Punishment Process Research Articles

A Short Glance at the Role of Olfactory Tubercle in Odour Processing

ABSTRACTThe mammalian olfactory system is one of the most precocious sensory systems during development and is innately endowed with versatile functions distinct from other sensory systems. Perception of time‐locked olfaction‐related stimuli quickly from the external environment and encoding them accurately via the olfactory system is paramount for the survival and reproduction in the animal kingdom. The olfactory system of mammals encompasses the main and accessory parts. As one key component of the ventral striatum, the olfactory tubercle (OT), is also an important as well as indispensable sub‐region of the main olfactory system and plays a crucial role in the central processing of odours. The OT also serves as a hub linking the olfactory system with the reward system in the brain. Although extensive research has underscored the involvement of the ventral striatum in the reward and punishment process as well as motivational behaviour, the encoding mechanism of neural circuits engaged in odour detection and recognition by the OT is still largely unknown. Herein, we make a brief overview of the olfactory system and underscore the crucial role of olfactory receptors in odour detection. We also emphasize the structural and functional characterisations of the OT and corresponding neural circuits involved in odour processing.

Neighborhood effects and consequences of criminal justice contact: a research framework

This paper proposes a framework to examine how neighborhood factors influence criminal justice (CJ) contact and contribute to disparities across multiple stages of the justice process. By conceptualizing the punishment process as a dynamic set of decision-making points, this study highlights the role of neighborhood context in shaping offenders’ CJ trajectories and post-CJ residential inequality. Using Harris County, Texas, as a case study, this research considers individual-, neighborhood-, and event-level variables to understand the cumulative effects of neighborhood characteristics on CJ outcomes. This study underscores the critical need to investigate neighborhood mobility and its broader implications for community development and public policy. The findings can be supported by extensive data from the Federal Statistical Research Data Centers and the Criminal Justice Administrative Records System, offering a robust analysis of offenders’ spatial patterns and economic transitions.

Merebut Tafsiran Otoritatif Keagamaan; Perdebatan dan Kontroversi Prosesi Hukuman Ta’zir Cambuk di Lapas Aceh

This article discusses the debates and controversies surrounding the authoritative interpretation of Sharia law regarding the caning punishment process in correctional facilities (prisons) in Aceh, which was previously conducted in open fields. The debate emerged and took place across various media platforms, including social media, following the issuance of the Aceh Governor's Regulation in 2018 concerning the relocation of the punishment process. The discussion extended to deliberating the most legitimate interpretation regarding the necessity for the caning punishment to be witnessed by a group of believers; the selection of the location where the punishment is carried out; and the intent and purpose of the caning punishment itself to be witnessed by the public, as explicitly stated in Q.S. An-Nur: 2. Using literature study as the research method, this article concludes that there has been a shift in religious interpretation towards authoritarianism by considering and asserting certain interpretations as authoritative and "supposedly" in accordance with Sharia, as intended by the implementation of the caning punishment during the formalization of Sharia law in Aceh.

Criminal Policy on The Formation of Prisoners in Prisons in Criminal Law Reform

The purpose of this study is to analyze: 1) What is the criminal policy on the current penal system in prisons?2) How is the implementation of inmate development in Kaimana Class III Correctional Institution, West Papua Province?3) What is the criminal policy on the formation of prisoners in prisons in an effort to reform criminal law?. The research method used is normative juridical with a statutory approach, concept approach, and case studies. The results showed that: 1) Criminal policies related to the penal system in Indonesian prisons currently cover several aspects aimed at improving the criminal justice system, improving prisoner development, and creating a more humane environment within prisons.2) Implementation of inmate development in Kaimana Class III Correctional Institution West Papua Province: Education Program, Psychological Development and Mental Health, Social Reintegration Program, and Enhanced Security and Surveillance. 3) Criminal policy in efforts to reform criminal law related to the formation of prisoners in prisons aims to ensure that the punishment process is not only a punishment, but also provides opportunities for prisoners to be rehabilitated, fostered, and prepared to return to society better

A Critical Appraisal of The Role of Retribution in Aníkúlápó: The Movie

This study examines Aníkúlápó, a Yoruba historical movie, to elucidate cultural perspectives on retributive justice. The study is grounded in the Yoruba worldview, which frames retribution as essential for restoring cosmic and social equilibrium when moral norms are violated. The data analysis used textual analysis of Aníkúlápó’s narrative depictions of crime and punishment as insights into traditional Yoruba principles of retributive justice. The findings reveal that the movie accurately portrays customary public punishment processes in precolonial Yoruba society aimed at communal justice and harmony. Beliefs in supernatural forces dispensing divine retribution are also authentically represented. While punishments seek to deter crime and rehabilitate offenders, scholarly critiques note occasional unfairness and excess. Overall, the analysis of the movie illuminates the pivotal role of retribution in Yoruba's cultural identity and moral philosophy. The key themes in the study relate to retribution's links to cosmic balance, supernatural dimensions, and functions as deterrence and rehabilitation. By situating the analysis of Aníkúlápó within scholarship on African jurisprudence, the study elucidates Yoruba perspectives on fate, choice, proportionality, and pragmatism when responding to moral complexities and wrongdoing. This study contributes original humanistic insight into indigenous African philosophies of social harmony beyond punitive justice. This study recommends comparing diverse narratives and contemporary attitudes to enrich the understanding retribution's nuanced cultural significance.

OBSTRUCTION OF JUSTICE BY LAWYER FREDRICH YUNADI IN THE CORRUPTION CASE OF THE E-KTP (ELECTRONIC IDENTITY CARD) PROCUREMENT PROJECT INVOLVING FORMER PEOPLE'S REPRESENTATIVE COUNCIL CHAIRMAN SETYA NOVANTO

<p>Many lawyers have encountered cases of legal obstruction, which raises concerns since advocates are a respected profession within law enforcement. This paper aims to: (1) provide examples of cases and explain the modus operandi and working system in the case of Fredrich Yunadi's legal obstruction; (2) examine how legal obstacles have become phenomena within the legal profession; (3) offer sociological and psychological perspectives from criminologists; and (4) investigate the implementation and process of punishment for the perpetrators. This research falls under the category of normative research, as the author examines library and secondary materials. The study reviews positive law and legal principles. Primary legal materials, secondary legal materials, and tertiary legal materials serve as the data sources. The data collection method employed is library research or documentary studies. Based on the research findings, two main conclusions can be drawn. First, law enforcement actions in Indonesia have not effectively prevented advocates from being prosecuted for corruption, as not all legal subjects comply with relevant legal norms. This is influenced by three components of law enforcement: legal substance, law enforcement, and legal culture. Second, the connection between law enforcement and lawyers accused of obstructing justice with advocates' right to immunity is related to the fact that the position of advocates is vulnerable to intersect with obstruction of justice when advocates define their right to immunity without considering the limitations stipulated in laws and regulations. This highlights the importance of advocating a code of ethics for advocates.</p>

Effectiveness Of Criminal Sanctions Against Perpetrators Of Narcotics Crime

Increased supervision and control as an effort to prevent and eradicate drug abuse and illicit trafficking is very necessary, because crime in this field is growing both in terms of quality and quantity. Drugs have troubled our society in Indonesia because the effects of this object if consumed incorrectly and excessively by its users will be fatal, it can also result in death for its users. The research objectives are 1) Knowing the effectiveness of criminal sanctions against perpetrators of narcotics crimes. 2) Knowing the obstacles faced in increasing the effectiveness of enforcement of criminal law sanctions against perpetrators of narcotics crimes.3) Knowing the efforts made to increase the effectiveness of enforcement of criminal law sanctions against perpetrators of narcotics crimes. The approach used in this research is empirical juridical approach. This research is descriptive research. The types of data used are primary data and secondary data using primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials. This library research is conducted by searching, collecting, and studying laws and regulations and other legal materials related to the object of research. From the results of the study, namely that the increase in the number is not too large, it may be said that the punishment process has been effective. The factors inhibiting law enforcement of narcotics crimes committed by the police: Facility factors related to the problem of inadequate facilities and infrastructure and limited budget support. The community factor and the lack of public concern to report to the authorities make it difficult for law enforcers to eradicate narcotics crime The most effective and basic methods of preventing and eradicating drug abuse are promotive and preventive methods. The most practical and real efforts are repressive and humane efforts are curative and rehabilitative.

Effectiveness Of Criminal Sanctions Against Perpetrators Of Narcotics Crime

Increased supervision and control as an effort to prevent and eradicate drug abuse and illicit trafficking is very necessary, because crime in this field is growing both in terms of quality and quantity. Drugs have troubled our society in Indonesia because the effects of this object if consumed incorrectly and excessively by its users will be fatal, it can also result in death for its users. The research objectives are 1) Knowing the effectiveness of criminal sanctions against perpetrators of narcotics crimes. 2)Knowing the obstacles faced in increasing the effectiveness of enforcement of criminal law sanctions against perpetrators of narcotics crimes.3)Knowing the efforts made to increase the effectiveness of enforcement of criminal law sanctions against perpetrators of narcotics crimes. The approach used in this research is empirical juridical approach. This research is descriptive research. The types of data used are primary data and secondary data using primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials. This library research is conducted by searching, collecting, and studying laws and regulations and other legal materials related to the object of research. From the results of the study, namely that the increase in the number is not too large, it may be said that the punishment process has been effective. The factors inhibiting law enforcement of narcotics crimes committed by the police: Facility factors related to the problem of inadequate facilities and infrastructure and limited budget support. The community factor and the lack of public concern to report to the authorities make it difficult for law enforcers to eradicate narcotics crime The most effective and basic methods of preventing and eradicating drug abuse are promotive and preventive methods. The most practical and real efforts are repressive and humane efforts are curative and rehabilitative.

Working the salterns. Convict workers in the natural salt pans of Hambantota, in British colonial Sri Lanka

ABSTRACT In the early 19th century, the British colonial state in Sri Lanka embarked on an experiment in deploying convict labour for salt collecting. ‘Criminals’ from all parts of the island region convicted mainly for robbery and vagrancy and sentenced to hard labour by various courts of justice, were sent to an isolated outpost in the district of Hambantota in the deep south of Sri Lanka to labour at a naturally formed saltern known as the Maha Levaya. Executive, judicial, and administrative actors of the state played a key role in mobilising and immobilising the convicts at the saltern in order to fulfil the dual functions of punishment and profit. This paper contends that the inter-regional and local practice of im/mobilizing convicts to worksites as seen in Hambantota was a micro-spatial process of punishment, exile and labour extraction that was integral to larger processes of social control and labour coercion. However, despite the attempts at confining the convict labour force at the saltern through military and judicial means, the men condemned to labour for salt resisted the conditions of servitude through multiple strategies ranging from flight to evasion.

Data bias, intelligent systems and criminal justice outcomes

Abstract The use of artificial intelligence (AI) technology is gaining prominence in the whole gamut of the criminal justice system spanning the processes of crime identification, arrests, prosecution, sentencing and punishment. While the benefits of this are certain, so also are the demerits, especially as manifested in the data bias problem. This article focuses on the nature and impact of data bias in the development and deployment of AI on criminal justice outcomes. The justice outcomes are expressed in terms of injustice created through potential and actual breaches of human rights standards when artificial intelligence systems (AIS) are employed for criminal justice purposes. This ­article advocates a multifaceted approach involving legal, regulatory, trainings and ethical responses in combatting the data bias problem.

선진유가 정치사상에서 관대함의 의미

Kuan(寬) is one of the key behaviors of the Confucian political tradition, but it has not been fully explained. In this article, I shed light on that the correct execution of punishment was emphasized, and at the same time, that there was Confucian generosity as a political attitude in early Confucianism. That Confucian generosity is a form of renzheng(仁政) that operates in the process of punishment. Contrary to the understanding of mainstream, the process of punishment can express the politician’s benevolence and has the effect of building social solidarity and edification. This paper focuses on the Kanggao(康誥) of the Shangshu and draws on other chapters of Shangshu to explore the specifics of Confucian generosity, which is both visible and not explained in the Lunyu. The ruler's generosity, which is compatible with the penal system, is manifested in the following ways: first, by being extremely cautious in making judgments; second, by applying objective criteria for commutation; and third, by weakening the overall standards and cruelty of punishment. In the Warring States Period, the attention to ruobaochizi(若保赤子) in the Kanggao(康誥) of the Shangshu, which represents political generosity, was used as a slogan to describe the Confucian political ideal, but interestingly the Mengzi did not emphasize it. This is because the generosity, which is similar to parental love, is a mechanism for the formation of a pseudo-family relationship in the political realm. In contrast to this position of the Xunzi and the Daxue(大學) of the Liji, the Mengzi rejects the interpretation of ruobaochizi(若保赤子) as an extension of familial attitudes and interprets it as a form of ceyinzhixin(惻隱之心) through using the famous case of ruzirujng(孺子入井). The Xunzi shows an aspect of solidarity in politics that resembles family, and the Mengzi shows that any agent with ceyinzhixin(惻隱之心), not just a politician, can be the agent forming solidarity. Through this understanding of generosity, we can see that, as a political practice that resembles the practice within a family, virtuous generosity is an attitude that enables the social solidarity that recognition embodies, but also has the potential to extend to personal practice.

378. A Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Dopamine and Serotonin on Reward and Punishment Processes in Healthy Humans

378. A Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Dopamine and Serotonin on Reward and Punishment Processes in Healthy Humans

Analisis Yuridis Penerapan Diversi dan Keadilan Restoratif dalam Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak pada Tingkat Penyidikan Demi Mewujudkan Perlindungan Anak

Abstract: Purpose: This study is to find out the legal arrangements for diversion and restorative justice in the juvenile justice system at the investigative level in order to realize child protection in the Riau Islands Regional Police, to find out the implementation of diversion and restorative justice in the juvenile justice system at the investigative level in order to realize child protection in the Riau Islands Regional Police and to Know the Constraints / Barriers and Solutions to diversion and restorative justice in the juvenile justice system at the investigative level in order to realize child protection in the Riau Islands Regional Police. Method: This research is normative legal research, supported by sociological/empirical research, using secondary data sources from library research to obtain a theoretical basis in the form of opinions or writings of experts, as well as to obtain information both in the form of formal provisions and data through official texts. Result: The formal criminal justice system which ultimately places children in prison status certainly brings considerable consequences in terms of child growth and development. The punishment process given to children in prisons does not succeed in making children deterrent and become better individuals to support their growth and development process, prisons often make children more skilled in committing crimes. Keywords: 1. Diversion 2. Investigation 3. Child Protection

DIALECTIC OF CANING PUNISHMENT IN ACEH: CONTESTATION BETWEEN TEXT AND CONTEXT

The field study was conducted to assess how the execution of caning punishment in prison or detention center has been implemented in Aceh based on Qur'an and hadith perspective. Responding to the aim of study, an interpretation and explanation of the verses of Qur'an and hadith was done related to the implementation of the caning punishment, while the field data obtained by interview and documentation. The result of the study indicated that the execution process of caning in prison or detention center does not meet the standards in Qur'an and hadith because the procession is carried out in a closed place (prison) and access to the prison is bounded by standard rules. So the caning punishment process should be carried out in public places that are accessible to the society.Keywords: Caning Punishment; Prison or Detention Center; Quranic, Hadith; Sharia Formal Application

'As for dignity and respect…. me bollix': A human rights-based exploration of service user narratives in Irish methadone maintenance treatment.

This paper explores the narratives of service users of contemporary methadone maintenance treatment services (MMT) in the Republic of Ireland to obtain their perspectives in the context of them negotiating their right to health METHODS: Participants were recruited and interviewed by a former service user of MMT services. In-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with 40 current and recent users of MMT services RESULTS: Participants overwhelmingly reported a reduced sense of personal agency because of their experiences in MMT treatment. Participants observed that their perceptions of treatment were forged by a sense of reduced autonomy, coercive and disrespectful approaches from healthcare workers. Within a system which the participants considered to be failing, the services that they accessed were predicated on a process of reward and punishment, where best practice was often ignored by practitioners, all of which resulted in adverse consequences for service users DISCUSSION: The findings indicate that there is a significant 'chasm' between human rights, policy and best practice and how these are operationalised within the structures and practices of Irish MMT services. The treatment of service users, based on human rights principles such as equality, respect, autonomy, empowerment and personal choice remains aspirational and is unlikely to be fulfilled without addressing more systemic challenges such as funding, training of staff, service culture, governance and independent oversight of MMT services.

Aversive control versus stimulus control by punishment.

Estes (1944) reported that adding electric shock punishment to extinction hastened response suppression but that responding increased when shock was removed. This result contributed to a view that reinforcement and punishment are asymmetrical processes because punishment has only indirect and temporary suppressive effects. Azrin and Holz (1966) suggested the result might be interpreted instead as shock serving as a discriminative stimulus for the absence of reinforcement. Here, to further examine potential stimulus control by punishment in a similar preparation, two groups of rats initially responded for food plus punishment and a third group for food alone. Reinforcement was then removed for all groups for the remaining three phases. With P and N denoting punishment and no punishment, the four phases for the three groups were: P-P-N-N, P-N-P-N, and N-P-N-N. We found some evidence for stimulus control by shock deliveries for group N-P-N-N (as suggested by Azrin and Holz), but all other changes in responding appeared due to introduction or removal of the aversive properties of shock. Although punishment may indeed have temporary effects under many circumstances, we argue that the view that this implies asymmetrical reinforcement and punishment processes was based on the flawed assumption that reinforcement has direct strengthening effects.

Penal accountancy and the Spanish Inquisition

In this paper, we examine how accounting and financial conditions mediated public policy processes of prosecution, punishment, and imprisonment in the Spanish Inquisition during the late 16th and early 17th Centuries. Foucault’s (1979) notion of penal accountancy addresses the extent to which punishment is proportionate to the offence; drawing on this notion, the paper asks two research questions. First, what form of penal accountancy was implicated in determining the punishments of offenders? Second, to what extent was penal accountancy malleable to the financial conditions of the Spanish Inquisition? We examine original archives and extant literature on the Spanish Inquisition and draw on the work of Foucault (1979, 1980, 2002) to address these questions. We show that the Spanish Inquisition operated with two modes of punishment; one similar to that of the Ancien Régime where punishment was public execution as sovereign revenge, and a differentiated system of illegality with a penal accountancy that graded punishment according to the severity of the offence. Our findings suggest that the financial and social status of individuals impacted inquisitorial decisions about prosecution, sentencing and imprisonment. Furthermore, we argue that during periods of resource availability sentencing offenders was dominated by religious/political concerns, if at the margin moderated to reflect the offenders’ social conditions. However, sentencing became malleable to shortages in finance whereby penal accountancy worked out equivalences between reduced or commuted sentences in return for money or reduction in prison costs.

The researcher as unreliable narrator: writing sociological crime fiction as a research method

ABSTRACT Whilst works of art, including fiction, are well established as legitimate objects of sociological analysis, and the narratives crafted by the subjects of social research are widely understood to be meaningful, the use of creative writing as a methodology is still quite novel within law and the social sciences. In this article, I seek to demonstrate how the practice and process of creating fiction can extend the aesthetic, affective, and ontological possibilities of social research. Further, I argue that it offers a model for working ethically and creatively with others within a poststructuralist theoretical framework. I will do this by reflecting on the creation of a series of sociological crime fictions, written between 2015 and 2017. I discuss how this approach developed in response to concerns about working ethically with people who had experienced criminalization and stigma, drawing on Carolyn Steedman’s concept of ‘enforced narratives’. I then survey some contemporary trends in sociological fiction, and earlier feminist experimental approaches to writing research, which have inspired my approach. Using one of my own works of sociological crime fiction as an example, I demonstrate how these works are composed, drawing on a conceptualization of research as a process of ‘translation’ as developed within actor–network theory. I hope that the practice of working carefully with people with experience of the justice system to make experimental fiction, might help us reimagine and re-present complex processes of crime and punishment, in a form that can travel beyond social science audiences and enrich the practice of law.

Integrated Amygdala, Orbitofrontal and Hippocampal Contributions to Reward and Loss Coding Revealed with Human Intracranial EEG.

Neurophysiological work in primates and rodents have shown the amygdala plays a central role in reward processing through connectivity with the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and hippocampus. However, understanding the role of oscillations in each region and their connectivity in different stages of reward processing in humans has been hampered by limitations with noninvasive methods such as poor spatial and temporal resolution. To overcome these limitations, we recorded local field potentials (LFPs) directly from the amygdala, OFC and hippocampus simultaneously in human male and female epilepsy patients performing a monetary incentive delay (MID) task. This allowed us to dissociate electrophysiological activity and connectivity patterns related to the anticipation and receipt of rewards and losses in real time. Anticipation of reward increased high-frequency gamma (HFG; 60-250 Hz) activity in the hippocampus and theta band (4-8 Hz) synchronization between amygdala and OFC, suggesting roles in memory and motivation. During receipt, HFG in the amygdala was involved in outcome value coding, the OFC cue context-specific outcome value comparison and the hippocampus reward coding. Receipt of loss decreased amygdala-hippocampus theta and increased amygdala-OFC HFG amplitude coupling which coincided with subsequent adjustments in behavior. Increased HFG synchronization between the amygdala and hippocampus during reward receipt suggested encoding of reward information into memory for reinstatement during anticipation. These findings extend what is known about the primate brain to humans, showing key spectrotemporal coding and communication dynamics for reward and punishment related processes which could serve as more precise targets for neuromodulation to establish causality and potential therapeutic applications.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Dysfunctional reward processing contributes to many psychiatric disorders. Neurophysiological work in primates has shown the amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and hippocampus play a synergistic role in reward processing. However, because of limitations with noninvasive imaging, it is unclear whether the same interactions occur in humans and what oscillatory mechanisms underpin them. We addressed this issue by recording local field potentials (LFPs) from all three regions in human epilepsy patients during monetary reward processing. There was increased amygdala-OFC high-frequency coupling when losing money which coincided with subsequent adjustments in behavior. In contrast, increased amygdala-hippocampus high-frequency phase-locking suggested a role in reward memory. The findings highlight amygdala networks for reward and punishment processes that could act as more precise neuromodulation targets to treat psychiatric disorders.

Violence, Criminalization & Punitive Excess

Violence, Criminalization & Punitive Excess