Hydrolysis Process Research Articles

The effect of Fenton sludge on anaerobic digestion of papermaking wastewater in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor

An upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor was used to investigate the effect of adding Fenton sludge (FS) on the anaerobic digestion of actual papermaking wastewater. The results showed that a one-time addition of 10 g/L FS could sustainably promote the performance of UASB for more than 40 days. The organic matter removal efficiency increased by 15.56%, and the biogas production increased by 24.52%. The proportion of methane in biogas increased by 12.87%. Adding FS increased the capacitance values of sludge extracellular polymeric substances and the electron transfer system activity in reactor increased by 1.76 times. The dehydrogenase activity and coenzyme F420 of the sludge increased by 1.54 and 2.11 times, respectively. Adding FS enriched the iron-reducing bacteria (Thermodesulfobacteriota) and hydrolytic acid-producing bacteria (Chloroflexota and Synergistota), thereby promoting the hydrolysis and acidification process. Adding FS was beneficial to the enrichment of methanogen, especially Methanosaeta, significantly increasing the methane production.

Novel TBC1D8B variant causes neonatal nephrotic syndrome combined with acute kidney injury

BackgroundNephrotic syndrome (NPHS), characterized by proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema, can be caused by genetic variations. TBC1D8B was recently discovered as a novel disease-causing gene for X-linked NPHS. With only a few reported cases, the clinical manifestations associated with variants of this gene need to be further examined.MethodsWe recruited a newborn with NPHS complicated by acute kidney injury (AKI) and his parents and tested the potential genetic cause of the disease through trio-whole exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing. Western blotting (WB) was performed using a mutant plasmid to evaluate mutant protein expression levels. Since the TBC1D8B protein interacts with RAB proteins to catalyze the GTPase hydrolysis process, immunofluorescence (IF) can be used to verify the interaction between the TBC1D8B mutant protein and RAB11A/RAB11B, and thus to confirm its effect on the endocytosis and vesicle recycling functions of RAB proteins within the cell.ResultsThe child, at 1 month, showed severe edema and proteinuria and unexplained coma with epilepsy. Ultrasound examination revealed multiple organ enlargement, and MRI showed nonspecific high diffusion-weighted imaging signal characteristics in the splenium of the corpus callosum. Hematoxylin and eosin staining showed diffuse inflammatory cell infiltration in the renal interstitium and multifocal renal tubule lumen expansion. Diffuse fusion of podocyte foot processes was observed under electron microscopy, indicating glomerular podocyte lesions. Genetic testing revealed a maternally inherited novel hemizygous variant, NM_017752: c.628 A > T, p.Lys210Ter, in TBC1D8B. In vitro functional experiments showed that this variant may lead to TBC1D8B protein degradation. IF results showed disrupted interaction with RAB11A/RAB11B, that then affects the biological function of RAB proteins in the process of cell intimal vesicle formation and intracellular transport.ConclusionThis study will enrich the mutational and phenotypic spectra of TBC1D8B and demonstrate the potential of this gene variants to cause early-onset NPHS leading to severe kidney disease.

Transparent, Flexible, Responsive Switching "Delayed" Amphiphilic Coatings Designed on the Basis of the Full-Cycle Antifouling Strategy.

Marine fouling on the surface of ships and equipment not only creates problems of enhanced resistance to navigation and increased energy consumption but also leads to unclear vision and inaccurate data collection. Antifouling coatings to resist fouling are effective, but it is difficult to achieve long-lasting fouling protection with a single interface state. Switching the status of the interface by intelligent response is a reasonable way to achieve full-cycle efficient antifouling. In this study, the hydrophobic and active antifouling interface in the initial state was achieved by adopting the fluorine-containing group and the natural extract (citronellol) as the antifouling active site. The switching of the interface relies on silanes, which respond to the generation of zwitterions in a seawater environment. Eventually, the interface switched from the hydrophobic state to the amphiphilic state with delayed formation, which achieved continued antifouling. Based on the full-cycle antifouling concept, the combination of low surface energy and antifouling active ingredients in the initial state sustainably switched surfaces in the midterm (free radicals generated during the hydrolysis process), and amphiphilic interfaces formed by "delays" produced an antifouling effect from the initial stage to the subsequent stage. The excellent antifouling activity (bacterial and diatom attachment inhibition by over 90% and significantly reduced mussel adhesion force), optical transparency, and flexibility of these coatings indicate the potential for the application of antifouling coatings prepared from hyperbranched silicone-based resins; they can also be used for data extraction sensors, underwater probes, marine photovoltaics, and other areas where transparency is required.

A Review of the Technological Aspects and Process Optimization of Bioethanol Production From Corn Stover Biomass: Pretreatment Process, Hydrolysis, Fermentation, Purification Process, and Future Perspective

ABSTRACTBioethanol, a sustainable energy solution derived from renewable biomass, has gained prominence, with corn stover emerging as a substantial biomass resource in Indonesia. Corn stover, a corn residue, is one of the top three agricultural wastes worldwide and is abundantly available. However, a significant portion of corn stover is burned in fields rather than utilized for bioethanol production, whereas it has potential as a bioethanol feedstock. As the world strives to realize sustainable and environmentally friendly energy security, bioethanol production from corn stover can be one of the solutions to be developed. Nonetheless, the current immaturity of bioethanol production technology is one of the causes of large‐scale production failure. The present paper comprehensively reviews the technological aspects and process optimization of bioethanol production using corn stover as a feedstock comprising pretreatment, hydrolysis, fermentation, and bioethanol purification processes. According to our critical review, ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) pretreatment is the most effective conventional pretreatment, with glucose yield up to 90%. Moreover, ultrasound appears to be the most viable option for nonconventional pretreatment of corn stover for producing bioethanol. However, combining ultrasound pretreatment and dilute aqueous ammonia produced 80.6% sugar output. Furthermore, enzymatic hydrolysis emerges as the most effective saccharification, yielding up to 81.39%. Moreover, the fermentation process of corn stover with the saccharification and co‐fermentation (SScF) method and the process optimization with response surface methodology (RSM) could produce bioethanol with a concentration of up to 59.8 g/L and 92.07% ethanol yield, respectively. This review also reveals that pervaporation for the purification process is the best choice for producing bioethanol with high purity up to > 99%. In addition, this method could reduce the energy used by 6.6% lower, 24.2% lower carbon footprint, and have the lowest total capital and production costs compared to conventional molecular sieves and extractive distillation. We believe this review article can provide a reference for selecting the best bioethanol production process from corn stover for further research.

Low Fibrillation Lyocell Fiber: Analysis of Fiber and its Crosslinking Agent

AbstractIn this paper, the hydrolysis process of Dichlorohydroxytriazine (NHDT) under alkaline conditions are studied. A qualitative and quantitative method for the determination of HNDT and its hydrolysis products are established, which further clarified the hydrolysis mechanism of NHDT. Under alkaline conditions, the hydrolysis products are mainly compound 4, compound 6 and chloride (Cl−). The hydrolysis rate of NHDT at different NaOH concentration and temperature is studied. This research can be used to guide the high efficiency preparation of low fibrillation Lyocell fiber. According to the quantitative detection of wet abrasion numbers and the qualitative analysis of the fiber by SEM after slapping, it is concluded that the low fibrillation Lyocell fiber is less prone to fibrillation under the combined action of wet state and mechanical force. Due to hydrolysis of the unreacted second chlorine resulting in harmful products on the low fibrillation Lyocell fiber, the fibrillation propensity increased with the increase of storage time. The mechanical properties of low fibrillation Lyocell fiber prepared under different fiber states are studied. The tensile breaking strength of low fibrillation Lyocell fiber prepared in the form of sequentially arranged fiber bundles are better, which is closely related to the fiber surface.

Boosting Enzyme Activity in Biomass Conversion by Modulating the Hydrolysis Process of Cellobiohydrolases

Boosting Enzyme Activity in Biomass Conversion by Modulating the Hydrolysis Process of Cellobiohydrolases

Design, Synthesis of Novel Pyrimidine Derivatives Containing Alkenyl Moieties With Herbicidal Activities

ABSTRACTTo identify lead compounds with potent herbicidal activity, a range of pyrimidine derivatives containing alkenyl groups were designed, synthesized, and characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and high‐resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). The synthetic pathways for producing these compounds involved substitution reactions, cyclization, hydrolysis, and other processes. The starting materials for each reaction step were readily accessible, facilitating synthesis. The purification of the final product was straightforward, yielding approximately 80%, under mild reaction conditions. Moreover, a pot culture experiment was employed to assess the herbicidal efficacy of the aforementioned compounds. Compounds 6a, 6b, 6h, and 6j demonstrated a significant inhibition against Amaranthus retroflexus, comparable to fomesafen at 150 g a.i./hm2. This suggests that these compounds hold promise as potential lead structures for herbicidal agents. The docking results indicated that the binding energies of compound 6a with protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) were both negative and spontaneous, with numerous interaction active sites. Thus, it is speculated that compound 6a is a PPO inhibitor.

Development of Cost-Effective Sn-Free Al-Bi-Fe Alloys for Efficient Onboard Hydrogen Production through Al–Water Reaction

Leveraging the liquid-phase immiscibility effect and phase diagram calculations, a sequence of alloy powders with varying Fe content was designed and fabricated utilizing the gas atomization method. Microstructural characterizations, employing SEM, EDS, and XRD analyses, revealed the successful formation of an incomplete shell on the surfaces of Al-Bi-Fe powders, obviating the need for Sn doping. This study systematically investigated the microstructure, hydrolysis performance, and hydrolysis process of these alloys in deionized water. Notably, Al-10Bi-7Fe exhibited the highest hydrogen production, reaching 961.0 NmL/g, while Al-10Bi-10Fe demonstrated the peak conversion rate at 92.99%. The hydrolysis activation energy of each Al-Bi-Fe alloy powder was calculated using the Arrhenius equation, indicating that a reduction in activation energy was achieved through Fe doping.

Small Yellow Ginger Juice Can be Used to Improve the Flavor and Quality of Jinjiang Oyster Meat During Enzymatic Hydrolysis Process

Small Yellow Ginger Juice Can be Used to Improve the Flavor and Quality of Jinjiang Oyster Meat During Enzymatic Hydrolysis Process

Flavor compound geraniol induces inhibited nutrient utilization and developmental toxicity on embryonic–larval zebrafish

AbstractFlavors are widely utilized in the food and oral pharmaceutical industry, particularly in products for children, to enhance palatability and promote ingestion willingness. The complex compositions of flavors potentially induce severer toxicity especially in children. In this study, zebrafish embryos are applied for toxicity screening of flavor and its compounds by immersing in flavor solutions followed by the assessment of morphology of zebrafish larvae. Geraniol is identified as the prominent toxic compound and is considered highly toxic to zebrafish embryo. In further toxicology study, geraniol demonstrates the concentration‐dependent developmental toxicity as the obvious reduction of body and eye lengths, as well as the increased prevalence of tail deformities, pericardial edema, and spine deformation. Zebrafish larvae treated with geraniol exhibit reduction in liver area and exocrine pancreas length, increase in yolk sac area, as well as elevation of triglycerides and total cholesterol, which indicate the inhibited nutrient utilization. Transcriptome analysis reveals that under geraniol treatment, 248 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) are downregulated, whereas 23 DEGs are upregulated, and 110 DEGs are related to metabolic process. Biological processes of lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, protein hydrolysis, and transmembrane transport, including their involved functional genes, are all downregulated. These findings reveal the developmental toxicity of geraniol by affecting the nutrient utilization‐related organs development and biological processes. This study establishes an efficient screening model for identifying toxic flavor compounds during developing stages, thereby elucidating the potential safety risks of geraniol exposure in zebrafish and providing a comprehensive understanding of its potential toxicity mechanism.

Peracetic acid enhanced anaerobic co-digestion of excess sludge and food waste: performance and mechanism

ABSTRACT Anaerobic co-digestion of excess sludge (ES) and food waste (FW) has been proven to be a clean and efficient strategy for the resource recovery of organic waste. However, the methane production from the anaerobic co-digestion of ES and FW is not optimal. This study reports a new strategy of using peracetic acid (PAA) pretreatment to enhance the anaerobic co-digestion of ES and FW and reveals the underlying mechanisms. The results confirm that PAA can effectively promote the production of methane from the anaerobic co-digestion of ES and FW, with the maximum methane yield reaching 416 mL/g volatile suspended solids at a PAA content of 9% (w/w). Mechanistic analysis indicates that PAA efficiently facilitates the solubilization of organic matter, promoting the release of soluble proteins and polysaccharides, and accelerating the metabolic conversion of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) to prevent excessive acidification. The maximum output of VFA in the PAA group was 1,511–1,974 mg/L, which was lower than that in the control group. Batch experimental analysis revealed that PAA promoted the hydrolysis and acidification processes, but inhibited the methanogenic process. The PAA pretreatment technique provides a theoretical basis for the efficient treatment of organic matter in urban areas.

Recyclability of Zinc Palmitate-Based Composites in Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Production from Oil Feedstocks at Varied Acidity.

Zinc hydroxide nitrate (Zn5) is one of the layered metal hydroxide materials, which has been extensively reported as an effective bifunctional catalyst for biodiesel production from acidic oils. This report gives a comprehensive summary of the reactivity of Zn5 in the methanolysis of various oil feedstocks, plant oils, free fatty acids, and other acidic oils. Notably, as evidenced by this work, Zn5 is highly effective in converting acidic oils [palmitic acid/palm oil (PO)] to fatty acid methyl ester (FAME or biodiesel) at high yields ranging from 80 to 95%, withstanding acid content up to 10% without soap formation. The high FAME yields result from complex methanolysis and hydrolysis processes, e.g., transesterification of triglycerides in the PO, esterification of palmitic acid, and hydrolysis of the triglycerides. Despite this, Zn5 is nonrecyclable because it is unstable in the reaction media and transforms into zinc hydroxide nitrate/zinc palmitate (Zn5/ZnP) composites. The Zn5/ZnP composites were suitable for use in FAME production from PO at 100 °C for 2 h by using a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 30:1, yielding high FAME yields of 97 and 70.7% in the first and fourth cycles, respectively. This study added better insight into how to effectively produce FAME from oil feedstocks of varying acidity by using zinc layered hydroxide- or zinc carboxylate-based materials.

Mechanism of collagen type IV regulation by focal adhesion kinase during retained fetal membranes in dairy cows

Retained fetal membranes (RFM) is an important reproductive disease in dairy cows, caused by maternal and fetal placental tissue adhesion. The main collagen in maternal and fetal placenta tissues is collagen type IV (COL-IV) and its breakdown is the key to placental expulsion. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) has been shown to regulate the hydrolysis of Col-IV by affecting the activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity, but the regulation of the mechanisms involved in placenta expulsion in dairy cows after postpartum are still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the pathogenic mechanism of RFM by studying the relationship between the FAK signaling pathway and COL-IV regulation. Maternal placental tissues were collected from six healthy and six cows with RFM of similar age, parity, body condition and milk yield at 12 h postpartum. In vitro experiments were performed on bovine endometrial epithelial cells from three groups including a FAK inhibitor group, a FAK activator group and a control group without FAK inhibitor and activator. The abundance of molecules involved in the FAK signaling pathway and COL-IV was detected by immunohistochemistry, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot. The immunohistochemical results showed that the key molecules of FAK signaling pathway FAK, Src, MMP-2 and MMP-9 and Col-IV were expressed in placental tissues. The expression level of FAK, Src, MMP-2, and MMP-9 were significantly down-regulated (P < 0.05) and the abundances of COL-IV were significantly up-regulated (P < 0.05) in maternal placental tissues of RFM cows compared with healthy cows. In the FAK inhibitor treatment group, the relative expression levels of FAK and other related proteins were significantly down-regulated (P < 0.05) and the relative expression levels of COL-IV were significantly up-regulated (P < 0.05) with the results of the FAK activation group the opposite. These results indicated that FAK in maternal endometrial epithelial cells could regulate the hydrolysis process of Col-IV through the expression of key factors of signaling pathways and promote collagen hydrolysis, which in turn facilitated the process of postpartum placenta expulsion in dairy cows.

Alteration and progressive degradation of plastic waste in a polish operational landfill analysed over 60 years

Polyethylene (PE) plastic waste poses an environmental challenge. To explore degradation processes over an extended period, a 60-year study was conducted at an operational landfill in Poland. This landfill, in use since 1960, offers a unique chronological representation of degradation potential due to distinct layering of waste without mixing. Employing analytical techniques, such as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and fluorescence microscopy, plastic waste samples were examined over decades. FTIR identified and characterized the samples, revealing traces of degradation. DSC indicated reduced crystallinity, implying diminished chemical stability. SEM showcased plastic fragment liberation, confirming degradation. Fluorescence microscopy and SEM confirmed microorganisms’ involvement, forming colonies around areas of strong delamination. The study provides insights into plastic waste dynamics, emphasizing microorganisms and hydrolytic processes in landfills. This contributes to understanding over 60 years period and underscores the need for waste management to handle plastic pollution effectively.

Optimization through response surface modelling, experimental validation on development of nanocellulose for pharmaceutical applications

Nanocellulose, a promising polymer derived from lignocellulosic sources, is utilized in various applications such as paper production, water purification, wound dressing, scaffolds, biosensors, super-disintegrants, cosmetics, and drug delivery systems. The study investigates the production of optimized nanocellulose size using response surface methodology, examining the impact of factors like sulphuric acid concentration and temperature on the acid hydrolysis process. The central composite design was used to screen and adjust the design matrix with two-factor levels. The optimized size of nanocellulose was found to be 364.1 nm, with a zeta potential of −40.6, which shows long-term stability. Hence, process variables like sulphuric acid of 48.29% v/v and temperature of 39.7 °C were optimized to get the desired particle size from commercial cellulose. An Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was applied to determine the primary parameters that have a significant impact on the particle size of nanocellulose. Thus, the obtained nanocellulose was characterized using FTIR, XRD, DLS and TEM analysis. FTIR confirms that the functional groups of cellulose are similar in nanocellulose. As the XRD illustrates, 67% of the crystallinity index in the developed nanocellulose is semicrystalline. The particle size was found within the nm size by employing the DLS method. Nanocellulose was characterized using TEM for surface morphology. Thus, obtained nanocellulose is widely used in various pharmaceutical applications like tissue engineering, cosmeceuticals, wound healing, scaffolds, aerogels, hydrogels, and controlled release of drugs.

Bactericidal and Antifouling Coatings with the "Killing-Repelling-Killing" Triple Function Based on Cationic Copolymers with Structure Conversion and Capsaicin Analogue Release.

The capsaicin analogue N-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl) acrylamide (HMBA) was linked with polylauryl methacrylate-b-poly(2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PLMA-b-PDMAEMA) via a quaternization reaction with 4-(acrylamidomethyl)-2-methoxyphenyl 2-chloroacetate (AAMPCA). The amphiphilic copolymers were capable of transforming its structure in response to the solvent change from aprotic to protic, which was verified by the 1H NMR spectrum. The resulting cationic copolymers underwent a hydrolysis process in water, yielding zwitterionic groups on surfaces. Meanwhile, the bactericidal reagent HMBA was released. It was proved that the hydrolysis rate of the copolymers accelerated with higher temperature, higher pH value, and higher hydrophilic block units. And the controllable, sustainable release of HMBA was achieved with copolymer-mediated hydrolysis. Protein-repellent and bactericidal tests on the surface of the coating proved that antifouling and bactericidal performances of the coating correlated to the structure conversion abilities of the corresponding copolymer. The dynamic monitoring of Escherichia coli adhesion in 3 h evidenced the antifouling and bactericidal process of copolymers with different block ratios and concentrations. The coating incorporated with 3% PLMA120-b-(PDMAEMA-AAMPCA)120 in polylactic acid base materials showed an adhesion ratio of E. coli less than 1% within 1 h, and the survival ratio of the adhered bacteria is <1%, suggesting its rapid speed and high efficiency in "bacterial repelling and killing". Also, the PLMA120-b-(PDMAEMA-AAMPCA)120 copolymer demonstrated enhanced bactericidal ability compared with the mixture of cationic poly(laruyl methacrylate)120-b-poly(carboxybetaine methacrylate ester)120 (PLMA120-b-PCBMAE120) and free HMBA. The lowest minimal inhibitory concentration was 0.078 mg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus and 0.312 mg/mL against E. coli, respectively.

Enzymatic synthesis of ω-3 fatty acids-based structured phospholipids: A novel solvent-free preparation approach and its catalytic mechanism

ω-3 fatty acids-based phospholipids (ω-3-PLs) exhibit higher bioavailability within organisms and stability compared to polyunsaturated fatty acids in their neutral forms. In this study, ω-3 fatty acids enriched partial acylglycerols (ω-3-AGs) were produced from hydrolysis of algal oil firstly. The effects of hydrolysis processing parameters such as enzyme type, enzyme loading, oil-water ratio, reaction temperature, and time were evaluated. Subsequently, ω-3-PLs were prepared via interesterification of ω-3-AGs with PLs catalyzed by PLA1. When monoacylglycerols (MAGs) reached 60% in partial acylglycerols, the interesterification reaction showed a marked improvement, leading to the achievement of the optimal final ω-3-PLs content of 38.93%. Using molecular docking techniques to speculate on the catalytic mechanism, the results indicate that MAGs exhibit an affinity of up to −6.33 kcal/mol with PLA1, verifying their critical role in the interesterification process.

Enhancing short-chain fatty acids production from waste activated sludge anaerobic fermentation with addition of red mud: Performance and mechanisms

Red mud (RM) as hazardous waste produced from aluminum refining industry has threatened the environment and human health. In this study, RM was added into the fermenter to promote short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production from waste activated sludge (WAS) anaerobic fermentation. Results showed that the addition of RM could effectively improve the SCFAs production, especially, acetic acid. In particular, the production of total SCFAs and acetic acid in 20 g/L RM added fermenter were 1108.1 mg COD/L and 415.5 mg COD/L, which were 116.0% and 1308.0% higher than that in control fermenter. Batch experiment revealed that RM could enhance the hydrolysis and acidification process. Further study indicated that the activity of enzyme related to hydrolysis-acidification, abundance of fermentative bacteria for SCFAs production and functional metabolism genome were all improved with the addition of RM. The potential mechanism maybe that the RM promoted the hydrolysis-acidification process with the contained varies Fe(Ⅲ) oxides as electron acceptor, and the produced Fe2+ could serve as necessary trace elements to synthesize enzyme and then stimulate the expression of enzyme genes.

Potential Application of Egg White Peptides for Antioxidant Properties: Perspectives from Batch Stability and Network Pharmacology.

This study investigated the batch stability of egg white peptides (EWPs) during the enzymatic hydrolysis process, and confirmed the potential application of four crucial four peptides inoxidative damage repair. The results revealed that different batches of EWPs had good stability relating to antioxidant activity. With a similar sequence to confirmed antioxidant peptides, four EWPs (QMDDFE, WDDDPTD, DEPDPL, and FKDEDTQ) were identified withhigh repetition rates, and their potential to repair oxidative damage was investigated. Network pharmacology results showed that these four peptides could regulate the targets related to oxidative damage. Enrichment results demonstrated that these four peptides could influence the targets and pathways related to glutathione transferase activity (enrichment score: 148.0) and glutathione metabolism (p value: 9.22 × 10-10). This study could provide evidence for the batch stability of hydrolyzed prepared EWPs, and offer theoretical support for the development of antioxidant damage ingredients derived from foods.

Optimization of microwave-assisted hydrolysis of glucose from oil palm empty fruit bunch

Hydrolysis of oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) using microwave as an energy source is carried out to produce sugar with mild operating conditions. One way to find the best conditions that can obtain high-quality sugar is to optimize the hydrolysis process. In this study, optimization was carried out using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with a Central Composite Design (CCD) experimental design. Estimated variables to affect the hydrolysis process are the ratio of OPEFB to solvent (X1: 1:20-4:20 g/ml), solvent concentration (X2: 0.5-1.5%), and hydrolysis time (X3: 5-15 minutes). Hydrolysis success parameters were measured by hydrolysis temperature (Y1), glucose (Y2), fructose (Y3), and total sugar (Y4) concentration. The optimization results show that the three independent variables contribute 53.25% to the hydrolysis temperature and 86.42% to the sugar concentration. The recommended operating conditions were hydrolysis with the ratio of OPEFB to solvent of 4:20 g/ml, 0.50% solvent concentration, and done for 10 minutes. The hydrolysis temperature cannot be optimized because there is a mismatch in the temperature model analysis. The application of these conditions is predicted to produce glucose, fructose, and total sugar of 315.51; 258.24; 573.85 mg/L. The last step is to validate these conditions in the laboratory to get the actual value. Actual glucose, fructose, and total sugar obtained were 300.40; 245.44; 545.84 mg/L. The error in this study is less than 5% which indicates the actual value is following the predicted value. © 2001 Elsevier Science. All rights reserved