Processed Food Waste Research Articles

Lipid-rich particles of processed food waste for microalgae harvest through lipid-enriched floating biomat formation

Food waste was collected from the campus canteen and lipid-rich particles (LRP) phase was evaluated to harvest Tetradesmus obliquus. Box-Behnken design showed the highest harvest efficiency (HE) of 84.69 % in run#1 (LRP = 30 %; initial OD680 = 1.75; and harvest time = 6 h). Numerical optimization ramps suggested 24.15 % (v/v) LRP ratio, initial OD680 3.00, and harvest time 3.82 h for maximum HE. Two flocs were observed, a precipitate at the bottom (B-Floc) and a floating biomat (F-Floc). Experimental results showed HE of 88.3 %, with 67 % and 33 % of the harvested biomass forming F-Floc and B-Floc, respectively. Pre-heating of LRP in a boiling water bath for 10 min (HFB-T10) promoted F-Floc proportion up to 91.6 %. In addition, HFB-T10 showed the highest FAMEs yield of 11.17 g/L of the total used volume, which was significantly higher than that of the centrifuged cells and heat-untreated biomat. Moreover, HFB-T10 showed better iodine value and cetane number of the produced biodiesel.

Nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy and apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids of thermally processed food waste for broilers

Nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy and apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids of thermally processed food waste for broilers

Treatment of As(III)-contaminated food waste using alkali treatment and its potential application for methylene blue removal from aqueous solutions

Conventional methods for managing food waste become ineffective when the waste is contaminated with toxic chemicals due to the risk of further contamination. To address this issue, this study proposes an alkali pre-treatment approach to decontaminate processed food waste containing As(III) and repurpose it as an adsorbent for treating wastewater. The study investigates the effects of different alkali treatment conditions, (concentration, treatment time, and temperature), on the decontamination of As(III) and its impact on the adsorption behavior of methylene blue. Experimental results demonstrate that treating the material with 0.8 M NaOH at 60 °C for 4 h effectively eliminates As(III), achieving a remarkable removal rate of 99.8 %. Characterization results revealed that the alkali-treated material exhibits desirable properties, including increased carboxylation, improved thermal stability, reduced crystallinity, and a significantly enlarged specific surface area (66.03 %) compared to the original contaminated food waste. The alkali-treated waste demonstrates good adsorption capacity towards methylene blue, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 534.6 mg/g achieved at pH 8.0, 40 g/L adsorbent dose, 10 h shaking time, and 20 °C. The Temkin (R2 = 0.978) and intraparticle diffusion models effectively describe the adsorption data. Notably, the adsorbent demonstrates excellent reusability, as it can be utilized for at least 4 cycles of adsorption-desorption without a significant reduction in methylene blue removal efficiency (only a 5.2 % decrease), highlighting its practical potential. The results strongly indicate that alkali pre-treatment represents a simple and efficient method for eliminating As contamination from food waste while concurrently producing an effective adsorbent for removing dyes from aqueous solutions.

Incorporation of Substrates and Inoculums as Operational Strategies to Promote Lignocellulose Degradation in Composting of Green Waste—A Pilot-Scale Study

Composting is a sustainable alternative for green waste (GW) valorization contributing to the circular bioeconomy. However, the processing time must be reduced and the end-product quality must be improved. This study determined the effect of the incorporation of processed food waste (PFW), unprocessed food (UPFW), sawdust (SW), phosphate rock (PR) and a specific bacterial inoculum on GW-composting process parameters and product quality. Three treatments were evaluated in 120 kg piles: (i) TA: (GW + UPFW + PFW + inoculum), (ii) TB (GW + UPFW + PFW), and (iii) TC (GW). An inoculum of Bacillus sp. and Paenibacillus sp. was incorporated in the cooling phase for TA. On the other hand, the effect of the inoculum at the laboratory scale (20 kg reactors) was compared with that found at the pilot scale (120 kg piles). The incorporation of FW, SW, PR and the inoculum increased the amount of lignocellulose biodegradation (TA: 29.1%; TB: 22.7%; TC: 18.2%), which allowed for a reduction of up to 14 days of processing time. The product obtained for TA had a similar quality to the other two treatments, although a lower phytotoxicity was determined according to the germination index (TA: 95%; TB: 85%; and TC: 83%). The final product of TA showed the best agricultural characteristics with pH 8.3, TOC of 24.8%, TN of 1.32%, and GI of 98.8%. Finally, the scaling effect with the bacterial inoculum was shown to affect parameters such as the TOC, TN, GI, and, to a lesser extent, temperature and pH. The results obtained in this paper highlight the importance of optimizing the composting of GW, specifically with the use of co-substrates and specific inocula, which can be of interest for composting materials with a high content of lignocellulose such as GW.

Effect of the addition of the Bacillus sp., Paenibacillus sp. bacterial strains on the co-composting of green and food waste

Composting is an alternative for the recovery and recycling of green waste (GW) with the potential to generate a product of high agricultural value. However, composting is affected by the high content of slowly degradable lignocellulosic substances that prolong processing time and impact end-product quality. Adding food waste (FW) and bacterial inocula are strategies that can increase the degradation rates of green waste. This study determined the effect of adding a bacterial inocula composed of Bacillus sp. F3×3 and Paenibacillus sp F1A5 and co-substrates on the GW composting processes and end-product quality. Three treatments were evaluated: i) TGW: 100% GW (p/p) without bacterial inocula, ii) TI: 50% GW, 32.5% unprocessed FW (UPFW), 2.5% processed FW (PFW), 13% sawdust (SW) and 2% phosphoric rock (PR) with bacteria inocula during the cooling phase and iii) TNI: mixture 50% GW, 32.5% UPFW, 2.5% PFW, 13% SW and 2% PR without any bacterial inocula. Results showed that bacterial inocula with the co-substrates accelerated the degradation rate of organic matter (TIkG 0.14d−1; TNIkG: 0.1d−1; TGWkG: 0.1d−1), lignocellulose (TI: 31.7%; TNI:23.1%; TGW:15.5%) and increased germination indexes (TI:98.8%; TNI:86.03%; TGW:75.5%). Likewise, the respirometric index (RI) was lowered in TI (3.4 ± 0.1 gCO2 d−1) which indicates a high stability of the end-product. The addition of the bacterial inocula reduced the cooling phase duration by 63% and 20% for TGW and TNI, respectively. The end-product obtained from the TI treatment is considered suitable for use as a soil amendment.

Application of locally available microbial inoculant to accelerate green waste composting at a community level

The present study investigates application of locally available microbial inoculants to accelerate green waste composting and selection of best inoculant based upon selected physico-chemical and biological parameters for 45 days composting duration. Five inoculants were prepared using cow-dung, cow-urine, jaggery, processed food waste, vegetable waste, and mature compost, each prepared in different ways named as C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 and C0 (control) and sprayed over 500 kg green waste and fed into aerated in-vessels. The blades of reactors provided adequate aeration to diverse microbial populations in different inoculants to degrade recalcitrant compounds resulting in high thermophilic phase duration (3–8 days), high volatile solid reduction (13–29%), high germination index (85–97%), fecal population < 1000, NPK value in range of N (1.6–2.4%) P (2.8–5.2 mg/kg) and K (6.2–9.3 mg/kg) and low C/N ratio (14.5–20.2). Performance of C1 inoculant (processed food waste) was most effective followed by C5 inoculant (vegetable waste).

A Comparison of Two-Stage and Traditional Co-Composting of Green Waste and Food Waste Amended with Phosphate Rock and Sawdust

The composting of green waste (GW) proceeds slowly due to the presence of slowly degradable compounds in that substrate. The introduction of amendments and bulking materials can improve organic matter degradation and end-product quality. However, additional strategies such as two-stage composting, can deal with the slow degradation of green waste. This paper evaluates the effect of two-stage composting on the process and end-product quality of the co-composting of green waste and food waste amended with sawdust and phosphate rock. A pilot-scale study was developed using two treatments (in triplicate each), one being a two-stage composting and the other being a traditional composting. The two treatments used the same mixture (wet weight): 46% green waste, 19% unprocessed food waste, 18% processed food waste, 13% sawdust, and 4% phosphate rock. The traditional composting observed a higher degradation rate of organic matter during the mesophilic and thermophilic phases and observed thermophilic temperatures were maintained for longer periods during these two phases compared to two-stage composting (i.e., six days). Nonetheless, during the cooling and maturation phases, the two treatments had similar behaviors with regard to temperature, pH, and electrical conductivity, and the end-products resulting from both treatments did not statistically differ. Therefore, from this study, it is concluded that other additional complementary strategies must be evaluated to further improve GW composting.

Food-energy-water-waste nexus systems optimization for New York State under the COVID-19 pandemic to alleviate health and environmental concerns

This article addresses food-energy-water-waste nexus optimization to alleviate the public health and environmental concerns from increasing food waste generation during the COVID-19 pandemic using waste-to-energy technologies. Food waste increase has become a severe global problem during the pandemic. It could alleviate health and environmental concerns by converting the food waste into electricity and heat through food-energy-water-waste nexus systems using waste-to-energy facilities, such as anaerobic digesters and combined heat and power units in wastewater treatment plants. To design efficient nexus systems, a multi-period multi-objective optimization model is proposed, while considering various impacts of the pandemic. A case study for New York State is presented. The optimized systems show a potential of reducing the food waste disposal amounts by 38%. The Pareto-optimal solutions illustrate a clear trade-off between the objectives. The minimum total cost is $27.1 million; the optimal unit processing profit is $11.9 per ton processed food waste. Spatial analyses reveal a clear correlation between facility selections and their processing capacities. Electricity price and biogas yield are the most important factors for the economic objectives, based on sensitivity analysis.

Selection of food waste with low moisture and high protein content from Mexican restaurants as a supplement to swine feed

Food waste (FW) handling is a complex problem. Discarding food with nutritional value attempts against food safety and amounts to wasting the natural resources needed in its production. Developing concrete alternatives to valorize FW is becoming increasingly important. The transformation of FW from restaurants into swine feed is evaluated in this work. The FW is collected from restaurants and classified according to its composition as citric (CiW), vegetable (VeW), cereal (CeW), and processed food waste (PFW). An optimization strategy is performed to select the combination of FW with minimum moisture content that not only meets the nutrient requirement of pigs in their last breeding stage but also reduces the energy-related costs involved in the drying stage. The collected FW comprises 28.42, 25.37, 7.47, and 38.74 percent, of CiW, VeW, CeW, and PFW. According to their bromatological characterization, the first three wastes are rich in carbohydrates (68.87–73.74% on dry basis), whereas PFW is more balanced (average protein and fat contents are 17.91 and 24.85% on dry basis). The FW mix with the least moisture content consists mainly of PFW and CeW, with 59.77 and 37.65%. Maize must be added to the mixture to satisfy the ideal amino acid content. The proposed swine feed from FW contributes to reducing the need for costly meals with high protein content, such as soy meal.

Energy, amino acid, and phosphorus digestibility and energy prediction of thermally processed food waste sources for swine.

Recycling energy and nutrients from food waste into animal feed decreases the environmental impact of food animal production. However, recycling energy and nutrients from various food waste sources into swine feeding programs is constrained by the high variability and lack of data on the digestibility of energy and nutrients. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the digestibility of energy, amino acids, and phosphorus in thermally dried food waste sources fed to growing pigs and to compare in vivo determined digestibility values with those obtained from in vitro digestibility procedures and published prediction equations to determine the accuracy of using these nutritional evaluation methods. Pigs (n = 36; initial body weight = 16.37 ± 1.9 kg) were utilized to determine digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) content, as well as standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of phosphorus and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids in three sources of dehydrated food waste in three separate trials. Initial body weight of pigs at the beginning of each digestibility trial was used as the blocking factor in a randomized complete block design. Diets were formulated to contain 30% food waste derived from fish waste (FW), supermarket waste (containing bakery, fruits and vegetables, meat, and deli foods from a single supermarket; SMW), and fruit and vegetable waste (FVW). The DE and ME content of FW (DE = 5,057 kcal/kg; ME = 4,820 kcal/kg) and SMW (DE = 5,071 kcal/kg; ME = 4,922 kcal/kg) were not different (P > 0.05), whereas FVW had the least (P < 0.05) DE (2,570 kcal/kg) and ME (2,460 kcal/kg) content compared with FW and SMW. Digestibility of crude protein and amino acids was greater (P < 0.05) in FW and SMW compared with FVW. The in vitro digestibility procedure can be used to approximate the digestibility of dry matter (DM) and energy in SMW, FW, and FVW compared with in vivo estimates, but significant error exists depending on the chemical characteristics of each food waste source. However, use of the prediction equations and digestibility data obtained from the in vitro procedure resulted in high accuracy in estimating DE content of FW (observed = 5,058 kcal/kg DM vs. predicted = 4,948 kcal/kg DM), SMW (observed = 5,071 kcal/kg DM vs. predicted 4,978 kcal/kg DM), and FVW (observed = 2,570 kcal/kg DM vs. predicted 2,814 kcal/kg DM) sources.

Enhancing Biochemical Methane Potential and Enrichment of Specific Electroactive Communities from Nixtamalization Wastewater using Granular Activated Carbon as a Conductive Material

Nejayote (corn step liquor) production in Mexico is approximately 1.4 × 1010 m3 per year and anaerobic digestion is an effective process to transform this waste into green energy. The biochemical methane potential (BMP) test is one of the most important tests for evaluating the biodegradability and methane production capacity of any organic waste. Previous research confirms that the addition of conductive materials significantly enhances the methane production yield. This study concludes that the addition of granular activated carbon (GAC) increases methane yield by 34% in the first instance. Furthermore, results show that methane production is increased by 54% when a GAC biofilm is developed 10 days before undertaking the BMP test. In addition, the electroactive population was 30% higher when attached to the GAC than in control reactors. Moreover, results show that electroactive communities attached to the GAC increased by 38% when a GAC biofilm is developed 10 days before undertaking the BMP test, additionally only in these reactors Geobacter was identified. GAC has two main effects in anaerobic digestion; it promotes direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) by developing an electro-active biofilm and simultaneously it reduces redox potential from −223 mV to −470 mV. These results suggest that the addition of GAC to biodigesters, improves the anaerobic digestion performance in industrial processed food waste.

Co-composting of Green Waste Mixed with Unprocessed and Processed Food Waste: Influence on the Composting Process and Product Quality

Green waste (GW) represents a large fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW) and has increased significantly with the rapid development of urban green areas in some countries. Composting is an appropriate method for the treatment and recovery of these wastes. However, the high content of lignocellulosic substances in GW is known to slow down the decomposition process. This research evaluated the effect of introducing processed food waste (PFW) and unprocessed food waste (UPFW) on composting of GW, it monitored the process itself and assessed the end-product quality. A field-scale experiment was developed using three treatments: Treatment A (100%GW), Treatment B (40%UPFW + 60%GW) and Treatment C (50%GW + 30%UPFW + 20%PFW). Treatment C reached thermophilic temperatures in a shorter time than the other treatments and maintained those temperatures for longer periods. In addition, treatment C reached ambient temperatures during curing in a shorter time compared to treatments A and B. An improved product quality was observed in treatment C compared to other treatments. For example, products from treatment C had lower ash content, higher concentrations of TOC and PTotal and lower EC values compared to treatments A and B. The final fertility index of the end-product from treatment C was 4.8–5.0, which indicates that the product can be suitable for agricultural use.

Evaluation of physical, chemical and heavy metal concentration of food waste composting

In this study, food waste composting with rice husk and coconut fibre as compost medium were carried out. Two types of different fermentation liquids were prepared which were fermented liquid (banana peel) and fermented liquid from fermented soybeans. During the composting process, a compost samples for a twenty week duration at an interval time of two weeks. Among the physico-chemical parameters that were tested were temperature, moisture content, pH value, Total Nitrogen, Total Phosphorous, Potassium and Total Organic Carbon and Carbon Nitrogen ratio. Heavy metals such as copper, cadmium, lead, nickel and arsenic were observed and analysed. From this study, it was found that, the temperature increased during the thermophilic phase while there was gradually increase of Total Nitrogen, Total Phosphorous and Potassium from the beginning till the end of the composting process. It was also found that the total organic carbon (TOC) and the carbon nitrogen ratio decreased significantly during the decomposition process. Traces amounts of heavy metals were also detected and remains below the standard Malaysian Environmental regulations. It was concluded that, the composting process was faster with processed food waste followed by combination of processed food waste and raw. Raw food waste were demonstrated the lowest degradation rate.

Study on Composition and Generation of Food Waste in Makanan Ringan Mas Industry

Food waste management is a major problem for most food premises in Malaysia. This study was conducted at one of the Small Medium Industries (SMIs) called Makanan Ringan Mas Industry that is located in Parit Kuari Darat, Parit Raja, Johor. This premise generates food waste almost every day including processed food waste (chips and coconut candy) and raw food waste (banana peels, tapioca peels, breadfruit peels and grated coconut). The objective of the study was to determine the waste generation and composition of food waste generated by the premise. Food waste collected from the premise once a week and tested for moisture content and density. The results demonstrated that Makanan Ringan Mas Industry generated more raw food waste compared to processed food waste. Banana peels recorded the highest amount at 27.15kg per month compared to other food waste. To conclude, banana peels were found to be the highest component in the food waste composition by Makanan Ringan Mas Industry whereas breadfruit peels were found to be the lowest.

Effect of Food Waste Co-Digestion on Digestion, Dewatering, and Cake Quality.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of food waste addition on anaerobic digestion performance as well as downstream parameters including dewatering, cake quality, and filtrate quality. Laboratory-scale digesters were fed processed food waste at rates of 25%, 45%, and 65% increased chemical oxygen demand (COD) loading rates compared to a control fed only primary and secondary solids. The specific methane yield increased from 370 L CH4/kg VSadded for the control to 410, 440, and 470 L CH4/kg VSadded for the 25, 45, and 65% food waste addition, respectively. The cake solids after dewatering were all higher for the food waste digesters compared to the control, with the highest cake solids being measured for the 45% food-waste loading. Compared to the control digester, the biosolids odorant concentration increased for the lowest dose of food waste. Odorant concentrations were below detection for the highest food waste loading.

Food Waste Composting Study from Makanan Ringan Mas

The poor management of municipal solid waste in Malaysia has worsened over the years especially on food waste. Food waste represents almost 60% of the total municipal solid waste disposed in the landfill. Composting is one of low cost alternative method to dispose the food waste. This study is conducted to compost the food waste generation in Makanan Ringan Mas, which is a medium scale industry in Parit Kuari Darat due to the lack knowledge and exposure of food waste recycling practice. The aim of this study is to identify the physical and chemical parameters of composting food waste from Makanan Ringan Mas. The physical parameters were tested for temperature and pH value and the chemical parameter are Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium. In this study, backyard composting was conducted with 6 reactors. Tapioca peel was used as fermentation liquid and soil and coconut grated were used as the fermentation bed. Backyard composting was conducted with six reactors. The overall results from the study showed that the temperature of the reactors were within the range which are from 30° to 50°C. The result of this study revealed that all the reactors which contain processed food waste tend to produce pH value within the range of 5 to 6 which can be categorized as slightly acidic. Meanwhile, the reactors which contained raw food waste tend to produce pH value within the range of 7 to 8 which can be categorized as neutral. The highest NPK obtained is from Reactor B that process only raw food waste. The average value of Nitrogen is 48540 mg/L, Phosphorus is 410 mg/L and Potassium is 1550 mg/L. From the comparison with common chemical fertilizer, it shows that NPK value from the composting are much lower than NPK of the common chemical fertilizer. However, comparison with NPK of organic fertilizer shown only slightly difference value in NPK.

Examining the mechanisms of short-term solubilization of ground food waste for high-rate anaerobic digestion

Optimizing short-term solubilization is essential for high-rate anaerobic digestion of food waste. The purpose of this study was to measure the short-term kinetics of food waste solubilization and understand what mechanisms are responsible for driving food waste solubilization. Two solubilization assays were conducted to measure the solubilization of mechanically processed food waste. Three methods of mechanical grinding were utilized: an in-sink food disposer and a manual meat grinder with either small or medium size plate openings. A control assay was conducted to measure the release of endogenous soluble material into an aqueous medium. An enzyme assay was conducted to examine short-term food waste hydrolysis. The assays were diluted and buffered to prevent product and pH inhibition, respectively, and allow maximum solubilization to occur. Percent solubilization was calculated as the soluble chemical oxygen demand (COD) fraction of total COD. Data from the two assays were used to calculate the kinetics of endogenous solubilization and enzymatic hydrolysis. Regardless of grinding method, food waste was 27% solubilized within 1 h through endogenous solubilization. Enzymatic hydrolysis was responsible for an additional 29–31% solubilization by 4 h. This study showed that ground food waste was approximately 60% solubilized within 4 h under optimal conditions.

Increased significance of food wastes: Selective recovery of added-value compounds

A single-step selective separation of two food additives was investigated using alcohol-salt aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS). The selective partitioning of two of the most used additives from a processed food waste material, vanillin and l-ascorbic acid, was successfully accomplished. The results obtained prove that alcohol-salt ATPS can be easily applied as cheaper processes for the selective recovery of valuable chemical products from food wastes and other sources.As a first approach, the phase diagrams of ATPS composed of different alcohol+inorganic salt+water were determined at 298 (±1)K and atmospheric pressure. The influence of methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, and 2-propanol and K3PO4, K2HPO4 or KH2PO4/K2HPO4 in the design of the phase diagrams was addressed. After the evaluation of the phase diagrams behaviour, the influence of the phase forming constituents was assessed towards the partition coefficients and recovery percentages of vanillin and l-ascorbic acid among the coexisting phases. Both model systems and real processed food waste materials were employed. Using these ATPS as partitioning systems it is possible to recover and separate vanillin, which migrates for the alcohol-rich phase, from l-ascorbic acid, which preferentially partitions for the salt-rich phase.

Swine Producing Enterprises Feeding Processed Food Waste and &apos;Produce Locally, Consume Locally&apos;(&lt;Special Feature&gt;Agricultural Unused Biomass as Feed Resources in Recycle-based Agricultural System)

Swine Producing Enterprises Feeding Processed Food Waste and &apos;Produce Locally, Consume Locally&apos;(&lt;Special Feature&gt;Agricultural Unused Biomass as Feed Resources in Recycle-based Agricultural System)

Evaluation of Feed Mixtures Amended with Processed Food Waste as Feedstuffs for Finishing Lambs

This study was undertaken to evaluate the acceptability, growth performance, and diet digestibility of feed mixtures containing food wastes that were further heat processed for growing-finishing lambs. The first experiment consisted of two feeding trials in which 36 lambs in each trial were fed 1) total mixed rations (TMR) containing extruded feed mixtures that were amended with pulped plate waste (PW) collected from university dining centers or 2) control TMR containing corn, soybean meal, and ground hay in Trial 1 (T1) or soybean hulls in Trial 2 (T2). On a DM basis, the treatment TMR in T1 contained 23.9% PW, and the treatment TMR in T2 contained 24.1% PW. The PW used in this study contained 37.5 ± 9.4% DM, 33.0 ± 8.2% CP, 14.7 ± 5.5% ether extract (EE), and 12.6 ± 5.2% ADF. During T1, lambs fed the control TMR (compared with lambs fed PW) had greater (P<0.05) ADG (299.6 ± 36.3 vs 259.0 ± 54.5 g), less (P<0.05) ADFI (811.1 ± 64.0 vs 2,113.6 ± 748.6 g), and greater (P<0.05) gain:feed (0.37:1 vs 0.24:1 g). During T2, no differences between the control lambs and lambs fed PW were observed in terms of ADG (mean = 231.6 ± 40.9 g), ADFI (mean = 1,766.1 ± 168.0 g), and gain:feed (mean = 0.12:1 g). The second experiment consisted of three digestibility trials (T3, T4, and T5). In T3, 24 wethers were fed an extruded mixture (EF) containing soybean hulls, rolled shelled corn, and 24.5% pulped PW (DM basis). In T4, 28 wethers were fed a dehydrated mixture (DF) containing wheat middlings and ground food waste originating from retail groceries in a 75:25 (DM basis). In T5, 28 wethers were fed an extruded mixture (EFM) containing soybean hulls, rolled corn, and 42.3% pulped PW (DM basis). Apparent DE of EF was determined to be 3.22 ± 1.50 Mcal/kg. Apparent digestibility coefficients of EF were 54.50 ± 2.68% DM, 42.60 ± 4.39% ADF, 60.30 ± 15.68% CP, and 76.23 ± 3.77%EE. Apparent DE of DF was determined to be 3.17 ± 0.24 Mcal/kg. Apparent digestibility coefficients of DF were 64.98 ± 4.76% DM, 74.99 ± 4.91%protein, 15.70 ± 10.84% ADF, and 79.39 ± 5.07 EE. Apparent DE of EFM was determined to be 2.66 ± 0.18 Mcal/kg. The EFM apparent digestibility coefficients were 54.95 ± 4.16% DM, 62.61 ± 7.25% CP, 27.21 ± 7.77% ADF, and 79.78 ± 6.67% EE. This study indicates that amending traditional diets with dehydrated or extruded mixtures containing food waste is a practical processing method for including food wastes in sheep diets. However, acceptability of these diets by individual sheep may vary, and inconsistent growth performance levels and feed efficiencies may occur.