Information Gathering Process Research Articles

Analysis of science journalism reveals gender and regional disparities in coverage

Science journalism is a critical way for the public to learn about and benefit from scientific findings. Such journalism shapes the public’s view of the current state of science and legitimizes experts. Journalists can only cite and quote a limited number of sources, who they may discover in their research, including recommendations by other scientists. Biases in either process may influence who is identified and ultimately included as a source. To examine potential biases in science journalism, we analyzed 22,001 non-research articles published by Nature and compared these with Nature-published research articles with respect to predicted gender and name origin. We extracted cited authors’ names and those of quoted speakers. While citations and quotations within a piece do not reflect the entire information-gathering process, they can provide insight into the demographics of visible sources. We then predicted gender and name origin of the cited authors and speakers. We compared articles with a comparator set made up of first and last authors within primary research articles in Nature and a subset of Springer Nature articles in the same time period. In our analysis, we found a skew toward quoting men in Nature science journalism. However, quotation is trending toward equal representation at a faster rate than authorship rates in academic publishing. Gender disparity in Nature quotes was dependent on the article type. We found a significant over-representation of names with predicted Celtic/English origin and under-representation of names with a predicted East Asian origin in both in extracted quotes and journal citations but dampened in citations.

Analysis of science journalism reveals gender and regional disparities in coverage.

Science journalism is a critical way for the public to learn about and benefit from scientific findings. Such journalism shapes the public's view of the current state of science and legitimizes experts. Journalists can only cite and quote a limited number of sources, who they may discover in their research, including recommendations by other scientists. Biases in either process may influence who is identified and ultimately included as a source. To examine potential biases in science journalism, we analyzed 22,001 non-research articles published by Nature and compared these with Nature-published research articles with respect to predicted gender and name origin. We extracted cited authors' names and those of quoted speakers. While citations and quotations within a piece do not reflect the entire information-gathering process, they can provide insight into the demographics of visible sources. We then predicted gender and name origin of the cited authors and speakers. We compared articles with a comparator set made up of first and last authors within primary research articles in Nature and a subset of Springer Nature articles in the same time period. In our analysis, we found a skew toward quoting men in Nature science journalism. However, quotation is trending toward equal representation at a faster rate than authorship rates in academic publishing. Gender disparity in Nature quotes was dependent on the article type. We found a significant over-representation of names with predicted Celtic/English origin and under-representation of names with a predicted East Asian origin in both in extracted quotes and journal citations but dampened in citations.

Biased choice and incentive salience: Implications for addiction.

Before we can make any choice, we must gather information from the environment about what our options are. This information-gathering process is critically mediated by attention, and our attention is, in turn, shaped by our previous experiences with-and learning about-stimuli and their consequences. In this review, we highlight studies demonstrating a rapid and automatic influence of reward learning on attentional capture and argue that these findings provide a human analog of sign-tracking behavior observed in nonhuman animals-wherein signals of reward gain incentive salience and become attractive targets for attention (and overt behavior) in their own right. We then consider the implications of this idea for understanding the drivers of cue-controlled behavior, with focus on addiction as a case in which choices with regard to reward-related stimuli can become injurious to health. We argue that motivated behavior in general-and addiction in particular-can be understood within a "biased competition" framework: Different options and outcomes compete for attentional priority as a function of top-down goals, bottom-up salience, and prior experience, and the winner of this competition becomes the target for subsequent outcome-directed and flexible behavior. Finally, we outline the implications of the biased-competition framework for cognitive, behavioral, and socioeconomic interventions for addiction. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Rock mass substitute geometry theory (SGT) and 3D centroid sliding pyramid (CSP) method

Discontinuous analysis methods are typically used for the stability analysis of fractured rock masses with multiple sets of joints. Among various discontinuous methods, the key block theory (KBT) requires less data input, has a higher computational efficiency, and is suitable for wide-ranging engineering applications. Classical discontinuous numerical methods typically require complete boundary information for rock block units. However, current information-gathering methods can only capture information on rock surfaces. The proposed rock mass substitute geometry theory (SGT) overcomes this limitation by using local geometric information to equivalently represent the original geometric body simplifying subsequent analyses. A 3D centroid sliding pyramid (CSP) method is introduced for motion state analysis of a rock block that uses only the collinear faces of a block’s free surfaces. A comparison of CSP with KBT proves that CSP not only addresses the issue of collecting only surface information of rock masses but it significantly minimizes the computation scale. Additionally, a 3D discontinuous analysis program was developed, encompassing the entire process of rock mass information gathering, 3D discontinuous modeling, and 3D CSP analysis. The effectiveness and efficiency of the method were validated using stochastically generated models, while its practical engineering applicability was demonstrated at an engineering site.

Low-cost tools for virtual reconstruction of traffic accident scenarios

Investigations into traffic accidents that lead to the determination of their causes and consequences are useful to all interested parties, both in the public and private sectors. One of the phases of investigation is the capture of data enabling the complete reconstruction of the accident scene, which is usually the point at which a conflict arises between the slow process of information gathering and the need to restore normal traffic flow. To reduce to a minimum the time the traffic is halted, this paper follows a methodology to reconstruct traffic accidents and puts forward a series of procedures and tools that are applicable to both large and small scenarios. The methodology uses low-cost UAV-SfM in combination with UAS aerial image capture systems and inexpensive GNSS equipment costing less than €900. This paper describes numerous tests and assessments that were carried out on four potential work scenarios (E−1 and E−2 urban roads with several intersections; E−3, an urban crossing with medium slopes; and E−4, a complex road section with different land morphologies), assessing the impact of using simple or double strip flights and the number of GCPs, their spacing distance and different distribution patterns. From the different configurations tested, the best results were achieved in those offset-type distributions where the GCPs were placed on both sides of the working area and at each end, with a spacing between 100 and 50 m and using double strip flights. Our conclusion is that the application of this protocol would be highly efficient and economical in the reconstruction of traffic accidents, provide simplicity in implementation, speed of capture and data processing, and provide reliable results quite economically and with a high degree of accuracy with RMSE values below 5 cm.

Juustest ehted Eestis: museaalid ning kasutatud tehnikad / Hair jewellery in Estonia: museum objects and applied techniques

The making and wearing of hair jewellery in the manner described in the article is a phenomenon that spread in Europe and North America between the second half of the 18th century and the early 20th century, with a peak in the second half of the 19th century. In the context of Romanticism and the Victorian tendency to open up the human emotional world, hair found its place as a valued material in the jewellery of the middle-class mourner, as in one who had recently lost a loved one. Over time, hair jewellery began to transform into not just an expression of loss, but also simply a sign of longing and care. Not only did they adorn the wearer and preserve memory, but they also played an important role in demonstrating social relationships. The growing popularity of the tradition and its spread beyond the middle-class, brought changes both in the way jewellery was made and practised at home, as well as in its deeper meaning – it came to signify not only mourning, but also love and friendship. This article introduces the hair objects preserved in the collections of Estonian museums, their wearers and makers, and briefly covers the technology behind their manufacture. Since hair jewellery, or hair work, is a little-known craft in Estonia that can be studied mainly through artefactual sources and MuIS (Museum Information System, www.muis.ee) legends, the knowledge presented in the article is based more on my practice-based research than on the literature, focusing on the main question: what were hair jewellery and how were they made? The main method I used was reconstruction, the first step of which presupposed a technique-based closer examination of the objects in the museums. On a temporal scale, this was followed by fieldwork in the Swedish settlement of Våmhus, where the tradition of hair braiding has survived unbroken to the present day. The collected information became the basis for experimentation to identify pattern algorithms and technical methods for the production of complete pieces. According to the data I have collected, there are 132 hair objects in Estonian museums, in the following types: pocket watch chains, necklaces, bracelets, bonnets, brooches, earrings, a ring, a wreath, and a hair decoration. Of all the plaited objects, the pocket watch chains are by far the most common items, with a total of 68 in museums, showing that this type of object was the most widely used in Estonia. Both men and women wore pocket watch chains and, as in the rest of Europe, it was common in Estonia to give hair braids to the opposite sex as a token of affection, which is confirmed by the notes recorded during the collection of the objects. In MuIS, the accompanying legends of the hair objects mention 39 different place names as their place of origin, which shows that the jewellery was spread almost everywhere in Estonia. The exception are the Estonian islands, where during the process of information gathering I received only one positive response, which suggests that the wearing of these jewellery items did not reach similar popularity as on the mainland. According to English-language sources, hair jewellery making has been historically divided into four different techniques: table work – braids made by lifting bundles of hair on a braiding stand, plate work – making shapes from hair by moulding them into the appropriate position and gluing them to the jewellery, hair painting – painting pictures from ground hair mixed with glue, e.g. on ivory or porcelain jewellery, and fourth, hair-wrapped wire, i.e. moulding elements from hair braided with wire and making ornaments from them. Due to the lack of Estonian-language terminology, there was a practical need for vocabulary to describe everything involved. I started by creating a typology of the different patterns as a result of the observation of museum objects, on the basis of which I divided the patterns into six techniques, denominating them based on visual information. Patterns used in the braiding of the museum objects are mainly defined as table work, and they are the result of the interchanging of hair bundles on a braiding chain (the author’s term to distinguish between braiding stands of different shapes and functions from a circular rotating tool). Hair braiding technology offers abundant possibilities of pattern and form for making a variety of objects, resulting in a unique and subtle visualeffect and adding a very personal layer to an object with its uniqueness of material choice. At the same time, it is possible to accommodate the techniques used to a wide range of materials, achieving a completely different and innovative result with the same methods. Keywords: handicraft, braiding, hair work, hair jewellery, table-work

Qualitative research: Utilization of the mobile application of national health insurance (JKN) to increase the effectiveness of services

Background: Sundari General Hospital has implemented an online registration system as a solution to the problem of patient backlogs. Patient registration via the national health insurance mobile (M-JKN) application at Sundari General Hospital has yet to reach the set target.Purpose: To analyze patient registration through the national health insurance mobile application at Sundari General Hospital.Method: Qualitative research uses a case study approach. The research was conducted from April to July 2023. The informants in the study were 10 people. The research instrument uses a list of questions as an interview guide. The information-gathering process was carried out using in-depth interviews, observation and documentation.Results: Showed that the input component has been running well, but there are still some obstacles, such as training for officers, inadequate patient infrastructure, and socialization to patients. The patient registration process has been carried out according to the SOP, but there are still many patients who need help understanding the use of the M-JKN application. The output component needs to be optimized due to the low participation of patients who register through the M-JKN application.Conclusion: Patient registration via the national health insurance mobile application at Sundari General Hospital has been going well, although there are still obstacles, and utilization is still low. However, it has been quite effective in reducing the buildup of patient queues.

Hotel Costing vs. Accounting Costing System

Purpose: This study contrasts the costing process applied in four-star hotels in Bogota with the traditional costing systems identified and used in academic training processes. Theoretical Framework: From the different definitions of cost, reference is always made to the necessary capital expenditures in the company, directly associated with the product or good that is produced, which must be easily identifiable and must also be recoverable at the time of sale of a product.At this point it is important to clarify that the term “cost” is understood as a measure of the consumption of resources related to the demand of the work and activities to be performed, while “expense” is a measure of consumption related to the capacity provided to perform the work, activity and/or process (Mejía & Salazar, 2015, p. 51). In a similar context, Rodriguez (2008) refers to expenditure as the cash outflow within a hotel related to sales and administration departments, and supports the relationship of the cost for manufacturing the product. Design/Methodology/Approach: The focus of the research process was mixed, given the combination of quantitative data collected, as well as the analysis of opinions, facts and contrasts obtained in the process of collecting information that constitute qualitative notes on the latest experiences lived by the group of experts in the development of their functions within the hotels. The variables shown in Figure 3 were present in this information gathering and evaluation process. Findings: Within the results presented, a costing system is differentiated from a costing process showing the relevant variables necessary to be called a “system”. Research, Practical & Social Implications: The pandemic generated by Covid-19 was a limiting factor for reaching this group of hotels and caused the closure of establishments and the cessation of operations in most of the lodging companies. The research group mitigated this fact by convening a group of 17 people to a focus group, as experts, validating them through their work experience since they have held positions in hotels as accountants, cost managers and controllers. Originality/Value: A sample of 43.3% of the four-star hotels in the city of Bogotá D.C. was used, where instruments were applied to present the results that were analyzed with context analysis matrices.

SOSIALISASI PENGGUNAAN APLIKASI “SIMOTOR” UNTUK PENJUALAN SPAREPART DI BENGKEL FAKHRY MOTOR

The Fakhry Motor Workshop has the opportunity to develop sales of spare parts at the Fakhry Motor Workshop using the "Simotor. This service aims to socialize the use of the "Simotor" application to local people who want to buy motorbike spare parts. The method of community service activities uses the qualitative method through the process of observation, interviews and documentation. The informants involved in the information gathering process were the owners and mechanics of the Fakhry Motor workshop. The results of this community service activity show that the use of the "Simotor" application can be understood by the owner and mechanic of the Fakhry Motor workshop. The "Simotor" application can be used for the process of buying and selling motorbike spare parts. The use of the "Simotor" application can be aimed at people who are lazy to leave the house. The "Simotor" application can be sent via courier such as in the online sales market. The "Simotor" application payment system can be via transfer or cod.

FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS’ SUBJECT SELECTION IN BANGLADESH

Subject selection is a critical decision for undergraduate students as it has a significant impact on their personal development and future careers. A mixed method approach was used to investigate the decision-making process and the factors that influence subject selection of undergraduate students at Khulna University. Quantitative data were collected from 300 participants using an online survey questionnaire, and qualitative data was gathered from four focus group discussions. The study found that in selecting academic subjects, students typically go through nine steps: identifying desire subjects; anxiety about desired subjects; seeking information from sources; assessing the influence of sources; comparing and depending on sources; understanding own motivations; comparison between subjects; making a decision; and conducting post-decision evaluations. The quantitative results show that family members and teachers were the most influential factors in choosing academic subjects. Additionally, students mentioned that they relied on a variety of human and electronic sources to gather information during their decision-making process. They relied on human sources like senior students and friends for better understanding regarding future career of a subject. They also used electronic sources like Google search, social media, and university websites in enhancing their information-gathering process. The qualitative findings suggest that in the process of selecting major students often experience mental stress due to a lack of information about desired subjects, challenges in getting preferred subject, and the pressure from families to take their preferred subject. The study offers a systematic understanding of the factors and decision-makers that shape the subject selection process of undergraduate students.

Curiosity evolves as information unfolds

When people feel curious, they often seek information to resolve their curiosity. Reaching resolution, however, does not always occur in a single step but instead may follow the accumulation of information over time. Here, we investigated changes in curiosity over a dynamic information-gathering process and how these changes related to affective and cognitive states as well as behavior. Human participants performed an Evolving Line Drawing Task, during which they reported guesses about the drawings' identities and made choices about whether to keep watching. In Study 1, the timing of choices was predetermined and externally imposed, while in Study 2, participants had agency in the timing of guesses and choices. Using this dynamic paradigm, we found that even within a single information-gathering episode, curiosity evolved in concert with other emotional states and with confidence. In both studies, we showed that the relationship between curiosity and confidence depended on stimulus entropy (unique guesses across participants) and on guess accuracy. We demonstrated that curiosity is multifaceted and can be experienced as either positive or negative depending on the state of information gathering. Critically, even when given the choice to alleviate uncertainty immediately (i.e., view a spoiler), higher curiosity promoted continuing to engage in the information-gathering process. Collectively, we show that curiosity changes over information accumulation to drive engagement with external stimuli, rather than to shortcut the path to resolution, highlighting the value inherent in the process of discovery.

COVID-19, an Accelerator of Management Control Trends in Spanish Companies

Management control evolves over time in Spanish companies due to changes in the environment in which they interact. For this reason, digital tools are incorporated with the aim of improving their efficiency. The objective of this article is to analyze the evolution and current trends of management control in the transformation of Spanish enterprises. This research uses a qualitative method through the Technique of Content Analysis. In order to do this, the results of the Management Control & Financial Strategy Survey are used, as well as reports published by KPMG organization on management control. The study reveals the transformation of management control in Spanish enterprises, which faces the need for greater speed in the information gathering process and the interpretation of data to identify changes in a shorter period of time in order to adapt to them in less time.

Post-mortem digital forensic analysis of the Garmin Connect application for Android

The Garmin Vivosmart 4 smartband can monitor various health metrics, including heart rate, oxygen saturation, body composition, and stress levels. It is a quite popular fitness tracking device, as its Android companion application – Garmin Connect – has been downloaded more than 10 million times and can provide critical forensic artifacts such as timestamped GPS-based locations. In this work, we analyze the Garmin Connect application to identify i) relevant digital forensic artifacts, and ii) assess methods to retrieve cloud-based data relevant to a digital forensic examination. For this purpose, we first establish a test scenario where the paired device/application collects data in regular real-world situations using a rooted smartphone running Android 11. The smartphone is then examined to gain insights into the data stored by the application and identify meaningful digital artifacts.To ease and automate the task of digital forensic practitioners, we have developed the Garmin Connect for Android Analyzer (GC4AA) set of Python 3 modules tailored for the digital forensic framework Android Logs Events And Protobuf Parser (ALEAPP). These open-source modules parse dumps of a Vivosmart 4 data directory and create reports displaying several digital artifacts, such as health metrics, GPS data and routes, and phone notifications. They automate the information-gathering process and produce a report specially tailored for Garmin Connect data, highlighting the most relevant artifacts. Our results show that the analysis of paired Garmin Collect/Vivosmart 4 with GC4AA can yield more digital forensic artifacts than existing open-source tools, including the following new artifacts: i) Daily Summary data; ii) GPS data; iii) Response Cache data; iv) Network Logs; v) Facebook API tokens; vi) Device Synchronization cache; vii) SpO2 reading charts. Our contributions include a graphical presentation of the collected data, greatly improving its readability and analysis.

Mobile robotics in smart farming: current trends and applications.

In recent years, precision agriculture and smart farming have been deployed by leaps and bounds as arable land has become increasingly scarce. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), by the year 2050, farming in the world should grow by about one-third above current levels. Therefore, farmers have intensively used fertilizers to promote crop growth and yields, which has adversely affected the nutritional improvement of foodstuffs. To address challenges related to productivity, environmental impact, food safety, crop losses, and sustainability, mobile robots in agriculture have proliferated, integrating mainly path planning and crop information gathering processes. Current agricultural robotic systems are large in size and cost because they use a computer as a server and mobile robots as clients. This article reviews the use of mobile robotics in farming to reduce costs, reduce environmental impact, and optimize harvests. The current status of mobile robotics, the technologies employed, the algorithms applied, and the relevant results obtained in smart farming are established. Finally, challenges to be faced in new smart farming techniques are also presented: environmental conditions, implementation costs, technical requirements, process automation, connectivity, and processing potential. As part of the contributions of this article, it was possible to conclude that the leading technologies for the implementation of smart farming are as follows: the Internet of Things (IoT), mobile robotics, artificial intelligence, artificial vision, multi-objective control, and big data. One technological solution that could be implemented is developing a fully autonomous, low-cost agricultural mobile robotic system that does not depend on a server.

“In the beginning, I said I wouldn't get it.”: Hesitant adoption of the COVID-19 vaccine in remote Alaska between November 2020 and 2021

Achieving sufficient COVID-19 vaccination coverage has been hindered in many areas by vaccine hesitancy. Many studies based on large survey samples have characterized vaccine refusal, but there are fewer in-depth qualitative studies that explore hesitant adoption: the middle-ground between vaccine acceptance and refusal, and how individuals may move across this continuum depending on their lived experience. For this paper, we use the narratives of 25 adults living in off-road, predominately Alaska Native communities to describe the complex decision-making processes undertaken by ‘hesitant adopters’, defined in our study as those who completed their initial COVID-19 series despite reporting hesitancy. Interviewees' stories help illustrate how hesitant adopters' decision-making processes involved making sense of information through interactions with trusted individuals, lived experiences, observations, emotions, and personal motivations. For the majority of these hesitant adopters' (n = 20, 80%) interpersonal interactions were key in helping to make the decision to get vaccinated. Over half of the interviewees (n = 14, 56%) described how conversations with individuals they trusted, including healthcare providers, family, friends, and interactions through their professional network made them feel safe. One third of the hesitant adopters (n = 7, 28%) attributed their decision to get vaccinated based on the influence of Alaska Native Elders including their knowledge, personal experiences, as well as being motivated by the desire to protect them. Independent research was also important to about a quarter of hesitant adopters (n = 6, 24%), and for these interviewees it was the process of gathering information on their own and learning from others, especially healthcare providers who could answer their questions and alleviate their concerns. This paper illustrates the temporality of vaccine decision-making: vaccine acceptance for those who are hesitant may be an ongoing process that is influenced by personal experience, relationships, and context.

Energy and Solar Irradiance Analysis for Hydroponic System

A Simulated impact of partial shadow on PV modules and the different partial shading on the PV panel effect on the PV performance is being analysed. The setting for the report is a hydroponic plant system equipped with a solar energy source and IoT at Pangsapuri Jasa, Mutiara Rini. The system control can reduce the carbon footprint and cause no pollution to the environment, while the information gathering process is faster without requiring a lot of time and energy. By collecting the data at Pangsapuri Jasa, the suitable irradiation data is used. The power consumption cannot be monitored by users. A shadow is casted over a panel which make the amount of sunlight reaching the surface is reduced. In addition, the partial shading effects continue to be one of the most demanding issues that directly influence the effectiveness of PV networks in terms of power outputs, the development of several peaks on the power-voltage (P-V) characteristic curve, and the incidence of hot-phenomena. Furthermore, the effective strategies are not being implemented that could save the energy consumption where analysis of the system performance is not practiced consistently when there are available strategies that can improve the system. The purpose of this project is to focus on analyzing the effect of the partial shading to the PV output performance. Also, to monitor the real time monitoring of electricity usage for hydroponic system. This project also covers the analysis of the effect of different configuration of shaded area of partial shadings on PV output performance. The study focuses on a specific kind of shading where photovoltaic panels as a shading device. The study focusses on the analysis of PV output performance on different partial shading conditions. Different number of shadings are being presented to display the experimental set up by using MATLAB Simulink

Mechanisms of cognitive disinhibition explain individual differences in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder traits

BackgroundAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults is strongly associated with psychiatric comorbidity and functional impairment. Here, we aimed to use a newly developed online cognitive battery with strong psychometric properties for measuring individual differences in three cognitive mechanisms proposed to underlie ADHD traits in adults: 1) attentional control – the ability to mobilize cognitive resources to stop a prepotent motor response; 2) information sampling/gathering – adequate sampling of information in a stimulus detection task prior to making a decision; and 3) shifting - the ability to adapt behavior in response to positive and negative contingencies. MethodsThis cross-sectional and correlational study recruited 650 adults (330 males) aged 18–69 years (M = 33.06; MD = 31.00; SD = 10.50), with previously diagnosed ADHD (n = 329) and those from the general community without a history of ADHD (n = 321). Self-report measures of ADHD traits (i.e., inattention/disorganization, impulsivity, hyperactivity) and the cognitive battery were completed online. ResultsLatent class analysis, exploratory structural equation modeling and factor mixture modeling revealed self-reported ADHD traits formed a unidimensional and approximately normally distributed phenotype. Bayesian structural equation modeling demonstrated that all three mechanisms measured by the cognitive battery, explained unique, incremental variance in ADHD traits, with a total of 15.9% explained in the ADHD trait factor. ConclusionsAttentional control and shifting, as well as the less researched cognitive process of information gathering, explain individual difference variance in self-reported ADHD traits with potential to yield genetic and neurobiological insights into adult ADHD.

Analysis of Early Reading Difficulties for Elementary School Students

This study aims to identify and define the beginning reading teaching and learning process. Some factors contributed to students’ first reading challenges and the teacher's strategies for overcoming those issues in grade II SDN 10 Koto Balingka. Eleven children with reading difficulties were identified as part of the study data gathered during the initial observation of the teaching and learning process in the classroom. In the 2023–2024 school year, it was known that several children had trouble starting to read in the second grade of SDN 10 Koto Balingka. This paper utilized a case study methodology and a qualitative technique with a descriptive qualitative design. Interview results served as the study's primary data sources, and secondary data came from research materials like books, notes, school-related information, learning reports, and documentation—specifically, photographs and audio recordings—related to students' understanding exercises. Perceptions, meetings, and documentation are used in the information-gathering processes. The instruments utilized in this study were guidelines for documentation, observation, and interviews. Data reduction, presentation, and conclusion were made in the data analysis step. The findings from this study show 1) The teacher's initial reading learning process emphasizes conjunctions in the form of simple sentences, using spelling and syllable methods. 2) Difficulty factors that hinder students from beginning reading in second grade consist of internal and external factors. Internal factors include students' physical intelligence, interest, and motivation. External factors include family factors and school factors. 3) Provide additional time for students who still have difficulty reading, teach them to read again by learning to read at home, pay more attention to students who still have difficulty reading at first, teach using various methods, and prepare interesting learning materials. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that in the teaching and learning process, there are students' difficulties in beginning reading, including (1) Difficulty in pronouncing consonants; (2) It is difficulty reading digraph letters; (3) It is difficult to distinguish similar letters; (4) Eliminating letters when we read words; (5) Difficulty in reading affixed words; (6) Not using punctuation marks; (7) reading haltingly so that there are many errors in reading; and (8) difficulty in understanding the contents of the reading. Difficulty factors that hinder students in beginning reading in grade II at SDN 10 Koto Balingka consist of students' internal and external factors. Internal factors include (1) Physical factors from students; (2) intelligence factors; (3) Interests; and (4) student motivation. External factors from students include (1) family factors and (2) school factors. The solutions given to overcome the difficulties of class II students at SDN 10 Koto Balingka in the beginning reading are: (1) Providing additional time for students who still have difficulty reading at first; (2) Teaching them to read again by learning to read at home; (3) The teacher pays more attention to students who still have difficulty reading at first; (4) Teaching using various methods; and (5) Preparing interesting learning material.

Instagram and Social Media's Influence on Indonesian Vocational School Adolescents' Hedonistic Lifestyle

Hedonistic One of a person's life's objectives is to pursue pleasure only, which is a problem that many young people face. people confront. This arose as a result of the current expansion of social media in industrialisation and globalization. The Instagram app, which can be used to communicate numerous occasions through photographs and videos, is one method to use social media. The goal of This study seeks to quantify the influence of Instagram on the hedonistic lifestyle. In this study, a sample of 70 respondents was employed, and a questionnaire was used in the information gathering process. The equation Y= 7. 855+ 0. 732X is the outcome of linear regression analysis, and the correlation coefficient (r) between the variables X and Y produced a correlation coefficient value of 0. 74. This value indicates that there is a significant and favorable correlation between the two variables. 54. 76% of the Hedonism Lifestyle is affected by Instagram, with the remaining 25. 99% influenced by other factors not examined in this study

Women's wellness in the mountains: An exploration of medicinal plants among tibeto-burman groups in Thailand

Ethnopharmacological relevanceThis study offers valuable insight into the traditional healing practices of women's healthcare within four Tibeto-Burman groups. By focusing on women's wellness, the research sheds light on the often-neglected yet significant contributions made by women in the field of traditional medicine. Aims of the studyThe study seeks to address the gap of studies on the ethnobotany of women healthcare of the Tibeto-Burman groups in Thailand and to analyst the factors that could affect the diversity of ethnobotanical knowledge. Materials and methodsThe study compiled data from 15 group-informants residing in 12 different villages. The information gathering process involved a combination of free-listing, semi-structured interviews, group discussion, and the walk-to-the-wood method. To analyze the data, the researchers used various methods such as use-reports, Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC), Relative Importance Index (RI), and Cluster analysis. ResultsThis study identified 200 plant species used in traditional women's healthcare practices, with leaves being the most frequently used part. Drinking was the most common method for internal use, while bathing and steam were the most emphasized for external use. Blumea balsamifera and Buddleja asiatica had high RI and RFC. Cluster analysis revealed that group-informants were divided by ethnicity and geographical location. ConclusionThis study contributes to the understanding of traditional healthcare practices among Tibeto-Burman groups in Thailand, with a particular focus on women's wellness. The results provide insight into the ethnobotanical knowledge of these communities and highlight the important role played by women in traditional medicine. The study underscores the need for continued research in this field to preserve and utilize this valuable knowledge.