Transposition Process Research Articles

Degrees and Limits of Adverbial Transposition of Nouns in the Russian Language (Based on Formations with the Semantics of the Season and the Day)

The article presents a comprehensive semantic-grammatical analysis of the stages (degrees) and limit of adverbial transposition of nouns such as spring, summer, morning, day in the Russian language. The relevance of the study is due to the increased attention in modern linguistics to the problems of interaction between the grammatical and lexical in the structure of linguistic units that undergo various transposition processes, including adverbialization. The object of the study is the linguistic mechanism of adverbialization of nouns, producing adverbs and transitional, syncretic formations that have moved away to varying degrees from the original class of words and have come closer to adverbs; The subject of consideration is the stages (stages, degrees) of functional adverbialization of substantive word forms, reflected in typical contexts from the National Corpus of the Russian Language. The novelty of the approach is associated with the use of the technique of oppositional analysis (and the adverbial transposition scale), aimed at identifying the degrees of adverbialization of nouns. As a result of the study, semantic and grammatical features of core and peripheral nouns, peripheral adverbs and intermediate, hybrid structures were identified; criteria have been established for the differentiation of functional homonyms – non-prepositional forms of the instrumental case of nouns and adverbs formed on their basis.

The impact of EU law on national legal systems and the world order

The article analyzes the impact of EU law on national legal systems and the world order. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, the EU began active work on strengthening its authority and influence. In the 1990s, the EU (whose members also belonged to the Council of Europe) made the ratification of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (with Protocols) (European Convention on Human Rights) a necessary condition for EU membership, which involved a lot of preparatory work in the field of human rights for candidate countries. The founding treaties of the EU, in contrast to ordinary international treaties, established a new legal order with its own institutions, in favor of which states limited their sovereign rights in increasingly wide areas, the subjects of which are not only member states, but also their citizens. The active development of integration processes taking place within the framework of the EU leads to further convergence and closer interaction of the national legal systems of the member states with the EU, as a result of which the circle of legal relations, which are legally regulated by the norms of EU law, is expanding. A key role in the proper functioning and implementation of these norms (EU law) is played by the specific procedure of their implementation into the national law of the member states, which is understood as the process of transposition of the norms of EU law, including the creation of the order and procedures for their introduction into the national legal systems of the member states. With the deepening of European integration, the constitutionalization of EU law began: the founding treaties evolved from a set of agreements binding only on member states to founding treaties that provide the basis of a single legal regime. This regime grants rights and imposes obligations on all public and natural persons on the territory of the EU, since the norms of the founding treaties have direct effect and absolute supremacy, forming a kind of integration legal system. Currently, there is a close connection between EU law and the national legislation of the EU member states. The impact of EU law on the national legal systems of candidate countries for EU membership is indisputable. These trends suggest that while the emergence of Community (now Union) law has given rise to a new legal order, distinct from national law, these historically distinct legal orders now form a common legal system.

Elucidating the Architectural dynamics of MuB filaments in bacteriophage Mu DNA transposition

MuB is a non-specific DNA-binding protein and AAA+ ATPase that significantly influences the DNA transposition process of bacteriophage Mu, especially in target DNA selection for transposition. While studies have established the ATP-dependent formation of MuB filament as pivotal to this process, the high-resolution structure of a full-length MuB protomer and the underlying molecular mechanisms governing its oligomerization remain elusive. Here, we use cryo-EM to obtain a 3.4-Å resolution structure of the ATP(+)-DNA(+)-MuB helical filament, which encapsulates the DNA substrate within its axial channel. The structure categorizes MuB within the initiator clade of the AAA+ protein family and precisely locates the ATP and DNA binding sites. Further investigation into the oligomeric states of MuB show the existence of various forms of the filament. These findings lead to a mechanistic model where MuB forms opposite helical filaments along the DNA, exposing potential target sites on the bare DNA and then recruiting MuA, which stimulates MuB’s ATPase activity and disrupts the previously formed helical structure. When this happens, MuB generates larger ring structures and dissociates from the DNA.

Reflexive EU environmental law: Exploring divergence in the French and German transposition of the Single‐use Plastics Directive

AbstractReflexive environmental law (REL) techniques create potential for reflexivity by regulated companies. This reflexivity is fundamental to overcoming various regulatory hurdles posed by complex and dynamic sustainability challenges, such as plastics circularity. However, even when European Union (EU) environmental legislation incorporates REL techniques, Member State transposition may either undermine or enhance these techniques' potential for driving regulatee reflexivity. This article examines REL's evolution within complex, transnational legislative frameworks, taking the EU's Single‐use Plastics Directive (SUPD) as a case study. It compares reflexivity techniques in the SUPD to those in transpositions by France and Germany. Our analysis is based on the coding of 11 REL techniques and three overarching reflexive drivers—autonomy, accountability and adjustability—within four SUPD instruments. Identifying divergence in REL between the SUPD and Member State transpositions allows us to highlight three explanations as to why REL evolves in certain ways through the transposition process.

How national policies influence energy community development across Europe? A review on societal, technical, and economical factors

Renewable Energy Communities (RECs) have been clearly defined in the EU Renewable Energy Directive (RED) II (Directive 2018/2001) contained within the Clean Energy Package (CEP). This review moves from the state of the art of transposition processes in place in the different EU member states in order to highlight the main barriers regarding actual implementation of RECs, in terms of governance, technical issues and economic sustainability. The paper analyses the three levels of the structure of any REC: the social and governance level, the energy and technology optimization aspects, and the business models. The analysis has been conducted by considering the models developed in literature and the most interesting case studies where these models have been applied. The work aims at finding some conclusions about the interactions between the three levels mentioned above and national policy regulations, while identifying gaps in the currently available literature.

Jenis dan Unsur Penentu Makna Dalam Kajian Semantik (Ad-Dilalah)

The study of the meaning of words in a particular language according to the semantic classification system is a branch of linguistics whose task is solely to examine the meaning of words, their origins, even how they developed, and the reasons for changes in meaning in the history of language. Many other fields of science are related to semantics, therefore meaning plays a role depending on the use of language as a tool for conveying mental experiences, thoughts and intentions in society. The field of semantics is limited to efforts to pay attention to and study the process of transposition of word meanings in language use. Ullman (1972) argues, if someone thinks about the meaning of a word, they simultaneously think about its reference or vice versa. The relationship between two things, meaning and words, is where meaning is born.

The ‘overall protection’ of temporary agency workers, the role of social partners, and the case of Denmark

The article analyses the CJEU ruling C-311/21 TimePartner, where the Court interpreted the option provided in the Temporary Agency Work Directive for social partners to derogate from the principle of equal treatment. The CJEU concluded that the term ‘while respecting the overall protection of temporary agency workers’ is a criterion for using the option to derogate, and that a derogating collective agreement must be subject to legal review of fulfilling this criterion, even in Member States where collective agreements are presumed to be correct. Furthermore, the CJEU ruled that in order to respect the overall protection, any disadvantages in basic working conditions, i.e., working time and pay, should be set off against other advantages relating to the basic working conditions for the temporary agency workers. Finally, that the assessment is an in concreto comparison of disadvantages and advantages in terms of the basic working conditions applicable at the specific user undertaking. The article argues that the CJEU, with this approach, at the same time restricts the room for negotiation of national social partners concluding derogating agreements, and directs the legal review of the national judiciaries. This approach may interfere in the national industrial relations systems in some Member States more than others. The article then discusses how the Danish legal framework respects the overall protection of temporary agency workers. Temporary agency workers are addressed in many collective agreements in force at user undertakings with a view to counteracting circumvention of the collective agreement, and likewise, many temporary work agencies are covered by collective agreements. The transposition process in 2013 of the option to derogate is presented. The Danish Supreme Court in 2019 ruled, that the term ‘respecting the overall protection’ in the derogation provision in the Danish Temporary Agency Workers Act constitutes a legal criterion, which can be subject to judicial review, and is not an automatic consequence of a collective agreement. The article discusses how an assessment of the level of protection would be carried out in Danish industrial judiciaries, taking inspiration from earlier industrial case law comparing the overall protection of competing collective agreements. The article finally asserts that the approach of the CJEU in the TimePartner ruling protects temporary agency workers rather than pursuing flexibility in the labour markets, and as such favours one of the dual aims of the Directive. In that light, the approach taken by the CJEU ensures that derogating collective agreements meet certain standards in terms of the basic working conditions of temporary agency workers. At the same time, the ruling does not interfere with other negotiated or legislated working conditions, where the TAW Directive does not in itself require equal treatment or ‘overall protection’. The limitation of the TAW Directive to concern equal treatment only for basic working conditions, and not all working conditions, thus continues to allow a degree of flexibility for employers as well as for temporary agency workers.

Studi transposisi didaktik terhadap mahasiswa calon guru matematika: Tinjauan pada konteks knowledge to be taught dalam konsep turunan

The concept of derivatives is an important concept in the field of Calculus to be studied and taught at school and university levels. However, understanding derived concepts that do not fully involve the meaning of various representations has the potential to trigger a combination of concept descriptions with formal concept definitions as well as learning challenges or learning obstacles in epistemological, ontogenic and also didactic aspects. Therefore, the research carried out aims to observe the context of the knowledge that will be taught as one of a series of didactic transposition processes in order to obtain transpositional knowledge that is relevant to be taught. The research method used is qualitative research with a hermeneutic phenomenological approach. The participants involved in the research were 38 students who were prospective mathematics teachers from one of the universities in West Java. The research results show that there are inaccuracies in the presentation of ideas and concepts related to the knowledge to be taught, especially in the definition of derivative concepts. The mismatch between formal concept definitions and participant concept descriptions in learning by referring to mathematics textbooks which are used as the main reference results in learning obstacles for the subjects so that there is a need for repersonalization and recontextualization as an effort to produce more meaningful knowledge.

Savoirs de référence : quelle transposition dans les contenus d’enseignement-apprentissage du FLE au secondaire algérien ?

Reference Knowledge: What transposition in the teaching-learning contents of FLE to Algerian Secondary School?
 To secure inclusion in FLE (French as a Foreign Language) school textbooks for secondary education, the scholarly knowledge embedded in the textual approach undergoes a dual process of transposition. Initially, this reference knowledge is externally transposed into curriculum material designed for teaching. This external transposition is succeeded by an internal transposition, where the transposed content becomes the subject of learning. This article aims to scrutinize the didactic transposition process of this knowledge. By tracking its integration into the teaching-learning materials of this educational cycle (curricula and textbooks), the study seeks to assess how the knowledge is valued and employed to foster authentic reading experiences. The investigation primarily involves examining the progression of this knowledge through synoptic tables and glossaries (1st, 2nd, and 3rd AS), coupled with an analysis of questions presented in the margins of the assigned texts. This dual approach facilitates a comprehensive understanding of how this knowledge is formulated and legitimized. A secondary objective is to gauge any disparities between the theoretical principles of transposition and their actual application in curriculum and textbook development. The study's findings shed light on the destiny of this reference knowledge and the constraints imposed by certain pieces of information on the construction of text meaning. Some knowledge, owing to its sheer volume, appears to have garnered more assured recognition, tending to stabilize effectively in practice. Conversely, the impact of other knowledge, derived from the same reference theories, remains ambiguous and does not consistently contribute to shaping the meaning of texts. Their current utilization suggests a marked simplification and resultant impoverishment during reading activities, reducing them to mechanical processes focused on a few textual elements. This often occurs without engaging in a critical examination of the textual content and the formulation of interpretations. Consequently, the study advocates a reassessment of the openness championed by this textual approach. It suggests reconsidering the legitimacy granted to various methods of accessing texts, emphasizing the need for a more nuanced and articulated approach.

Insertion sequence excision is enhanced by a protein that catalyzes branch migration and promotes microhomology-mediated end joining.

Insertion sequence (IS)-excision enhancer (IEE) promotes the excision of ISs in the genome of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157. Because IEE-dependent IS excision occurs in the presence of transposase, the process of IS transposition may be involved in IS excision; however, little is understood about the molecular mechanisms of IS excision. Our in vitro analysis revealed that IEE exhibits DNA-dependent ATPase activity, which is activated by branched DNA. IEE also catalyzes the branch migration of fork-structured DNA. These results suggest that IEE remodels branched structures of the IS transposition intermediate. Sequence analysis of recombination sites in IS-excision products suggested that microhomologous sequences near the ends of the IS are involved in IS excision. IEE promoted microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ), in which base pairing between 6-nucleotides complementary ends of two 3'-protruding DNAs and subsequent elongation of the paired DNA strand occurred. IS-excision frequencies were significantly decreased in cells producing IEE mutants that had lost either branch migration or MMEJ activity, which suggests that these activities of IEE are required for IS excision. Based on our results, we propose a model for IS excision triggered by IEE and transposase.

La influencia de las instituciones en los consejos locales de salud

ObjectiveTo analyze the influences of the institutions in the operation of the Local Health councils. Designqualitative, descriptive and exploratory study. Study setting02 Primary Health Care services of a municipality in the inland of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Participantstwenty-four members of the Local Health Councils and 4 key informants. MethodsSupported by the theoretical methodological framework of Institutional Analysis. Data were produced through 28 semi-structured interviews, observation and participation in the activities of the councils and recording in the research diary. Data were organized and analyzed by the process of transcription, transposition and reconstitution. ResultsThe institutions act in the territories represented by social actors who occupy positions and functions within the Primary Health Care services, evidencing the perpetuation of hierarchization with valorization of the speeches of professionals and managers to the detriment of patients and predominance of bureaucratized meetings. The social actors reproduce the ideals of the collective to which they belong in these spaces. ConclusionsThe health management teams do not recognize the different forces that act in the health territory, however, these forces interfere in the activities performed and in health care. The groups act both in formal spaces through official representatives who meet and discuss issues in collegiate meetings and in informal spaces, and constitute forces in dispute in the health territory.

The insertion sequence excision enhancer: A PrimPol-based primer invasion system for immobilizing transposon-transmitted antibiotic resistance genes.

Evolutionary studies often identify genes that have been exchanged between different organisms and the phrase Lateral or Horizontal Gene Transfer is often used in this context. However, they rarely provide any mechanistic information concerning how these gene transfers might have occurred. With the astonishing increase in the number of sequences in public databases over the past two or three decades, identical antibiotic resistance genes have been identified in many different sequence contexts. One explanation for this would be that genes are initially transmitted by transposons which have subsequently decayed and can no longer be detected. Here, we provide an overview of a protein, IEE (Insertion Sequence Excision Enhancer) observed to facilitate high-frequency excision of IS629 from clinically important Escherichia coli O157:H7 and subsequently shown to affect a large class of bacterial insertion sequences which all transpose using the copy-out-paste-in transposition mechanism. Excision depends on both IEE and transposase indicating association with the transposition process itself. We review genetic and biochemical data and propose that IEE immobilizes genes carried by compound transposons by removing the flanking insertion sequence (IS) copies. The biochemical activities of IEE as a primase with the capacity to recognize DNA microhomologies and the observation that its effect appears restricted to IS families which use copy-out-paste-in transposition, suggests IS deletion occurs by abortive transposition involving strand switching (primer invasion) during the copy-out step. This reinforces the proposal made for understanding the widespread phenomenon loss of ISApl1 flanking mcr-1 in the compound transposon Tn6330 which we illustrate with a detailed model. This model also provides a convincing way to explain the high levels of IEE-induced precise IS excision.

The juridification of social accounting and the transposition process of the non-financial reporting directive 2014/95/EU

PurposeThis paper aims to critically analyse the transposition implications of Union Directive 2014/95. This Directive identified the need to raise the transparency of the social and environmental information provided by the undertakings to a similarly high level across all Member States.Design/methodology/approachThe paper considers how the European Member States of the European Union (EU) have transposed Directive 2014/95 into their regulations. The focus is on the juridification of social accounting in the pursuit of creating an overlapping consensus through Habermas’s concept of internal colonisation. The paper uses qualitative content analysis to scrutinise the national laws that transpose Directive 2014/95, discussing both what has been accomplished and what can be achieved by the release of future legislative provisions.FindingsDespite the aim of Directive 2014/95 to create a common language for disclosing non-financial information, this study shows an implementation gap among and between Member States and an inconsistent picture of the employment of this Directive. Its implementation in the 28 European countries was considered a process of colonisation in implementing Union directives among European undertakings. However, the implementation process, which exemplifies Habermas’s juridification, has failed due to the lack of balance between moral discourse and actions.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to the ongoing debates concerning the implementation of mandatory disclosure of environmental and social information in the EU Member States, promoting new directions for the EU’s democratic laws on social accounting. In addition, it offers an example of how internal colonisation only catalyses effects when moral laws are legitimised through the provision of procedures.

Contributions of the inverted classroom methodology in the teaching-learning process of bioclimatic architecture

Education has changed thanks to technology. Therefore, more than sharing knowledge, the aim is to promote creativity through tools and methods. This paper aims at analyzing the suitability of the inverted classroom in the teaching-learning process of bioclimatic architecture in the context of a pandemic or traditional classroom teaching. The methodology has a qualitative approach, a non-experimental design, and an exploratory study. The results confirm that the students deduced the theoretical knowledge and competencies they would have received in a linear way in the traditional classroom. In conclusion, it is suggested that the difference between this teaching practice and a traditional one was in making the theoretical derive from the practical, activating a didactic transposition process that not only simplified knowledge but was based on generating transversalities from the variables involved in the learning process.

An Epidemic of Apathy: Abulia and the Language of Pathology in Baroja’s Early Fiction

ABSTRACT: The literary exposition of abulia in Pío Baroja’s early novels, especially La lucha por la vida trilogy, illuminates the ways in which diagnostic language from psychopathology was adapted, assimilated, and disseminated through the trajectories of fictional characters who suffer from a loss of volition. This article analyzes cultural narratives about abulia in Baroja’s early fiction, demonstrating that they constitute a resonant pathological metaphor during a period in Spain’s history defined by national introspection and regenerationist debates. By tracing metaphorical explanations for social, political, and economic circumstances conveyed through the literary appropriation of medical terminology, this study explores comparisons between abulia and the gendered and class-based associations of neurasthenia at the turn of the twentieth century. Although the assumed causes of each condition are different, this process of transposition between medicine and metaphor anticipates the contemporary social, cultural, and ideological shaping of concepts such as stress and burnout.

Implementing European Union Provisions and Enabling Frameworks for Renewable Energy Communities in Nine Countries: Progress, Delays, and Gaps

With the Clean Energy for all Europeans legislative package, the European Union (EU) aimed to put consumers “at the heart” of EU energy policy. The recast of the Renewable Energy Directive (RED II) acknowledged the importance of energy communities for the energy transition and introduced new provisions for renewable energy communities (RECs), empowering them to participate in the energy market. This article analyses the progress of transposing and implementing key provisions of the RED II that apply to RECs in nine European countries and focuses on timeliness and completeness of transposition. It comprises both a qualitative and quantitative assessment covering (1) the definition, rights, and market activities of RECs; (2) key elements of enabling frameworks; and (3) consideration of REC specificities in support schemes for renewable energy. The analysis shows considerable variation in transposition performance between the analysed countries. The authors investigate the reasons for this variation and relate them to findings of European implementation and compliance research. Key factors identified include actor-related and capacity-related factors, institutional fit, and characteristics of the RED II itself. Future research in this field needs multi-faceted avenues and should pay particular attention to the influence of national governments and incumbents, not only in the transposition process, but already in upstream policy formulation at the European level.

THE PROCESS OF TEACHING TRANSPOSITION, ITS PHASES AND ITS NUANCES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF TEACHING MATERIALS

THE PROCESS OF TEACHING TRANSPOSITION, ITS PHASES AND ITS NUANCES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF TEACHING MATERIALS

An anthropological point of view: exploring the Chinese and Japanese issues of translation about teaching resources

The aim of this study is to advance understading of teachers’ and researchers’ work, in particular its cultural specificities, from a resource perspective by exploring the issues and challenges faced during the translation of a theoretical framework, the Documentational Approach to Didactics (DAD), from Western (English and French) to East Asian languages (Chinese and Japanese). A basic assumption is that the challenges encountered while translating are driven by the cultural and linguistic differences that exist between the West and East. Adopting the perspective of the Anthropological Theory of the Didactic (ATD), we frame the translation work as a transposition process of research praxeology (a model of the researchers’ practices and knowledge) from a Western to an Eastern institution. We investigate this process to identify cultural elements at different levels (school, society, civilization, etc.) using the ATD framework. After translating a DAD article into Chinese and Japanese separately, we then worked collaboratively to identify similar or diverse translation issues and investigated their origins. Consequently, the results revealed a considerable difference between the West and East, and ample similarities between China and Japan, especially in terms of the researchers’ work and its relationship with the teachers’ work.

Causes and consequences of linkage disequilibrium among transposable elements within eukaryotic genomes.

Sex and recombination can affect the dynamics of transposable elements (TEs) in various ways: while sex is expected to help TEs to spread within populations, the deleterious effect of ectopic recombination among transposons represents a possible source of purifying selection limiting their number. Furthermore, recombination may also increase the efficiency of selection against TEs by reducing selective interference among loci. In order to better understand the effects of recombination and reproductive systems on TE dynamics, this article provides analytical expressions for the linkage disequilibrium among TEs in a classical model in which TE number is stabilized by synergistic purifying selection. The results show that positive linkage disequilibrium is predicted in infinite populations despite negative epistasis, due to the effect of the transposition process. Positive linkage disequilibrium may substantially inflate the variance in the number of elements per genome in the case of partially selfing or partially clonal populations. Finite population size tends to generate negative linkage disequilibrium (Hill-Robertson effect), the relative importance of this effect increasing with the degree of linkage among loci. The model is then extended in order to explore how TEs may affect selection for recombination. While positive linkage disequilibrium generated by transposition generally disfavors recombination, the Hill-Robertson effect may represent a non-negligible source of indirect selection for recombination when TEs are abundant. However, the direct fitness cost imposed by ectopic recombination among elements generally drives the population towards low-recombination regimes, at which TEs cannot be maintained at a stable equilibrium.

SEMANTIC-STYLISTIC TRANSPOSITION OF ADJECTIVES “VIRUSNYI” / “VIRALNYI”

The article is devoted to the study of the manifestations of semantic and stylistic transposition of adjectives in the language of the mass media, using the example of the change in meaning, spheres of distribution and compatibility of the words “virusnyi” and “viralnyi”. The facts of the expansion of the meaning of the very concept “transposition” in Ukrainian linguistics have been identified. It is emphasized that manifestations of stylistic transposition and related dynamics of semantic structure and lexical conjugation of words are always in the field of linguists view. First of all, this problem attracted the attention of grammarians who interpret transposition as the transfer of words from one part of the language, and this is a narrow understanding of this process. The activity of the specified lexemes in the media sphere (on the websites of marketers, advertisers), as well as in the press, in particular on the pages of the newspaper “Govorimo po-ukrainsky”, was monitored. Changes in the semantics of the words “virusnyi” and “viralnyi” in explanatory and specialized dictionaries were analyzed. It is assumed that the word “virusnyi” will be replaced by the concept “viralnyi” in media marketing and advertising. According to preliminary conclusions, the nominations “virusnyi” and “viralnyi” still compete in network marketing. This is due, we assume, to the desire to “displace” the word “virusnyi” with negative associations that the concept has, which refers to explanations of the ways of spreading diseases, and to find a less well-known generic concept for the field of advertising, which can be classified as a term. So, both with regard to the word “virusnyi” and with regard to the lexeme “viralnyi”, we trace the expressive processes of semantic and stylistic transposition, specialization of use in the latest horizons of servicing network communication requests.