Processes Of Phase Change Material Research Articles

Thermo-hydraulic performance evaluation of lattice structures with triply periodic minimal surfaces for latent heat storage devices

Triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structures exhibit significant potential in latent heat storage (LHS) applications. In this study, numerical investigations were conducted to study the thermal storage performance of four TPMS lattice types: Primitive, IWP, FRD, and Gyroid lattices, used as metallic skeletons in LHS devices. The volumes of both the TPMS skeletons and the phase change material (PCM) were kept constant, with PCM embedded either inside or outside the lattices. The melting process of PCM, the heat storage energy density, and the power density of the LHS units for different configurations were examined. Additionally, a performance evaluation coefficient was introduced to assess the heat transfer and flow characteristics of heat transfer fluid (HTF) flowing on both sides of the lattices. The results indicated that when using Primitive and FRD lattices, embedding the PCM within the internal space of the lattices resulted in a 20 % and 9.8 % higher energy storage compared to embedding it outside the lattices. The internal space of IWP and Gyroid lattices was more suitable for HTF flow channels, resulting in performance evaluation coefficients (PECs) that improved by 27.7 % and 86.3 %, respectively, when HTF flowed through the internal channels of these lattices. Moreover, the Gyroid lattice exhibited the most balanced overall heat transfer performance due to its minimal flow resistance, whereas the FRD lattice had the lowest flow performance due to its complex structure. Therefore, the Primitive and Gyroid lattices could be considered as new heat transfer structures for LHS devices, while the FRD lattice was more suitable for replacing traditional fin structures in heat sink devices.

Numerical investigation on the heat dissipation of phase change materials used in the high-speed train brake system

The massive heat dissipation demands of the brake system in high-speed trains pose a significant obstacle to achieving higher operation speeds. Phase change material has attracted considerable attention in various fields due to their exceptional heat dissipation capabilities, yet their utilization in the brake system of high-speed trains remains unexplored. This study aims to investigate the feasibility of phase change material application in the brake system of high-speed train. Specifically, in Case A, the introduction of phase change material resulted in a notable 21% decrease in the average temperature and a remarkable 40% reduction in the maximum temperature difference within the brake system. The latent heat of the phase change material plays a crucial role in maintaining a substantial temperature differential between the cooling components and discs, thereby enhancing heat flux in the brake system. Phase change materials exhibit superior cooling performance compared to traditional air cooling methods in the brake system. To expedite the cooling process of phase change material and facilitate its transition from liquid to solid, an optimized brake system structure utilizing phase change material was proposed. This optimized design holds promise in enhancing the overall heat dissipation efficiency of the high-speed train brake system.

Role of two isothermal cylinders towards three-dimensional flow and melting of phase-change materials

Recently, investigators focused on examining the melting of phase change materials (PCM) in regular two-dimensional or three-dimensional flow domains. At the same time, this topic still needs more study to get a better understanding of it. Also, such problems should be reported using the local thermal non-equilibrium (LTNE) model because the latent heat substances and the included porous elements have different temperatures. Therefore, this study examines the three-dimensional flow and melting process of phase change materials (PCM) within cubic enclosures filled with copper foam, using a local thermal non-equilibrium model (LTNE). The system includes two isothermal cylinders with different temperature conditions, varying distances, and radii, placed within the flow domain. The enthalpy-porosity approach is applied to model the PCM behavior, while the Brinkman-extended non-Darcy model accounts for high-velocity flow situations. A magnetic field is introduced to control the flow, with the Lorentz force acting opposite to gravity. The governing equations are solved using a home-developed code based on the finite volume method with the SIMPLE algorithm. Key parameters investigated include cylinder radii, Fourier number, Hartmann number, horizontal and vertical distances between cylinders, and Darcy number. The results are presented through streamlines, temperature distributions for fluid and solid phases, and profiles of the Nusselt number and average liquid fraction.

Effect of nanomaterials on the melting/freezing characteristics of phase-change material

A novel variant of composite phase-change material (PCM) was developed by incorporating 0.5 wt% aluminum oxide (Al2O3), silicon dioxide (SiO2), copper (II) oxide (CuO) and silver (Ag) nanomaterials into myristic acid. In this formulation, myristic acid served as the foundational material, while aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, copper (II) oxide and silver were employed as supporting components. The morphology and crystalline structure of the nanomaterials were studied using field-emission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis, respectively. The composite PCMs were fabricated using a two-step process. The phase-change properties of the composite PCMs were assessed using differential scanning calorimetry. The nanomaterials (0.5 wt% aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, copper (II) oxide and silver) were suspended in myristic acid separately to investigate the heat-transfer performance of the composite PCMs during phase-change processes (melting and freezing). The results clearly indicated that the duration of the melting and freezing processes of the composite PCMs decreased compared with that of the pure PCM. Thus, the newly prepared composite PCMs are potential candidates for harvesting solar energy for low-temperature heating applications.

Thermal effect of the anisotropic metal foam on the melting performance of phase change material: A pore-scale study

Recently, metal foams have been attractive in reinforcing the heat storage process of phase change materials (PCMs) beneficial from their high thermal conductivity, interconnected structure, and large specific surface. Nevertheless, the melting of PCM is not uniform caused by convective heat transfer, so it cannot be sufficiently accelerated by a traditional isotropic metal foam. In this study, we numerically investigated the melting performance of PCM in isotropic and anisotropic metal foams. Results illustrated that the X-anisotropic structure can more efficiently enhance the melting performance as compared to the isotropic original metal foam, but the Z-anisotropic structure suppresses it. Moreover, the X-anisotropy-0.5 shows the fastest melting, its complete melting time is significantly reduced by 7.99 % compared with the original model, and its heat storage power is 8.68 % higher than the original one. Instead, the Z-anisotropic models prolong the complete melting time by 11.10 % ˗ 28.55 %. It is owing that the anisotropic structure would promote the heat transfer along one direction but suppress its vertical direction. This article provides a feasible routine to accelerate the melting of metal foam-based PCMs, thus improving the heat storage power of the latent heat thermal energy storage system.

Performance prediction of tube-in-shell thermal storage devices with different inner tube positions using the HHO-BP neural network

This paper presents a numerical simulation study and a machine learning based prediction of the melting process in the Tube-in-shell thermal storage device. The two-dimensional Tube-in-shell thermal storage devices models are built to represent the position of the inner tube by two parameters, the eccentricity distance e and the eccentricity angle θ. The melting process of phase change material (PCM) under different conditions is simulated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to determine the effects of the inner tube position, inner tube radius and heating temperature on the variation of liquid phase fraction. Then, on this basis, a neural network of HHO-BP is constructed and trained by simulation data to predict the change of liquid phase fraction when the PCM melts under other conditions. The results show that the change of position in the vertical direction of the inner tube has a great influence on the melting. However, the change in the position of the inner tube in the horizontal direction has little effect on the melting rate, and the melting time is almost the same. In addition, the inner tube radius and the heating temperature both contribute significantly to the melting rate. The melting time of the model with an inner tube radius of 20 mm is 51.08 % faster than that of the model with an inner tube radius of 10 mm. The liquid phase fraction distributions of the models with heating temperatures of 60 °C and 70 °C are 0.697 and 0.935 when the melting of the models with heating temperature of 80 °C is completed. The prediction data of the HHO-BP neural network can respond to the simulation results more accurately, and all kinds of evaluation indexes are within the acceptable range. The machine learning model developed in this paper can reduce the simulation computation cost and shorten the optimization design cycle.

A novel approach for solidification enhancement of phase change materials through direct contact with a boiling fluid: An experimental investigation and visualization

Due to their remarkable properties, such as high latent heat and stable temperatures during phase transitions, phase change materials (PCMs) are widely used in thermal energy storage (TES) and thermal management systems (TMSs). However, their low thermal conductivity has limited their broader application across various industries. This study experimentally explores, for the first time, the effects of injecting boiling fluid (BF) into the PCM container as a new method to enhance heat transfer during the solidification process of PCM. To this end, Paraffin wax and acetone with saturation temperature lower than paraffin’s freezing point are selected as PCM and BF, and the influence of four various parameters, namely the initial PCM temperature (75, 85, and 95 °C), the height of the PCM inside the container (15 cm, 25 cm, and 35 cm), the flow rate of the BF (0.32, 0.46, and 0.57 L/min), and the nozzle diameter (2 mm, 3 mm, and 4 mm), on the solidification behavior of PCM, temperature distribution inside the container, and heat transfer enhancement (released energy and Nusselt number) is thoroughly scrutinized. In order to visualize and further evaluate the two simultaneous phase transitions (vaporization of the BF and solidification of the PCM), a Hele-Shaw cell with a height, width, and thickness of 50, 20, and 1 cm is considered as the PCM storage system. The findings indicate that when the BF is injected into the paraffin storage, the high heat transfer coefficient of boiling superbly improves the thermal behavior of PCM, and the solidification process occurs in a much shorter time. Also, boiling of the acetone inside the container and its direct contact with paraffin leads to a significant mixing inside the container and the creation of vortices and turbulent flow in the system, which further improves the freezing phenomenon. Furthermore, it was observed that regardless of other parameters, the flow rate of BF is the most crucial parameter, and after that, the height of the paraffin and the initial temperature have the greatest impact. By employing the highest flow rate, the proposed technique is capable of freezing 0.7, 0.5, and 0.3 L of paraffin in 48, 33, and 18 s, respectively, indicating multiple times of improvement in the full solidification time compared to previous studies.

Integrating interlayer ventilation into phase change walls: Comprehensive performance and optimization in summer

Integrating phase change materials (PCM) into building walls can improve the thermal performance of walls. However, phase change walls (PCW) in hot climates have poor thermal performance during nighttime due to the exothermic process of PCM. In this work, we proposed a novel PCW integrating with interlayer ventilation (IVPCW), which is innovative for all-day availability. Its comprehensive performance analyses and optimization were conducted. The results indicate that utilizing interlayer ventilation improved the comprehensive performance of the PCW. Moreover, the optimal phase change temperature range is [28 °C, 34 °C], the optimal phase change layer thickness is 30 mm, the optimal air delivery method is method 2, and the optimal air layer thickness is 50 mm. The average daily cooling load of IVPCW with the optimal parameter was 126.08 kJ/m2 during the cooling-season week, which was 43.7 % lower than the pre-optimization. Long-term performance analyses conclude that IVPCW can effectively reduce the cooling load, electrical cost, and CO2 emissions of air conditioning systems, which were 75.0 % lower compared with the ordinary wall (OW) and 59.1 % lower compared with PCW. In summary, IVPCW has a superior energy-saving and carbon-reducing performance to OW and PCW. This study established a theoretical foundation for the engineering implementation of IVPCW.

3D transient numerical analysis of PCM dendritic cylindrical heat sinks designed by constructal theory

The phase change material (PCM) heat sink represents an important cooling tool for many applications. The presence of a heat sink in devices requires additional space to occupy it. This led to modeling this space to obtain the highest thermal performance with the smallest size. Among the modern modeling methods is constructal theory. This work presents a numerical modeling of the performance of cylindrical phase change material heat sinks with branched heat transfer fluid tubes in the manner of arterial and venous according to constructal theory. The aim of numerical simulations is to demonstrate the effect of growth in design by increasing the number of branches on thermal performance and melting time and the extent to which this is reflected in pressure drops. Several branching configurations are studied for comparison purpose. The governing continuity, momentum and energy equations were solved using the computational fluid dynamics method. Three-dimensional transient simulations of the melting process of phase change materials were performed using an enthalpy and porosity model. Four combinations of constructal dendritic tubes were considered. The results show that the proposed dendritic PCM heat sink significantly reduces the melting time of PCM compared to the traditional heat sink consisting of a shell and single tube up to 69.1 %. The drop in heat transfer fluid temperature at the outlet decreased by up to 51.7 %. The results proved also the heat transfer enhancement is governed with pressure drop increase because of changing branches configuration. Finally, this paper demonstrated the ability of constructal theory to provide promising solutions for cylindrical heat sinks of phase change materials in various applications.

Simulation and Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Pore Shape on Heat Transfer Behavior of Phase Change Materials in Porous Metal Structures.

With the gradual increase in energy demand in global industrialization, the energy crisis has become an urgent problem. Due to high heat storage density, small volume change, and nearly constant transition temperature, phase change materials (PCMs) provide a promising method to store thermal energy. In this work, we designed and fabricated three kinds of porous metal structures with hexagonal, rectangular, and circular pores and explored the phase change process of PCMs within them. A two-dimensional numerical model was established to investigate the heat transfer process of PCMs within different shapes of porous metal structures and analyze the influence of heat source location on the thermal performance of the thermal storage units. Visualization experiments were also carried out to reveal the melting process of PCMs within different porous metal structures by a digital camera. The results show that paraffin in a porous metal structure with hexagonal pores has the fastest melting rate, while that in a porous metal structure with circular pores has the slowest melting rate. Under the bottom heating mode, the melting time of the paraffin in porous metal structures with hexagonal pores is shortened by 18.6% compared to that in porous metal structures with circular pores. Under the left heating mode, the corresponding melting time is shortened by 16.7%. These findings in this work will offer an effective method to design and optimize the structure of porous metal and improve the thermal properties of PCMs.

Effects of cooler shape and position on solidification of phase change material in a cavity

BackgroundFor balancing the imbalance between the energy supply and demand, phase-change materials (PCMs) provide an efficient means in terms of thermal energy storage and release. The performance of the energy storage is primarily dependent on the melting as well as the solidification process of the storage medium. Faster charging or discharging of the thermal energy is a primary concern for any thermal energy storage unit. On this background, the present study explores the novel approach for enhancing the solidification process of PCM considering the effects of cooler shape (namely semi-circular, triangular, and rectangular) and their position (namely top, side, and bottom) in a molten PCM-filled enclosure. The middle portion of the cooler wall is curved; whereas the remaining cooler wall is straight maintaining the same cooler wall length. MethodsTo analyze the solidification process, the involved transport equations are solved numerically following a finite volume-based computational approach using Ansys Fluent solver in conjunction with the appropriate boundary conditions. The computational model is generated for all the geometry comprising different shapes, as well as positions of the cooler wall. The third-order upwind scheme (QUICK) technique is utilized to discretize the momentum and energy equations. This scheme is well capable to accurately capture the gradients in the temperature and flow domains. Furthermore, the semi-implicit pressure-linked equation (SIMPLE) technique is utilised to address the pressure-velocity coupling. The resolved data are then saved as selective variables (U, V, and θ), which undergo post-processing to produce a local thermo-fluid flow field and extract average data. Significant findingsThe shape, as well as the position of a cooler, dictates the solidification process in an energy storage system. Thermal energy storage with a triangular-shaped cold wall positioned at the top could be opted as an appropriate design approach of an efficient energy storage system compared to a semi-circular or rectangular-shaped cooler model. The shortest solidification time of PCM occurs when the cooler wall is positioned at the top. The top position of the cooler having a triangular shape with higher Grashof number (Gr) values leads to a faster solidification process. Some ideas for possible future research areas in this field are provided after a comprehensive examination.

Numerical analysis is being conducted to investigate the effect of Nano fluids on the melting process of phase change materials (PCMs) in a semi-cylindrical container.

Analytical investigation of the impact of Nano fluids on the melting process of phase change materials (PCM) inside a semi-cylindrical container. In order to analyse the study in a quantitative manner, the combination of enthalpy and porosity was used using the ANSYS/FLUENT 22 programme. This experiment used phase transition materials, namely paraffin wax (RT58). Based on the findings of this research, it is seen that the inclusion of Nano fluid in the PCMs accelerates the dissolving process compared to the PCMs without these materials. The use of nanomaterials results in a reduction in the time needed to complete the melting process by 3 %, 4 %, and 5 % when used at concentrations of 10 %, 20 %, and 30 %, respectively. This study is important for the use of phase-change materials in the cooling of large electronic devices.

Analysis of the influence of asymmetric V-shaped fins on the melting of phase change materials in latent heat storage units

Improving the melting performance of latent heat storage devices is highly important for achieving efficient utilization of thermal energy. To achieve this goal, this paper proposes an innovative thermal storage unit with asymmetric V-shaped fins. The influence of structural parameters including eccentricity, fin angle, height and shape on the melting process of phase change materials is analysed. The results show that compared with concentric tubes without eccentricity, when the eccentricity is increased to the point where the bottom fins are in contact with the outer tube, the total melting time is shortened by 33.56%, and the average heat storage rate is increased by 32.95%. At the same time, increasing the angle and height of the top branch fins can strengthen the natural convection in the heat storage unit and shorten the total melting time by 13.54%. It is worth noting that changing the upper-side branch fin parameters has little effect on the melting process. In addition, when the shape of the branch fins constituting the V-shaped fin changes from rectangular to trapezoidal, the total melting time decreases by 3.11%. In summary, the use of asymmetric V-shaped fins can improve the melting performance and heat storage performance of eccentric heat storage units, and changing the fin shape can further shorten the total melting time and increase the average heat storage rate.

Investigation of Thermal Performance of Optimized Tree-Shaped Fins in Latent Heat Storage Units

An innovative tree-shaped fin is proposed to address the problem of low thermal conductivity of phase change materials (PCMs) in latent heat energy storage units. Numerical methods are applied to investigate the thermal properties of the melting process of PCMs. This paper investigates the effects of fin arrangement, fin geometry parameters, and temperature of the heat source on melting characteristics of PCMs in the latent heat energy storage unit. Results show that the melting time of PCMs with the inwardly-tilted fins at the top increases by 21.3% compared to the outwardly-tilted fins at the bottom. The response surface methodology is adopted to obtain the fin parameter combination with lower quality and better performance. The optimal fin dimensions are a thickness of 1.06 mm, a length of 3.38 mm, and a spacing of 12.61 mm. The reduction of the ambient temperature from 35 °C to 30 °C increases the melting time of the latent heat energy storage unit by 85%, and from 35 °C to 40 °C decreases the melting time by 29%.

Numerical investigation of the effect of an air layer on the melting process of phase change materials

Designing more effective thermal energy storage devices can result from understanding how air layers impact the melting process. The total efficiency of these systems can be improved by optimizing the melting process of the phase change materials (PCMs), which are utilised to store and release thermal energy. The current study utilises an analysis to evaluate how an air layer would affect melting of the PCM. The enthalpy-porosity combination based ANSYS/FLUENT 16 software is specifically used to accomplish this study, considering the paraffin wax (RT42) as the PCM. The study reveal that the presence of an air layer would impact the dissolution process. This result is assured an increase of melting time of PCM by 125% as a result to having an air layer of 5 cm thickness compared to a cell without an air layer. Furthermore, an increase of the layer thickness beyond 5 cm has a progressive effect on the melting time of PCM. One important component that affects the melting process is the existence of an air layer above the cell. Greater heat transfer resistance from thicker air layers prolongs the time needed to finish melting. The efficient heat transmission of PCM is shown to be reduced when there is an air layer above the cell. The melting process gradually slows down as the air layer thickness rises, which reflects the decreased heat transmission. These results highlight how crucial it is to take the environment into account while creating PCM-filled energy storage cells.

Performance evaluation and optimization of compact tube-fin latent heat storage system in phase change nanoemulsion discharge mode

The low thermal conductivity of phase change materials (PCMs) and the reduced heat transfer temperature difference along a tube both limit the thermal performance of latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES). Herein, a compact tube-fin LHTES system based on phase change nanoemulsions was developed and the heat transfer process of nanoemulsion and PCM was numerically investigated. The effects of the heat transfer structure of the heat exchanger and the thermophysical parameters of the heat transfer fluid (HTF) on the cold energy discharge performance of the system were quantified. The optimized model reduced the discharge time by 24.4 % in nanoemulsion mode relative to water. Heat transfer improvement on the PCM side could be achieved by decreasing the fin spacing and tube spacing and by increasing the fin thickness. Such improvement reinforced the heat transfer enhancement of the nanoemulsion. The heat transfer mechanism was explained by the temperature distributions of the HTF and PCM along the tube. The phase-change thermostatic properties of the nanoemulsion and PCM contributed to the formation of dual-phase-change coupled heat transfer (i.e., the heat transfer process when the fluid inside the tube and the PCM filled outside the tube undergo a simultaneous phase change) within the LHTES, increasing the heat transfer temperature difference and the magnitude of the driving force. Increasing the phase change temperature difference accelerated the onset of dual-phase-change heat transfer, while increasing the PCM content prolonged the process. Briefly, this study provided operational and design assistance for LHTES systems in nanoemulsion mode with the intention to accelerate heat transfer rates.

Approximate analytical solution for solidification of PCM in cylindrical geometry with temperature‑dependent thermal conductivity-perturbation method

The Solidification process of Phase change materials inside cylindrical enclosures is analyzed and analytical solutions are derived to determine the positions of the interfaces at different time intervals. In this current investigation, we address the scenario involving temperature-dependent thermal conductivity. For the first time, we employ perturbation techniques to analytically derive the dimensional temperature for both phases. Our study specifically incorporates a linear model to account for the variation in thermal conductivity with temperature. The results show that the duration of complete solidification relies on the Stefan number. As these parameter is augmented, the total solidification time of the cylinder diminishes and escalates, respectively. Furthermore, it has been observed that an augmentation in the thermal conductivity of the phase change material (PCM) leads to a swifter solidification process.

Evaluation of the melting process of phase change materials in a tilted rectangular container: Experimental study

Natural convection plays a crucial role in improving the heat transfer efficiency during the phase change material (PCM) melting process. A major challenge is understanding the intensity and transformation of natural convection, which was strongly affected by the container's tilt angle. In this study, the effect of tilt angles of a rectangular container on the heat storage process was investigated with paraffin as the PCM. An experimental platform was established to observe the PCM melting process in a hot ambient. A dimensionless parameter Gr·Pr2 as the ratio of buoyancy force and thermal diffusivity was proposed to evaluate the relative magnitude of natural convection and thermal conduction during the phase change process. The larger Gr·Pr² indicates stronger natural convection than thermal conduction. When the tilt angle increased from 30° to 90°, the natural convection intensified and the peak of Gr·Pr² increased from 1.58×104 to 2.30×104 by 46 %. In melting process, the Gr·Pr² increased first and then declined until the melting was completed. When Gr·Pr²≤0.3 × 104, the improvement of melting process was mainly arisen from thermal conduction. When 0.3 × 104<Gr·Pr² ≤ 1.0 × 104, both thermal conduction and natural convection simultaneously enhance the melting process. When Gr·Pr²>1.0 × 104, the acceleration of melting process was dominated by the natural convection. From the experimental results, the optimum tilt angle was 60° for the heat storage of a rectangular container filled with paraffin in a hot ambient.

Heat transfer and fluid flow in a PCM-filled enclosure: Effect of heated wall configuration

A detailed numerical investigation was conducted to scrutinize the impact of heated wall configurations, serving as a primary heat source, on the melting process of phase change materials (PCM) within a rectangular cavity. The study explored various configurations, including square, rectangular, trapezoidal, and curvy, to understand their influence on the liquid fraction, melting time, and stored energy. Through employing the enthalpy-porosity method for the phase change, the analysis revealed that wall geometry significantly affects the melting process, where formation of local enclosed regions acting as heat sources enhance both conduction and convection heat transfer mechanisms. The investigation showed that the curvy wall configuration, by facilitating more effective free convection due to its smooth and continuous surface, markedly improves the melting process. This configuration minimizes flow separation and promotes uniform fluid motion, thereby enhancing convective heat transfer efficiency, particularly in the latter melting stages. The results underscore the superiority of the curvy configuration, with a 57.6 % decrease in melting time and a 16.3 % increase in energy storage capacity compared to the baseline case. These findings highlight the critical role of heated wall geometry in advancing the efficiency of PCM-based energy storage solutions.

Heat transfer performance of copper foam/paraffin composite phase change material under different centrifugal forces-A visual experimental study

Copper foam is used to enhance the heat transfer of phase change material (PCM) due to its high thermal conductivity. However, its porous structure can restrict the convection of PCM. The natural convection of PCM embedded in copper foam under external force remains unclear. A visual experimental system was established to investigate the effect of copper foam on the heat transfer process of PCM under external force. The phase interface, temperature distribution, and heat storage rate of composite PCM (CPCM) were conducted under centrifugal forces from -5 g to 5 g. Results indicate that there is a significant difference in the melting rate and temperature distribution of PCM under different forces. Under forward force, the convection of PCM is inhibited, and the isotherm is parallel to the end-state isobars line, increasing the total melting time of CPCM and creating a large temperature gradient near the heat source. Conversely, under the backward force, the melting rate of CPCM is increased due to the enhanced natural convection of liquid PCM. The development of isotherms is influenced by buoyancy, which results in a more uniform temperature distribution of CPCM. However, the enhancement effect of the backward force is limited when it exceeds -3 g. In general, CPCM exhibits more apparent improvement in heat transfer performance under the backward force. This article provides references for the optimization design of thermal management systems.