms, advantages, challenges, and future research directions of PLAL, aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding of its potential and limitations.

Random Walk Modeling of Conductive Heat Transport in Discontinuous Media

We consider heat transport within a discontinuous domain by relying on the modeling approach proposed by Baioni et al. Such approach has been specifically designed to address diffusive processes in media with discontinuous physical properties and generalized boundary conditions at the discontinuities. Three algorithms are here applied to estimate the conductive heat transport in a bimaterial medium. The algorithms undergo testing using two test cases that share the same computational domain but differ in terms of their initial conditions. According to the numerical results all the algorithms ensure the conservation of thermal energy and preserve thermal equilibrium under steady state conditions. The Generalized Uffink Method (GUM) and Generalized HYMLA demonstrate sensitivity to the choice of the time step, whereas the Generalized Skew Brownian Motion appears to be unaffected by the value of Δt\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\Delta t$$\\end{document}. The GUM algorithm presents an optimal trade-off between accuracy and computational time.

Pore-scale study of three-dimensional three-phase dynamic behaviors and displacement processes in porous media

Carbon dioxide geological sequestration is a key method to alleviate global warming and enhance oil recovery, where the three-phase displacement processes of oil, water, and carbon dioxide gas in porous media are frequently encountered. In this study, a three-phase three-dimensional lattice Boltzmann method coupled with special wettability and outlet boundary schemes is adopted to simulate the three-phase displacement processes in porous media. The method is validated by the contact angles on a curved surface and droplet flowing through the outlet boundary. With this method, the influences of capillary number, wettability, and local large pores on three-phase flow are investigated. In particular, different dynamic behaviors of fluids are observed at the pore scale, such as bypass-double displacement, stop-wait displacement, burst displacement, snap-off trapping, and corner flow. Further, Euler number and oil saturation are calculated to quantitatively characterize the fluidic morphology and displacement efficiency under different conditions. For all three phases, the Euler number of low capillary number, strong water-wet, and structures with large and medium pores is relatively low, indicating that the morphology of fluids is more connective. For enhancing oil recovery efficiency, high capillary number and strong water-wet structures are beneficial.

Shattering the Water Window: Comprehensive Mapping of Faradaic Reactions on Bioelectronics Electrodes.

It is generally accepted that for safe use of neural interface electrodes, irreversible faradaic reactions should be avoided in favor of capacitive charge injection. However, in some cases, faradaic reactions can be desirable for controlling specific (electro)physiological outcomes or for biosensing purposes. This study aims to systematically map the basic faradaic reactions occurring at bioelectronic electrode interfaces. We analyze archetypical platinum-iridium (PtIr), the most commonly used electrode material in biomedical implants. By providing a detailed guide to these reactions and the factors that influence them, we offer a valuable resource for researchers seeking to suppress or exploit faradaic reactions in various electrode materials. We employed a combination of electrochemical techniques and direct quantification methods, including amperometric, potentiometric, and spectrophotometric assays, to measure O2, H2, pH, H2O2, Cl2/OCl-, and soluble platinum and iridium ions. We compared phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) with an unbuffered electrolyte and complex cell culture media containing proteins. Our results reveal that the "water window"─the potential range without significant water electrolysis─varies depending on the electrolyte used. In the culture medium that is rich with redox-active species, a window of potentials where no faradaic process occurs essentially does not exist. Under cathodic polarizations, significant pH increases (alkalization) were observed, while anodic water splitting competes with other processes in media, preventing prevalent acidification. We quantified the oxygen reduction reaction and accumulation of H2O2 as a byproduct. PtIr efficiently deoxygenates the electrolyte under low cathodic polarizations, generating local hypoxia. Under anodic polarizations, chloride oxidation competes with oxygen evolution, producing relatively high and cytotoxic concentrations of hypochlorite (OCl-) under certain conditions. These oxidative processes occur alongside PtIr dissolution through the formation of soluble salts. Our findings indicate that the conventional understanding of the water window is an oversimplification. Important faradaic reactions, such as oxygen reduction and chloride oxidation, occur within or near the edges of the water window. Furthermore, the definition of the water window significantly depends on the electrolyte composition, with PBS yielding different results compared with culture media.

An x-ray computed tomography gas hydrate in situ formation and seepage simulation device.

Nano-CT (computed tomography) technology enables high-resolution imaging and scanning of hydrate dissociation processes in porous media at submicron-scale resolution. However, due to the inability of nano-CT to withstand large torque, the traditional semiconductor cooling method cannot be used for in situ hydrate formation, resulting in the hindering of the effective operation of seepage simulators. Therefore, in this paper, a nano-CT-based in situ hydrate formation and seepage simulator are specially designed, and the torque and entanglement problems existing in traditional experimental devices can be solved by using a pipeline placed above the device and a built-in seepage line. The device is able to offer an improved depiction of hydrates in porous media and the effect of the seepage process on the three-dimensional distribution of hydrates. The future applications of this device are expected to provide novel insights into the effects of gas-water transport and hydrate storage patterns during gas hydrate exploitation.

Applying Media and Virtual Approaches to the Institutionalization of Puzhou Opera

Puzhou opera, also known as Puju, originated in Puzhou in ancient China, which is now renamed as Yuncheng city, Shanxi province. Puju has been recorded since the Yuan dynasty and has become one of China’s most important operas because of its long history and influence on surrounding opera styles. This article explores challenges related to the institutionalization of Puju and how to use the modern technology of virtual media to ensure the sustainable development of traditional opera. In addition, as an insider of Yuncheng University, the researcher explored the application process of virtual media in promoting the institutionalized development of Puju and how to realize the learning, preservation, and inheritance of education and modern technology. To summarize, this study investigates the existing problems and challenges in using this virtual and media approaches and applies the media through virtual approach in the institutionalization of Puju to expand audiences and provide a new dissemination of opportunities.

Numerical Investigation of Heterogeneous Calcite Distributions in MICP Processes

Microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP) is a sustainable and environmentally friendly technology with applications in soil stabilization, concrete crack repair, and wastewater treatment. This study presents an improved Darcy-scale numerical model to simulate the MICP processes in heterogeneous porous media. It focuses on the effects of porosity heterogeneity, characterized by average porosity and correlation length, as well as injection strategies. Both average porosity and correlation length are critical factors influencing mass transport and calcite distribution during MICP treatment. An increase in average porosity leads to significant reductions in transport distance and total calcite mass. Notably, in the case of low averaged porosity, a larger correlation length results in more heterogeneous calcite distributions. However, there exists an upper threshold value of the initial averaged porosity (ϕ0=0.45) above which the heterogeneity of the calcite does not present clear dependence on the correlation length. Additionally, injection strategies significantly impact the consolidation effects. Compared to continuous injection, using the phased injection strategy can greatly improve the precipitated calcite area and mass due to its high utility and the efficiency of reactants.

ShaderNN: A lightweight and efficient inference engine for real-time applications on mobile GPUs

Inference using deep neural networks on mobile devices has been an active area of research in recent years. The design of a deep learning inference framework targeted for mobile devices needs to consider various factors, such as the limited computational capacity of the devices, low power budget, varied memory access methods, and I/O bus bandwidth governed by the underlying processor’s architecture. Furthermore, integrating an inference framework with time-sensitive applications — such as games and video-based software to perform tasks like ray tracing denoising and video processing — introduces the need to minimize data movement between processors and increase data locality in the target processor. In this paper, we propose Shader Neural Network (ShaderNN), an OpenGL-based, fast, and power-efficient inference framework designed for mobile devices to address these challenges. Our contributions include the following: (1) the texture-based input/output provides an efficient, zero-copy integration with real-time graphics pipelines or image processing applications, thereby saving expensive data transfers between CPU and GPU, which are unavoidable in most existing inference engines; (2) we are the first to leverage fragment shaders based on the OpenGL backend in neural network inference operators, which has an advantage in deploying parametrically small neural network models; (3) a hybrid implementation of the compute shader and fragment shader is proposed that enables layer-level shader selection to boost performance; and (4) we utilize OpenGL features — such as normalization, interpolation and texture padding — to improve performance. Experiments illustrate the favorable performance of ShaderNN over other popular on-device deep learning frameworks such as TensorFlow-Lite on the latest mobile devices powered by Qualcomm and MediaTek chips. A case study further demonstrates the usability and integration of the ShaderNN framework with a media processing Android application seamlessly. ShaderNN is available open source at Github (https://github.com/inferenceengine/shadernn).

Understanding the influencing factors on firms’ social media marketing strategies development: a cross-country investigation

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the factors influencing the development of social media marketing strategy in an international context. We specifically look at the potential drivers and barriers throughout the social media marketing strategy development process and how cultural differences shape social media marketing strategy decision-making among firms in international markets.Design/methodology/approachThe study is conducted with an inductive research approach involving in-depth interviews with 32 firms from Finland, China and Brazil. Using inductive data analysis, we identify both internal and external factors that drive and hinder the development of firms’ social media marketing strategies. Moreover, we explore the essential elements in social media marketing strategy development based on the key practices observed among these firms, which enables us to conduct a comparative analysis of how cultural values influence the development of social media marketing strategies.FindingsOur findings underscore the importance of both internal (i.e. resources and capabilities) and external (i.e. market-level and country-level) factors that influence the development of social media marketing strategy. Our analysis also unveiled four key practices throughout the social media marketing strategy development process: social selling, content marketing, risk management and relationship management. Additionally, we identified three distinct mindsets regarding firms’ social media selling objectives across companies in the three countries.Originality/valueThe comparative approach provides novel insight into firms' international social media marketing strategy. Our proposed conceptual model shows the development process of social media marketing strategy in the international context. The research propositions highlight the role of cultural values and open up new avenues for future research.

Electrical conductivity model for reactive porous media under partially saturated conditions with hysteresis effects

The electrical conductivity of a porous medium is strongly controlled by the structure of the medium at the microscale as the pore configuration governs the distribution of the conductive fluid. The pore structure thus plays a key role since different geometries translate in variations of the fluid distribution, causing different behaviors measurable at the macroscale. In this study, we present a new physically-based analytical model derived under the assumption that the pore structure can be represented by a bundle of tortuous capillary tubes with periodic variations of their radius and a fractal distribution of pore sizes. By upscaling the microscale properties of the porous medium, we obtain expressions to estimate the total and relative electrical conductivity. The proposed pore geometry allows us to include the hysteresis phenomenon in the electrical conductivity estimates. The variations on these estimates caused by pore structure changes due to reactive processes are accounted by assuming a uniform dissolution of the pores. Under this hypothesis, we describe the evolution of the electrical conductivity during reactive processes. The expressions of the proposed model have been tested with published data from different soil textures, showing a satisfactory agreement with the experimental data. Hysteretic behavior and mineral dissolution are also successfully addressed. By including hysteresis and mineral dissolution/precipitation in the estimates of the electrical conductivity, this new analytical model presents an improvement as it relates those macroscopic physical phenomena to its origins at the microscale. This opens up exciting possibilities for studies involving electrical conductivity measurements to monitor water movement, and hysteretic and reactive processes in porous media.

Simulation method of heat-mass transfer between hot wind and wet coating in the manufacturing process of pole piece

In order to improve the complex numerical calculation process for wet coating of pole piece, a three-dimensional numerical model of heat-mass transfer characteristics is established between hot wind and wet coating based on multi-field coupling theory of porous media and meshless parallel method, and its reliability is verified through literature data. Meanwhile, the difference calculation method and evaluation process are proposed for heat-mass transfer characteristics to solve this numerical model. The results show that the maximum errors are less than 14.7 % for this model. In addition, a scale modeling method is proposed to improve computational efficiency based on similarity theory. Meanwhile, the influences of different scale factors on temperature and humidity parameters are analyzed for wet coating. The results show that this method is accurate and reliable because the determination coefficient R2 of all parameters is more than 0.99. Meanwhile, compared with the calculation time of original model, the calculation efficiency increases by 44.6 % for the model with scale factor selected as 800. Finally, the variation and distribution of internal parameters are analyzed for wet coating during pore emptying process based on above simulation method. The results show that the variation trends of liquid film thickness, pore emptying rate, water saturation, gas saturation and effective gas diffusion coefficient are corresponding with the accelerated, uniform and decelerated drying processes of porous media. Meanwhile, the location of four-corner edges for wet coating is the weak link in heat-mass transfer process. Therefore, the heat-mass transfer characteristics for wet coating can be improved by increasing its initial thickness or adjust reasonable drying position in engineering.

Wetting and pressure gradient performance in a lattice Boltzmann color gradient model

An accurate implementation of wetting and pressure drop is crucial to correctly reproduce fluid displacement processes in porous media. Although several strategies have been proposed in the literature, a systematic comparison of them is needed to determine the most suitable for practical applications. Here, we carried out numerical simulations to investigate the performance of two widely used wettability schemes in the lattice Boltzmann color gradient model, namely, the geometrical wetting scheme by Leclaire et al. [Phys. Rev. E 95(3), 033306 (2017)](scheme-I) and the modified direction of the color gradient scheme by Akai et al. [Adv. Water Resour. 116, 56–66 (2018)] (scheme-II). We showed that scheme-II was more accurate in simulating static contact angles of a fluid droplet on a solid surface. However, scheme-I was more accurate in simulating a dynamic case of a binary fluid flow in a horizontal capillary tube described by the Washburn equation. Moreover, we investigated the performance of two popular pressure gradient implementation types. Type-I used the so-called Zou–He pressure boundary conditions at the inlet and the outlet of the domain, while type-II used an external body force as a pressure gradient. We showed that the type-I implementation was slightly more accurate in simulating a neutrally wetting fluid in a horizontal capillary tube described by the Washburn equation. We also investigated the differences between the two types of pressure gradient implementation in simulating two fluid displacement processes in a Bentheimer sandstone rock sample: the primary drainage and the imbibition displacement processes.