Process Of Union Formation Research Articles

First Union Formation in Italy: The Role of Micro- and Macro-Level Economic Conditions

In this paper, we use data from the ‘Families and Social Subjects’ survey conducted by the Italian National Institute of Statistics in 2016 to study the impact of micro- and macro-level economic conditions on first co-residential union formation. We aim to determine if and to what extent the probability of forming the first union is explained by individual labour market positions (e.g. having non-standard employment or not having work), and additionally explore if adverse macroeconomic conditions also play a role. We differentiate by union type—marriage and cohabitation—known to be characterised by different levels of union commitment. We also address potential gender differences by conducting separate analyses on men and women. Our results suggest that while micro- and macro-level economic factors matter in the union formation process, their effect varies by gender and union type. Individual economic vulnerability has a greater impact on marriage than on cohabitation for both men and women. Instead, contextual economic uncertainty plays a relevant role, especially in the transition to cohabitation, regardless of gender, and, to a lesser extent, in the transition to marriage, but only for women.

Spatial and temporal alterations of multiple hormones during the graft union formation process in walnut (Juglans regia)

Spatial and temporal alterations of multiple hormones during the graft union formation process in walnut (Juglans regia)

협력적 계획에 준거한 공공예술조직 내 단원노조 설립과 갈등 원인 연구

The aim of this study is to conduct a realistic examination of the structure and causes of conflicts among stakeholders regarding the formation of labor unions in domestic public arts organizations. In order to accomplish this objective, the study conducted a comprehensive analysis of the labor union formation process and the conflicts and reasons that arose within the organization. This analysis was carried out by reviewing a range of materials, including stakeholder interviews, meeting minutes, current issue reports, audit records, and newspaper articles related to the Seoul Philharmonic Orchestra, which serves as a representative domestic public arts organization. Specifically, the study explored the causes of conflict by considering the planning environment, key stakeholders, and the processes of interaction and social learning surrounding the establishment of labor unions, drawing on the “Collaborative Planning” model. The analysis revealed that the labor union's strong demands for personnel rights, aimed at addressing the issues of unstable employment and wage structures under the influence of a powerful union, had a detrimental impact on multiple stakeholders. Consequently, an opposing union was formed, and the lack of interaction and social learning within the organization deteriorated due to the absence of trust among labor, management, and government. To tackle these problems, the study proposes several recommendations. Firstly, it suggests the establishment of a formal and regular platform for interaction among stakeholders, allowing for the sharing and exchange of information through direct and indirect participation. Secondly, it advocates for a redefinition of the roles of labor, management, and government. Lastly, the study emphasizes the importance of conducting research on labor union operational methods that align with the unique characteristics of public arts organizations.

Identification, Expression and Co-Expression Analysis of R2R3-MYB Family Genes Involved in Graft Union Formation in Pecan (Carya illinoinensis)

Plant R2R3-MYBs comprise one of the largest transcription factor families; however, few R2R3-MYB genes in pecan have been functionally analyzed due to the limited genome information and potential functional redundancy caused by gene duplication. In this study, 153 R2R3-MYB genes were identified and subjected to comparative phylogenetic analysis with four other plant species. Then, the pecan R2R3-MYB gene family was divided into different clades, which were also supported by gene structure and motif composition results. Fifty-two duplication events including 77 R2R3-MYB genes were identified in this gene family, and Ka/Ks values showed that all of the duplication events were under the influence of negative selection. Expression levels of pecan R2R3-MYB genes during the graft union formation process were further investigated using RNA-seq with four different timepoints after grafting, namely, 0, 8, 15 and 30 d. Sixty-four differentially expressed R2R3-MYB genes were identified and showed different expression patterns after grafting. Co-expression networks were further constructed to discover the relationships between these genes. The co-expression networks contained 57 nodes (R2R3-MYB genes) and 219 edges (co-expression gene pairs) and CIL1528S0032 contained the maximum number of edges. Fifteen genes contained more than 10 edges; the majority of these were up-regulated during graft union formation and verified by qRT-PCR. This study provides a foundation for functional analysis to investigate the roles that R2R3-MYBs play in graft union formation in pecan and identify the key candidate genes.

Staat een flexibele arbeidsrelatie een vaste partnerrelatie in de weg?

Flexible employment and union formation in the Netherlands Flexible employment has been consistently associated with lower wages and a greater risk of unemployment. By undermining job and income security, it could impede the process of union formation. This study aims to shed more light on the association between flexible employment and family formation by investigating the likelihood of making a transition to cohabitation and marriage in different employment situations: flexible employment, self-employment and permanent employment. The results from multivariate regression analysis show that men and women with low levels of education in flexible employment have a smaller chance of making a transition from being single to cohabitation compared with their counterparts in permanent employment. Within cohabiting unions, it is the type of employment of the male partner that matters: the negative effect on transition to marriage was only found among men with lower levels of education.

Childcare by grandparents in married and cohabiting couples: evidence from Italy.

The process of union formation and the context of childrearing have profoundly changed with the spread of cohabitation in the last few decades. It is only recently that some attention has been paid to the implications of these changes for family ties. This study considers, with reference to Italy, a specific relationship between individuals in couples and their family of origin - childcare by grandparents. The aim of the paper is twofold. First, we investigate whether children of cohabiting couples are cared for by their grandparents to a lower extent compared to children of married couples. Second, the current study examines whether potential differences decrease over time. The data used are from two rounds of cross-sectional and nationally representative survey conducted in Italy in 2003 and in 2009. Our results show that in 2003 both in the provision and the intensity of grandparents' childcare, children of cohabiting parents were less likely to have their grandparents involved than children of married parents. However, the differences between marriages and cohabitations disappear in recent years.

Signaling pathway in development of Camellia oleifera nurse seedling grafting union

Key messageThe anatomical and physiological signaling pathways associated with successful scion-rootstock union in nurse seedling grafting ofCamellia oleiferapropagation are illustrated.Grafting, the successful union between scion and rootstock, has practical and biological importance. Nurse seedling grafting, as those practiced for Camellia oleifera, often results in high cell division activity and affinity, and is usually associated with significant rootstock and scion anatomical structures changes. However, a comprehensive explanation of signaling pathways, and how they affect graft union development, is still largely unknown. The present study investigates the union formation process in C. oleifera nurse seedling grafts and determines that it consists of six stages, namely, isolation layer formation, rootstock callus differentiation, scion callus differentiation, callus proliferation and connection, cambium differentiation and connection, and conducting tissue differentiation and connection, extending over a period of 35 days. Principal components analyses of the observed changes in physiology and protein expression identified three main factors contributing to the union formation process: cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and vascular bundle development. Further analysis showed that the regulation of the union formation process can be divided into two signaling pathways, namely, calcium and MAPK, which occur during vascular bundle development and cell proliferation and differentiation, respectively.

Vetting and Letting: Cohabiting Stepfamily Formation Processes in Low-Income Black Families.

The authors examined cohabiting union formation processes by analyzing in-depth interview data collected from 30 individuals in cohabiting relationships: 15 low-income Black mothers of adolescents and their partners. Prior research suggests that cohabiting union formation is a gradual, nondeliberative process. In contrast, most couples in this study described a gradual but highly deliberative process. Mothers focused primarily on vetting their partners to ensure child well-being and less on when and how their partners officially came to live with them, a process the authors call vetting and letting. Mothers delineated 4 strategies to ensure their child's well-being when vetting their partners, and their partners reported that they understood the importance of participating in this process. The authors argue that vetting and letting is a child-centered family formation process, not a partner-centered union formation process, and that cohabiting union processes may vary substantially by subpopulation.

Why do intimate partners live apart? Evidence on LAT relationships across Europe

BACKGROUNDMost research asks whether or not cohabitation has come to rival marriage. Little is known about the meaning of living apart together (LAT) relationships, and whether LAT is an alternative to marriage and cohabitation or a dating relationship.OBJECTIVEWe examine across Europe: (1) the prevalence of LAT, (2) the reasons for LAT, and (3) the correlates of (a) LAT relationships vis-à-vis being single, married, or cohabiting, and (b) different types of LAT union.METHODSUsing Generations and Gender Survey data from ten Western and Eastern European countries, we present descriptive statistics about LATs and estimate multinominal logistic regression models to assess the correlates of being in different types of LAT unions.RESULTSLAT relationships are uncommon, but they are more common in Western than Eastern Europe. Most people in LAT unions intend to live together but are apart for practical reasons. LAT is more common among young people, those enrolled in higher education, people with liberal attitudes, highly educated people, and those who have previously cohabited or been married. Older people and divorced or widowed persons are more likely to choose LAT to maintain independence. Surprisingly, attitudinal and educational differences are more pronounced in Eastern Europe than in Western Europe.CONCLUSIONSA tentative conclusion is that LAT is more often a stage in the union formation process than an alternative to marriage and cohabitation. Yet some groups do view LAT as substituting for marriage and cohabitation, and these groups differ between East and West. In Eastern Europe a cultural, highly educated elite seems to be the first to resist traditional marriage norms and embrace LAT (and cohabitation) as alternative living arrangements, whereas this is less the case in Western Europe. In Western Europe, LAT unions are mainly an alternative for persons who have been married before or had children in a prior relationship.

Beyond transmission: intergenerational patterns of family formation among middle-class American families.

Research about parental effects on family behavior focuses on intergenerational transmission: that is, whether children show the same family behavior as their parents. This focus potentially over emphasizes similarity and obscures heterogeneity in parental effects on family behavior. In this study, we make two contributions. First, instead of focusing on isolated focal events, we conceptualize parents' and their children's family formation holistically as the process of union formation and childbearing between ages 15 and 40. We then discuss mechanisms likely to shape these intergenerational patterns. Second, beyond estimating average transmission effects, we innovatively apply multichannel sequence analysis to dyadic sequence data on middle-class American families from the Longitudinal Study of Generations (LSOG; N = 461 parent-child dyads). The results show three salient intergenerational family formation patterns among this population: a strong transmission, a moderated transmission, and an intergenerational contrast pattern. We examine what determines parents' and children's likelihood to sort into a specific intergenerational pattern. For middle-class American families, educational upward mobility is a strong predictor of moderated intergenerational transmission, whereas close emotional bonds between parents and children foster strong intergenerational transmission. We conclude that intergenerational patterns of family formation are generated at the intersection of macro-structural change and family internal psychological dynamics.

Pathways to marriage and cohabitation in Central America

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe notion that increasing prevalence of cohabitation relative to marriage, and increasing age at first marriage are part of a broader shift in societal norms - a second demographic transition - is now well supported by studies focused on US and European populations. Recent research points to the similarly high prevalence of cohabitation in Latin America as perhaps signaling the diffusion of modern ideals and norms about union formation. In Central America this is unlikely to be the case given the long history and enduring acceptance of cohabitation that is unrelated to modern ideals. While there are studies that have documented this history and current prevalence, there is no research examining the intersecting life course pathways from adolescence through early adulthood that lead to marriage or cohabitation. This is not surprising given that available data for Central American countries are not ideally suited to studying the process.METHODSWe use retrospective questions from large, nationally representative Central American surveys (Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua) to establish the timing of marriage or co-habitation and events that are closely tied to union formation. We utilize additive cause-specific hazard models, and predicted transition probabilities based on selected covariate pathways, to study the competing risks of exiting from the status of never in union.RESULTSOur results identify sexual activity and pregnancy as the primary drivers of union formation and indicate that education serves as a protective factor against union formation. We also find distinct differences among countries and a strong indication that cohabitations are less stable unions.(ProQuest: ... denotes formulae omitted.)1. IntroductionIn Latin America it is, and has been, common for couples to form non-marital cohabita- tions (informal unions) instead of formal marriages. The decades long US and European (relevant to some countries) trend of increasing prevalence of cohabitation relative to mar- riage has been interpreted as signaling a shift in societal norms with associated long-term and short-term impacts on childbearing and contraception, household income, and stabil- ity (see Lesthaeghe and van de Kaa 1986; Liefbroer 1991; Lesthaeghe 1995; Raley 2001; Liefbroer and Dourleijn 2006). Research has documented not only the trends, but also the life course processes leading to cohabitation or marriage, as well as the subsequent impact on life course processes following cohabitation or marriage. While there is now a broad and conclusive literature focused on US/ European populations, there is a dearth of research on Latin America, where cohabitation has much deeper history. De Vos (2000) suggests that inadequate nuptiality data and the perceived complexity of Latin American union behavior may explain the gap in research. Recent descriptive results suggest that Latin American cohabitation trends reflect underlying cultural or economic changes sim- ilar to those driving demographic change in Europe and the US (Esteve, Lesthaeghe, and Lopez-Gay 2012; Quilodran 1999). The trends, however, provide only indirect evidence of the underlying union formation processes at work. Further investigation of the inter- action of life events, or pathways, that lead to the formation of marriage or cohabitation are needed to provide insight into the decision-making process or sequence of events that leads to the formation of a specific type of union.While DeVos' (2000) comment about data limitations is true - there are no longitu- dinal data archives similar to those supporting US and European research - the structure of the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and Reproductive Health Surveys (RHS) provides enough information on timing of key events to support an analysis of life course processes leading to cohabitation or marriage during the formative early adolescent (age 12) to young adult (age 24) period. …

Can You Relate? The Importance of Need Satisfaction for the Quality and Progressive Union Formation Process of Intimate Relationships

This article deals with the significance of autonomy and relatedness as central needs in intimate relationships. It examines the influences of need satisfaction on relationship quality and progressive union formation (“institutionalisation”) processes of intimate relationships. Using a random sample of 1,914 couples in a longitudinal, dyadic survey design, we ascertained the actor and partner effects of autonomy and relatedness on relationship quality and the union formation process. A cluster analysis resulted in four types of relationship need satisfaction, distinguished by high values in both domains, high values in only one of the domains, or low need satisfaction in both domains. Balanced fulfilment of autonomy and relatedness predicts the comparatively highest values of relationship satisfaction and future orientation (commitment). Moreover, low need satisfaction in relationships reduces the progress of union formation processes (cohabitation, marriage, childbirth). Women demonstrate more intense actor and partner effects of relationship need satisfaction than men.

Union Formation in Later Life: Economic Determinants of Cohabitation and Remarriage Among Older Adults

This study builds on Becker's and Oppenheimer's theories of union formation to examine the economic determinants of marriage and cohabitation during older adulthood. Based on the 1998-2006 Health and Retirement Study and a sample of previously married Americans who are at least 50 years old, results show that wealthier older adults, regardless of gender, are more likely to repartner than stay single. Wealth has no discernable effect on the likelihood of remarrying versus cohabiting. Among the oldest men, the positive associations between wealth and repartnering are entirely due to housing assets. Results suggest that Oppenheimer's theory of marriage timing may be more applicable to later-life union formation than Becker's independence hypothesis. Further, economic disadvantage does not appear to characterize later-life cohabitation, unlike cohabitation during young adulthood. These findings help illuminate the union formation process during older adulthood and are timely considering demographic changes reshaping the American population.

He Says, She Says: Gender and Cohabitation

Cohabitation has become the modal path to marriage in the United States. However, little is known about what cohabitation means to young adults today. Drawing on data from 18 focus groups (N=138) and 54 in-depth interviews with young adults, this exploratory study investigates motivations to cohabit, and examines potential gender differences in those motivations and the meanings attached to them. We find that primary motives to cohabit include spending time together, sharing expenses, and evaluating compatibility. Strong gender differences emerge in how respondents discuss these themes and how they characterize the drawbacks of cohabitation, with men more concerned about loss of freedom and women with delays in marriage. Overall, our findings suggest that gendered cultural norms governing intimate relationships extend to cohabiting unions, and point to gender differences in the perceived role of cohabitation in union formation processes.

Information Content of Wages and Monetary Policy

We examine whether it is sufficient for central banks to observe and forecast nominal variables only. Analyzing the interplay of wage‐setting unions and a central bank we show that although central banks may not gain more information by directly acquiring data about indicators of real shocks in the economy, such activities are nevertheless beneficial for central banks and yield lower social losses. Moreover, the extent of research activities by central banks should depend on the process of union formation.

Information Content of Wages and Monetary Policy

We examine whether it is sufficient for central banks to observe and forecast nominal variables only. Analyzing the interplay of wage-setting unions and a central bank we show that although central banks may not gain more information by directly acquiring data about indicators of real shocks in the economy, such activities are nevertheless beneficial for central banks and yield lower social losses. Moreover, the extent of research activities by central banks should depend on the process of union formation.

Combining Ethnographic and Survey Methods: A Study of the Nuptiality Patterns of the Shona of Zimbabwe

Large-scale demographic surveys have been criticized by anthropologists because a limited set of standardized questions generally cannot adequately capture the details and complexities of social processes. One way to overcome these limitations is to collect qualitative data. Alternatively, ethnographic information can be used to develop a very detailed survey questionnaire. This study uses data from a detailed survey of the union formation process among the Shona-speaking peoples of Zimbabwe. The questionnaire for this survey was developed on the basis of ethnographic accounts of Shona marriage, and includes questions about a set of specific events that may occur during the development of a Shona union. The data indicate that many couples do not adhere to the traditional marriage customs and form new types of unions. Furthermore, while bridewealth payments traditionally gave a man sexual and reproductive rights to his wife, it is evident that this custom no longer regulates the onset of sexual behaviour and childbearing. This study demonstrates that event-history questionnaires can be used to produce detailed quantitative data which can supplement qualitative data from ethnographic studies.

The Influence of Intentions and Life Course Factors on Union Formation Behavior of Young Adults

To a greater extent than in the past, union formation is currently considered an issue that is mainly the concern of the partners in the relationship (Shorter, 1977). Although the opinions of parents and friends still do matter, in the end the partners themselves decide whether they want to live together and, if so, whether they want to get married or not. This shift is said to be the result of the progressing individualization in industrialized societies (Lesthaeghe & Surkyn, 1988). Due to this, individuals are less dependent than in the past on customs and norms prevailing in their social environment, and can decide fairly autonomously on personal life choices. If partners are fairly autonomous in making their union formation decisions, one would expect a high degree of correspondence between the intentions of young adults regarding union formation and their actual behavior. However, hardly any research has been conducted on this issue. Therefore, the first question to be dealt with here concerns the extent to which the intentions of young adults regarding the timing of union formation and regarding the type of union chosen are actually realized. There is a large literature on social factors influencing the timing of marriage (e.g., Blossfeld & Huinink, 1991; Oppenheimer, 1988). However, empirical research on factors influencing the choice between unmarried cohabitation and marriage is much more limited (Hoem, 1986; Liefbroer, 1991a; Rao, 1990; Thornton, 1991). Social-psychological models linking attitudes and behavior, such as Fishbein and Ajzen's (1975) theory of reasoned action, stress that the influence of such social factors is always mediated by the behavioral intentions of people. Applying this to the issue of union formation choice, one might expect that union formation intentions mediate the impact of social factors on union formation behavior. Our second aim is to test this hypothesis. In doing so, we will not include the full range of possible social factors, but concentrate on the impact of a number of life course related factors. Two main concepts from life course sociology will be used to structure the discussion, namely developmental readiness and parallel careers. HYPOTHESES RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN UNION FORMATION INTENTIONS AND BEHAVIOR The relationship between attitudes and intentions of individuals on the one hand, and their behavior on the other hand, has been extensively studied, mainly within social psychology. Fishbein and Ajzen (1975) emphasize that, in order to predict future behavior, it is better to inquire about concrete intentions than about general attitudes and values underlying behavior. Behavioral intentions appear to be good predictors of behavior, particularly if it concerns relatively 'simple' behavior that is to be realized soon, and of which the realization is fully under the individual's control. If a long period of time elapses between determining the behavioral intention and the actual behavior, or if the behavior is partly outside the individual's control, it appears necessary to pay more attention to the social context (Ajzen & Madden, 1986; de Jong Gierveld & Liefbroer, 1988; Liska, 1984). Numerous demographic applications of Fishbein and Ajzen's (1975) model of reasoned behavior can be found. However, most of these applications are related to having children (e.g., Bracher & Santow, 1991). Applications to the union formation process are scarce. The Netherlands Fertility Survey, conducted by the Netherlands Central Bureau of Statistics (Beets, 1987; Van de Giessen, 1986), forms an exception to this rule. In 1982, females who were not living with a partner were asked about their future union formation plans. During reinterviews in 1985, the majority of the women were found to have acted in accordance with their stated expectations. Sixty-nine percent of those who had planned to get married within 3 years had actually done so, while this percentage was only 18 among those women who had not intended to get married. …

The Process of Marriage in African Societies: A Multiple Indicator Approach

This article demonstrates the use of multiple indicators of union formation to study marriage customs in African societies. While previous studies of African marriage generally provide information only on type of union as self-reported this study uses information from the 1980-81 Cote dIvoire Fertility Survey to develop a more detailed typology of marital unions based on the sequence of events in the union formation process. This new classification incorporates information on the processual nature of Ivorian unions and more adequately reflects the diversity of marital systems practiced in Cote dIvoire. (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA) (EXCERPT)

A Middle Class Union: The Early Years of the Public Service Association of NSW

Abstract The foundation and early growth of the Public Service Association was unrelated to the introduction of compulsory arbitration. Rather, it was a response to government cutbacks at a time of severe economic crisis. The nature of the career public service furnished the infant union with a membership which was largely middle class, or which had reasonable expectations of becoming such. This, and the process of union formation, determined the PSA's identification as a middle class union as expressed in its aims, strategy and ethos.