Free Radical Oxidation Processes Research Articles

Dynamics of Free Radical Oxidative Processes During the Latent Period of Experimental Metastasizing to the Liver

Purpose — to investigate the dynamics of the content of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPO1), glutathione reductase (GR) and lipid peroxidation products diene conjugates (DC), malondialdehyde (MDA) in the spleen and liver during the latent period of growth and metastasis of experimental tumor.Materials and methods. Using 28 white male rats, a model of hematogenous liver metastasis was created by transplanting sarcoma 45 cells (S45) into the spleen, previously lead out under the skin 3 weeks before. Previously, was determined that a tumor visualized in the spleen at 5 weeks, and liver metastases at 7 weeks after transplantation S45. Levels of SOD1, GPO1, GR and MDA were determined using ELISA and DC by biochemical method in spleen and liver homogenates during the latent period of tumor growth and metastasis (1–2 weeks post-transplantation).Results. Significant changes (1.5–5.2 times, р < 0.050–0.001) in studied factors levels were observed compared to intact rats and rats with the spleen lead out. Activation of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant system was noted in the spleen (tumor-carrying organ) during tumor growth and metastasis. At the same time, in the liver (the target organ of metastasis) observed also increased lipid peroxidation but simultaneously a pronounced decreased GR levels (5 times, p < 0.001) without affecting SOD1 levels.Conclusion. Liver tissue exhibited the inferiority of antioxidant protection and the formation of pro-oxidant condition during the latent period of tumor growth, which may prepare the soil for metastasis.

ANALYSIS OF ANTIOXIDANT SYSTEM OF TEST ANIMALS IN THE DYNAMICS OF THE WOUND PROCESS AT LOCAL APPLICATION OF HYDROGEL DRESSINGS

Introduction. The development of the inflammatory process is always accompanied by the activation of lipid peroxidation, which is caused by tissue hypoxia. This, in turn, catalyzes a change in the physiological parameters of the antioxidant system. The aim of the study is to analyze the dynamics of the antioxidant balance of wounds in an experiment using hydrogels saturated with silver ions and an antioxidant drug for the local treatment of inflammatory processes. Object and research methods. The experimental study was carried out on 80 Wistar rats weighing 150 to 200 grams. Animals were removed from the experiment. for 3, 7, 10, 14 days. Catalase activity in the dynamics of the wound process was determined. Research results and their discussion. The content of catalase on the 7th day in the third experimental group is 0.51±0.03 μKat/l. On the 10th day, the indicator of the antioxidant system in the second (0.44±0.05 μKat/l) and third experimental groups was 0.42±0.02 μKat/l. At the final stage of the study on the 14th day, the analysis of catalase content showed that in all animals with a simulated inflammatory process, the indicator of antioxidant activity had no significant differences between themselves and, importantly, with the indicators of intact animals (0.33±0.01 μKat /l). The indicators of the control (0.33±0.04 μKat/l) and experimental groups were as follows: the first experimental group – 0.32±0.06, the second experimental group – 0.36±0.04, the third experimental group – 0, 38±0.06 μKat/l. Antioxidant protection was supplemented by local release of a drug with antioxidant action from the hydrogels, which contributed to a reduction in the intensity of free radical oxidation processes. That is, in almost all groups of animals, which were simulated purulent-inflammatory wounds, indicators of catalase activity approached the level of intact animals already on the 14th day. Conclusions. Application for local treatment of hydrogel bandages saturated with an antioxidant drug, which is released into the wound surface for a long time, promotes the activation of antioxidant protection and suppresses the processes of free radical formation.

DEPENDENCE OF OXIDATIVE BALANCE AND CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM IN MUSCLE TISSUE ON EXERCISE INTENSITY

Intriduction. Changes in oxidative balance and lipid metabolism have the leading role in performance limitation, adaptation and maladaptation to physical activity. It is especially important to analyse the direction of metabolic changes at the subcellular level. The aim of the study is to examine the state of oxidative balance and cholesterol metabolism in muscle tissue at moderate and maximal swim-ming load. Material and methods. A comprehensive study of indicators for free-radical oxidation (content of diene conjugates, TBA-active products, chemilu-minescence intensity), antioxidant defense (total antioxidant activity, antiradical activity) and cholesterol metabolism in tissues of heart muscle and thigh muscle of white male rats at moderate and maximum swimming load was carried out. Results. The patterns of metabolic changes in muscle tissue depending on the intensity of muscular work have been established: these are the forms of compensated oxidative stress at moderate and decompensated at maximum load, against the background of decreasing cholesterol content. In cardiac tissue oxidative stress phenomena were less expressed, and changes in cholesterol content were multidirectional: a tendency to decrease at moderate load and a significant increase at maximum load. Conclusion. The reduction of antioxidant defence resources and intensification of free-radical oxidation reactions constitute one of the leading mecha-nisms for metabolic disorders due to extreme physical load, which is confirmed by reliable changes in the studied parameters. The complex study of indicators characterizing the processes of free-radical oxidation, antioxidant protection and cholesterol content is an informative criterion for the influ-ence of physical exercise on the organism. The obtained data allow us to recommend the inclusion of antioxidants in the complex prevention and ther-apy of acute physical overstrain.

Effectiveness of ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate in alcohol withdrawal

BACKGROUND: Alcohol (ethanol) use disorder is a destructive condition with alterations in impaired energy and metabolic processes and activation of free radical oxidation processes. Therefore, the use of antioxidants in the complex therapy of this pathology is pathogenetically justified, one of which is the original domestic drug ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate.
 AIM: To examine the effectiveness of ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate in intravenous, intramuscular, and intragastric methods of administration to male ICR mice in modeling alcohol withdrawal.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was performed on 9- to 10-week-old male specific pathogen-free mice of the ICR outflow with an average weight of 25.4 ± 0.2 g. Alcohol dependence in animals was modeled by a gradual increase in ethanol in the drinker from 1% to 3%, 6%, and 10% every 2 days. Upon reaching a concentration of 10%, the animals were given one bottle of alcohol and one bottle of water every other day and two bottles of alcohol on intermediate days. The position of the bottles (left/right) was changed between each alcohol access session. After 6 weeks, 10% alcohol was removed. The administration of ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate and saline solution (control group) was started twice a day for 7 days. Ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate was administered intravenously (50 and 100 mg/kg), intramuscularly (50 and 100 mg/kg), and intragastrically (100 and 150 mg/kg).
 RESULTS: Ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate was administered intravenously (50 and 100 mg/kg), intramuscularly (50 and 100 mg/kg), and intragastrically (100 and 150 mg/kg) two times a day for 7 days resulted in the manifestations of alcohol withdrawal in ICR mice with alcohol dependence. It had pronounced pharmacological activity, which manifested in a decrease in alcohol consumption, improvement of horizontal and vertical activities, improvement of movement coordination, and a decrease in the severity of withdrawal syndrome detected in the nesting ability test.
 CONCLUSION: When administered intravenously (50 and 100 mg/kg), intramuscularly (50 and 100 mg/kg), and intragastrically (100 and 150 mg/kg) to male mice, ICR had a pronounced therapeutic effect in modeling alcohol withdrawal.

Chromatographic determination of volatile compounds of Achillea micranthoides Klok. et Krytzka

The processes of free radical oxidation are known to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Therefore, the use of antioxidants is considered both pathogenetically justified and rational. Plants belonging to the genus Achillea L. are noted for their diverse content of biologically active substances, which contributes to their antioxidant activity. Given the availability of raw materials and the high biological activity of volatile compounds, it is particularly advisable to explore promising species within the genus Achillea L., such as yarrow (Achillea micrantoides Klok. et Krytzka). Yarrow is widespread in Ukraine, characterized by a long vegetation period, and holds promise for further pharmacognostic study. Aim. The purpose of the work is to study the volatile compounds of the yarrow extract (Achillea micrantoides Klok. et Krytzka) and to establish their component composition. Materials and methods. The Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) method and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) on an Agilent Technology 7890 B chromatograph were employed to determine the component composition of volatile compounds in Achillea micranthoides Klok. et Krytzka. The NIST14 mass spectral library was utilized for identifying the components of the samples. Results. Identification of volatile compound components was carried out by chromatography of ethyl acetate extracts from the leaves and inflorescences of the subject TLC in the mobile phase ethyl acetate – toluene (5:95). By the gas method Chromatography-mass spectrometry determined the presence of 30 volatile compounds of grass A. micranthoides Klok. et Krytzka, 26 of the compounds were identified, which accounted for 86.76 % of the total number of compounds.

Parameters of oxidative, nitrasive and anti-oxidative status in men with erectile dys-function due to combat trauma

The development of oxidative and nitrative stress and the processes of free radical oxidation are associated with many pathological processes. Damage of any origin leads to the activation of free radical processes not only in the place of damage, but also in the whole organism. The aim of the study is to assess the state of lipid peroxidation, content of GSH and GSSG and the activity of NO-synthase and arginase in lymphocytes and peripheral blood serum in men with erectile dysfunction due to combat trauma. The research was conducted on peripheral blood lymphocytes of men injured as a result of combat operations (shrapnel and bullet wounds) in the Russian-Ukrainian war, and who were treated at the Military Medical Clinical Center of the Western Region (Lviv, Ukraine). The research group of men with combat injuries was divided into two age groups: men aged 20–39 years and men aged 40–53 years. The MDA content in the blood serum of patients of both age groups was 1.35 times higher than in the control group. In peripheral blood lymphocytes, the MDA content in patients of the young age group was 1.27, and in patients of the middle age group in 1.39 times higher than in the control group. Simultaneously, no significant changes in the concentration of oxidized glutathione in blood serum and blood lymphocytes were found between men with erectile dysfunction due to combat trauma and healthy men. GSH content in blood serum in patients of both age groups was significantly lower than in the control group. The arginase/NOS ratio in blood serum was 9.75 times lower in the young age group and in 20.45 times lower in the middle age group compared to healthy men. It was established that in the blood serum and blood lymphocytes of men with erectile dysfunction due to combat trauma, processes of lipid peroxidation were intensified and the GSH level was reduced. The GSH/GSSG ratio was reduced only in blood serum. It was found that the oxidative stress is associated with development of nitrative stress. The arginase/NOS ratio was shifted towards increased NOS activity. Activation of iNOS was accompanied by significant inhibition of cNOS. Further study of biochemical mechanisms is important to understand the triggers of erectile dysfunction due to combat trauma.

Antiradical and immunomodulatory effects of gynecological capsules developed for complex treatment of diseases of the female reproductive system

Aim of the study was to evaluate the antiradical and immunomodulatory effects of gynecological capsules (ovules) developed for the complex treatment of diseases of the female reproductive system.Material and methods. Antiradical activity of gynecological capsules (ovuli) was evaluated in cell-free model systems by the ability to suppress the hyperproduction of free radical agents caused by the introduction of iron sulfate. Immunomodulatory activity was determined in the whole blood by their effect on the ability of phagocytic cells to generate reactive oxygen species.Results. In cell-free model systems, the studied drug composition suppressed the activation of free radical oxidative processes induced by the iron sulfate, while at the same time enhancing the production of reactive oxygen species by leukocytes.Conclusions. The results obtained may indicate that the developed gynecological capsules have antiradical and immunomodulatory activity, which allows us to consider them as a promising tool for the treatment of diseases of the female reproductive system.

PROCESSES OF FREE RADICAL OXIDATION IN THERAPY FOR PATIENTS WITH ODONTOGENIC PHLEGMONS IN MAXILLO-FACIAL AREA IN THE PRESENCE OF ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE

A large cohort of scientists is dealing with the issue of improving the treatment of maxillofacial odontogenic phlegmons. The course of these diseases is impacted by a significant number of factors, one of which is ishemic heart disease. Quercetin is a powerful antioxidant with a pronounced antioxidant effect. The use of 2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine succinate leads to increased oxidation of components, that is, to a synergistic antioxidant effect.
 The purpose of this study is to enhance the therapy of odontogenic phlegmons of maxillofacial area in patients with ishemic heart disease through the combined use of drugs with antioxidant, antihypoxant and angioprotective effects.
 Materials and methods. 80 patients with odontogenic phlegmon of maxillofacial area were examined. The participants were categorized into the following groups: Group 1 received parenteral quercetin, Group 2 received a combination of quercetin and intravenous administration of 2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine succinate, Group 3 received standard treatment (20 individuals), and Group 4 (control) comprised individuals without concomitant pathology who received the treatment according to a standard protocol (20 patients). To analyze the state of free radical oxidation processes in blood serum, the content of diene conjugates was studied.
 Results. The level of diene conjugates was increased when compared to the control group by 93.2%, 95.0% and 96.2% for the 1st, 2nd and 3rd clinical groups, respectively. On the third day of observation, patients with coronary heart disease displayed an increase in the studied indicator by 99.1%, 100.6%, and 97.8%, respectively, compared to the controls. After 5 days, in all four clinical groups, there was a decrease in diene conjugates content in blood serum compared to the previous observation period by 6.9%, 8.2%, 5.3% and 11.8%, respectively. A tendency to a gradual decrease in the content of diene conjugates was observed on the 7th day of observation in all groups by 5.5%, 6.8%, 4.2% and 11.8%, respectively, with its increase relative to the control by 112.9 %, 108.7% and 118.2% for the 1st, 2nd and 3rd clinical groups, respectively. On the 9th day of observation, a decrease in DC content by 2.7% was found only in patients of the 2nd clinical group. At the final follow-up period, a decrease in this marker was noted in all studied clinical groups relative to the previous follow-up period by 5.1%, 6.9%, 2.3%, and 9.7%, respectively.
 Conclusion: Under the combined administration of quercetin and 2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine succinate alongside a standard treatment protocol, the reduction in the level of diene conjugates in blood serum was most significant among patients with coronary heart disease, particularly in the later stages following surgical treatment.

Apelin C-terminal fragments: biological properties and therapeutic potential

The creation of bioactive molecules for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases based on natural peptides stimulates intensive experimental research. In recent years, it has been established that the C-terminal fragments of apelin, an endogenous ligand of the APJ receptor, reduce metabolic and functional disorders in experimental heart damage. The review presents literature data and generalized results of our own experiments on the effect of apelin-13, [Pyr]apelin-13, apelin-12, and their chemically modified analogues on the heart in normal conditions and when modeling pathophysiological conditions in vitro and in vivo. It has been shown that the spectrum of action of apelin peptides on the damaged myocardium covers a decrease in the death of cardiomyocytes from necrosis, a decrease in cardiomyocyte membrane damage, an improvement in the metabolic state of the myocardium, and a decrease in the formation of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation products. The mechanisms of the protective action of these peptides associated with the activation of the APJ receptor and the manifestation of antioxidant properties are discussed. The data presented in the review indicate the promise of molecular design of pharmacological APJ receptor agonists, which can serve as the basis for the development of cardioprotectors that affect the processes of free radical oxidation and metabolic adaptation.

Glutathione: synthesis, mechanism of action, antioxidant and detoxifying role

Annotation. Under the conditions of entry of toxic substances into the body and activation of redox processes, compounds of natural origin with antioxidant properties are widely used to correct metabolic disorders. The purpose of the work is to conduct an analysis and systematization of basic and modern scientific sources of literature on the role of the glutathione system in the development of pathologies. For the scientific review, data from the scientometric databases PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Google Scholar, etc. were used, and the analysis of scientific textbooks and monographs was carried out. Among water-soluble antioxidants, low- and high-molecular compounds containing SH-groups are popular in medicine, mono-, di- and tricarboxylic acids and other anions. Glutathione, a thiol-containing tripeptide, is the main endogenous non-enzymatic antioxidant that exerts cytoprotective and detoxifying properties. Various epithelial cells – enterocytes, endotheliocytes, alveolar cells of the lungs, epithelium of the proximal renal tubules, absorb and use glutathione most intensively, in particular, taken orally, so the idea of using glutathione in diseases of organs that actively participate in detoxification processes: kidneys, liver, lungs, as well as under the conditions of systemic diseases accompanied by endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress – diabetes, atherosclerosis, nephropathy. Under physiological conditions, the body maintains a dynamic balance between the content of oxidants, which stimulate the processes of free radical oxidation of biomolecules, and the activity of antioxidant systems. But under the conditions of damage to any link of the living system, increased formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibition of antioxidant systems contributes to the activation of free radical oxidation processes, the intensity of which depends on the concentration of oxygen in the tissues and on the enzymatic and non-enzymatic systems of antioxidant protection, which prevents the destruction of cells by active forms of oxygen.

High efficiency photothermal synergistic degradation of toluene achieved through the utilization of a nickel foam loaded Pt-CeO2 monolithic catalyst

Recent research highlights the pressing need for innovative and practical oxidation degradation technologies for volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In this study, a monolithic catalyst was successfully developed by loading Pt-CeO2 onto nickel foam (NF) matrix through hydrothermal and reduction methods. The photothermal catalytic performance was investigated at room temperature for varying Pt content, toluene concentration, light source type, and water content. Remarkably, the toluene removal efficiency and CO2 selectivity stabilized at 98.8 % and 74.6 %, respectively, within less than 10 min of light activation. The d-d transition thermal effect of CeO2 and plasma effect of Pt enhanced light-to-heat conversion and active free radical generation (•O2– and •OH) through light absorption, respectively. The NF matrix's excellent thermal conductivity ensured a rapid increase in catalyst temperature upon visible light irradiation, reaching 173 °C. The study demonstrated that both the Mars-van Krevelen (Mvk) oxidation process, driven by temperature increase from near-infrared (NIR) absorption, and the free radical oxidation process, induced by higher energy illumination, synergistically contributed to toluene decomposition and mineralization. The catalyst's morphology, physical and chemical properties, surface synergistic oxidation process involving gaseous oxygen and free radicals, and toluene degradation pathway were thoroughly analyzed. We believe that this coexistence of thermocatalytic and photocatalytic mechanisms in a monolithic catalyst driven by renewable solar energy holds significant potential for practical applications and warrants further exploration.

Peculiarities of the morpho-physiological reactions of mosses depending on the water-temperature regime of their local growth

The morphological structure of and the activity of the catalase of mosses Ptychostomum imbricatulum and Brachythecium rutabulum depending on microclimatic conditions of their local growth were studied. The morphological variability of moss turfs in different ecological conditions of forest ecosystems was established, in particular, the influence of the level of moisture in local growth on the morphometric parameters of mosses (the density of the turf, the height of the shoots and their foliage and the size of the leaves) was revealed. It is shown that the morphological structure of the turfs of the mosses Ptychostomum imbricatulum and Brachythecium rutabulum is important for moisture conservation and depends on the microclimatic conditions of local growth and the life form of the species. It is shown that the increase in the content of hydrogen peroxide as a signaling mediator is a component of the antioxidant protection system. It was established that the highest content of hydrogen peroxide was in shoots of P. imbricatulum from the territory of pine plantations, where the microclimatic conditions are the least favorable. The obtained results indicate the existence of interdependence between the formation of reactive oxygen species and the activity of catalase as one of the key enzymes of antioxidant protection, which indicates the signaling role of reactive oxygen species in moss cells under stress conditions. The dependence of catalase activity in moss cells on the level of hydration of their turfs was established. The activation of catalase in adverse water and temperature conditions in the shoots of the studied species indicates the participation of the enzyme in the adaptation of plants to stress and is due to the strengthening of free radical oxidation processes, in particular, an increase in the content of hydrogen peroxide.

Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity Screening of Mushrooms Growing in the Leningrad Region

Introduction. The emergence of new strains of microorganisms that are multidrug resistant (MDR) in relation to the antimicrobial drugs used is one of the pressing problems of modern medicine. To prevent an increase in MDR-related deaths, the search for new antibiotics and their introduction into medical practice must be continuously ongoing. Infectious diseases are also accompanied by cell damage and the development of free radical oxidation processes, therefore the search for new antioxidants is also an important task. Considering the powerful biosynthetic potential of basidiomycetes, this group of fungi has every prospect of becoming a new source of biologically active substances in general, as well as antibiotics and antioxidants in particular. Cap mushrooms, represented mainly by basidiomycetes, number about 14,000 species and are an accessible source of raw materials for the search for promising antimicrobial compounds and antioxidants.Aim. Study of the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of total extracts obtained from cap mushrooms against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans and assessment of the suitability of cap mushrooms as a natural source of substances with antimicrobial and antioxidant activity.Materials and methods. The antifungal and antibacterial activity of the extracts was determined by the micromethod of two-fold serial dilutions in a liquid nutrient medium in 96-well plates in duplicate. The study of this type of biological activity was carried out against reference (type) strains Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538-P, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Candida albicans NCTC 885-653. To study antioxidant activity using DPPH, we used alcoholic extracts from the fruiting bodies of mushrooms obtained by maceration with 96 % ethanol at a ratio of raw materials to extractant of 1 to 8 for 24 hours, an aqueous solution of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and an ethanol solution of Trolox.Result and discussion. In relation to S. aureus, a representative of gram-positive flora, the studied extracts of cap mushrooms showed low activity, on average about 2500 or 5000 μg/ml. In relation to E. coli, a representative of gram-negative flora, 8 % of the studied cap mushroom extracts showed an average activity of about 1250 μg/ml. The largest number of cap mushroom extracts – 19% of all studied species – showed activity against the yeast micromycete C. albicans. The highest activity against C. albicans was observed in extracts of the mushrooms Cantharellula umbonata with an MIC of 625 μg/ml, Cortinarius olivaceofuscus with an MIC of 625 μg/ml, and Hypomyces chrysospermus with an MIC of 312 μg/ml. During screening of antioxidant activity, the studied extracts were divided into three groups: with high (more than 50 % PPR), medium (from 15 to 50 % PPR) and low (less than 15 %) antioxidant activity. It was shown that the sum of phenolic compounds significantly correlates with the level of antioxidant activity in all three groups, but in the groups with medium and low antioxidant activity there are also other non-phenolic groups of compounds that make a significant contribution to the total antioxidant activity.Conclusion. Cap mushrooms are a promising source of biologically active substances with antifungal and antioxidant activity.

РОЛЬ ИЗМЕНЕНИЙ РЕДОКС-СТАТУСА В ПАТОГЕНЕЗЕ ХРОНИЧЕСКОГО ЛИМФОЛЕЙКОЗА

Introduction. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is a hemoblastosis of CD5+ B lymphocytes characterized by lymphocytosis and damages to lymphatic organs and occurring in the older age group. Its etiology and pathogenesis have not been fully understood as of today. Oxidative stress is an important factor in the regulating the hemostasis of hemopoietic stem cells and in activating intracellular survival signaling pathways in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Aim. This study is aimed at analyzing the current data on the role of redox status changes in the pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Materials and Methods. We reviewed relevant studies published in 2018-2023 and research articles collected in scientific electronic bibliographic databases PubMed and Social Sciences Citation Index, dealing with the pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and the role of free-radical oxidation processes in it. Results and Discussion. In chronic lymphocytic leukemia, oxidative stress with a systemic excess of reactive oxygen species, an imbalance in the effectiveness of antioxidant defense is caused mainly by activation of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, low levels of NADPH-oxidase type 2, increased expression of hemoxygenase-1, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione recycling enzymes, superoxide dismutase-2, thioredoxins, and decreased expression of catalase. Oxidative stress subsequences in the chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells include the activation of transcription factors related to erythroid nuclear factor, nuclear kappa B factor, and FOXO family transcription factors. One of the mechanisms of resistance to drug therapy and oxidative stress of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells is the intracellular signaling pathway dependent on erythroid nuclear factor-2, due to the activation of expression in cells of superoxide dismutase-2, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, peroxiredoxin-3 and -5, heme oxygenase-1, thioredoxin-1 and -2, reduced glutathione, natural killer cell activity, which is associated with lifespan, chemotaxis, proliferation and survival. FOXO family proteins are believed to suppress carcinogenesis. FOXO3a increases the expression of superoxide dismutase-2, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, peroxiredoxin-3 and -5, and the activity of natural killer cells, which promotes the survival of tumor cells. Conclusion. The development of new targeted pharmacological agents that are capable of accumulating reactive oxygen species and reducing antioxidant protection due to the degradation of erythroid nuclear factor-2 and activation of NADPH-quinone oxidoreductase-1 is underway, which modernizes the therapy of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ОЦЕНКА АНТИОКСИДАНТНОЙ АКТИВНОСТИ ТРАВЫ И КОРНЕЙ ЦИКОРИЯ ОБЫКНОВЕННОГО, ПРОИЗРАСТАЮЩЕГО НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ ОРЕНБУРГСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

The purpose of the work: to study the effect of water extracts of herb and roots of Cichorium intybus L., growing in the Orenburg region, on the processes of free radical oxidation in in vitro systems. Materials and methods. The objects of the study were samples of C. intybus L. raw materials collected in 2020 in the Adamovsky, Belyaevsky, Buzuluksky and Tulgansky districts of the Orenburg region. The antioxidant activity of aqueous extracts from raw materials was determined by the method of registration of chemiluminescence on the device "Chemiluminomer KhLM-003" in systems simulating the processes of production of reactive oxygen species in the Central Research Laboratory of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Bashkir State Medical University" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation . Statistica 10.0 for Windows (StatSoft, Inc.) was used for statistical processing. Results. The analysis of the obtained results established that the samples of the roots of C. intybus L. growing in the Adamovsky district of the Orenburg region, as well as all the studied samples of the herb of C. intybus L., have antioxidant properties. It was found that the most pronounced antioxidant activity, expressed in the inhibitory effect of extracts from raw materials samples on chemiluminescence in model systems, is shown by the herb of C. intybus L., growing in the Buzuluksky district of the Orenburg region, and the roots of C. intybus L., collected in the Adamovsky district of the Orenburg region. Conclusion. The herb of of Cichorium intybus L., growing in the Orenburg region, and the roots of Cichorium intybus L., collected in the Adamovsky district, can be considered as potential promising sources of natural antioxidants of plant origin.

Free Radical Oxidation and Metabolic Processes of Cartilage and Bone Tissues in Animals with Surgical Model of Posttraumatic Osteoarthrosis

INTRODUCTION: Posttraumatic osteoarthrosis (PTOA) resulting from injuries of connective-tissue components of the joint, is accompanied by formation of free radicals activating chondro- and osteoresorption, which leads to fragmentation of biopolymers of the extracellular matrix of the joint tissues.
 AIM: To study the peculiarities of free radical oxidation and metabolic processes of cartilage and bone tissues in animals with a surgical model of PTOA of the knee joint.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted on 31 rats (11 intact animals and 20 animals with PTOA model). The metabolic processes of the connective tissue were evaluated by the changes in the content of biomarkers of the cartilage (hyaluronan, aggrecan) and bone (fibroblast growth factor-23, osteprotegerin, sclerostin, osteocalcin) tissues. The condition of the free radical oxidation processes was evaluated by the level of lipid hydroperoxides, and the activity of antioxidant system by the parameters of the total antioxidant and thiol statuses.
 RESULTS: In rats with the PTOA model, an increase in cartilage tissue biopolymers aggrecan and hyaluronan (p 0.001) was noted with a negative change in the marker of bone formation (a tendency to increase in the content of osteocalcin) and markers of regulation of bone homeostasis (increased fibroblast growth factor-23, p 0.001), with a tendency to decrease in the content of osteoprotegerin and sclerostin, in comparison with intact animals of the control group. In parallel with this, an increase in lipid hydroperoxides (p 0.01) in the systemic bloodstream was detected with a decrease in the thiol status index (p 0.01) with preserved normal total antioxidant activity (p 0.05).
 CONCLUSION: The data of the conducted study evidences intensification of free radical oxidation and derangement of metabolic processes in the bone and cartilage tissues in animals with a surgical model of PTOA of the knee joint. A negative change in the metabolism of the bone tissue was manifested by the loss of balance of remodeling processes, and metabolic disorders in the cartilage tissue consisted in the destruction of its biopolymers in conditions of intensification of free radical oxidation processes and relative tension of the thiol system with the total antioxidant activity remaining within the physiological norm. The established facts are promising from the point of view of using the studied biomarkers both for the identification of pathogenetic triggers of PTOA of the knee joint, and for the determination of the direction of therapeutic measures.

Modification of low-density lipoproteins by low molecular weight carbonyl products of free-radical oxidation of lipids and carbohydrates plays a key role in atherosclerotic lesion of the vascular wall and in endothelial dysfunction

The review presents evidence of the participation of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) modified by low molecular weight dicarbonyl compounds formed during freeradical oxidation of lipids (malondialdehyde) and carbohydrates in the development of endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerotic vascular lesions. The authors believe that it is they, and not oxidized (hydroperoxide-containing) LDL, that are the main factors of pathogenesis. The role of dicarbonyl-modified LDL in LOX-1 dependent induction of processes leading to the development of endothelial dysfunction is discussed. The results of studies proving that damage to the glycocalyx (a layer of macromolecules that prevent the development of endothelial dysfunction) covering the luminal surface of the endothelium is caused by hyperproduction of reactive oxygen species. Ways of pharmacological correction of free-radical oxidation processes are discussed, due to which inhibition of atherogenesis and diabetogenesis can be achieved.

PARAMETERS OF OXIDATIVE BALANCE AND CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM IN MUSCLE TISSUE DURING PROLONGED RESTRICTION OF MOTOR ACTIVITY

Actuality. The leading role in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders in hypokinesia is performed by disorders of oxidative balance and lipid metabolism. Especially important are studies of metabolic disorders at subcellular level. The aim of the study is to investigate oxidative balance and cholesterol metabolism in muscle tissue under motor activity restriction of different duration. Material and methods. Comprehensive investigation of free radical oxidation parameters (diene conjugates, ТBA contents, intensity of chemiluminescence), antioxidant protection (total antioxidant activity, antiradical activity) and cholesterol metabolism in heart muscle and thigh muscle tissues of white male rats under movement restriction during up to 28 days, which was achieved by placing animals in individual 40 cm2 cells. Results. The patterns of metabolic changes in the muscle tissue depending on the duration of motor activity restriction were established in the form of free radical oxidation intensification, reduction of antioxidant protection resources and increase of cholesterol content in the heart muscle. These metabolic changes were expressed most prominently on the 14th to 21st days of the experiment. In addition to violations of the oxidant balance, a specific feature of changes in cholesterol content in the thigh muscle was a wave-like change of this index in the form of an increase on the 7th day of the experiment, followed by a decrease with minimal values on the 21st day of the experiment. Conclusion. Decrease in antioxidant protection resources and intensification of free-radical oxidation reactions constitute one of the leading mechanisms of metabolic disturbances in restricting motor activity, which is confirmed by significant changes of the studied indicators. Comprehensive study of the indicators characterizing the processes of free-radical oxidation, antioxidant protection and cholesterol content is an informative criterion of the effects of hypokinesia on the body, and the obtained data allow the inclusion of antioxidants in the complex prevention and therapy in forced limitation of motor activity. The author declares that there is no conflict of interest in the performance of this work.

KINETIC EQUATIONS FOR RADICAL-CHAIN OXIDATION INVOLVING PROCESS-INHIBITING ALKYL (OR HYDRO)TETRAOXYL FREE RADICAL

The derivation of kinetic equations for the oxidation processes by the free-radical nonbranched-chain mechanism is shown. This derivation is based on the proposed reaction scheme for the initiated addition of free radicals to the multiple bond of the molecular oxygen includes the addition reaction of the peroxyl free radical to the oxygen molecule to form the tetraoxyl free radical. This reaction competes with chain propagation reactions through a reactive free radical. The chain evolution stage in this scheme involves a few of free radicals, one of which – alkyl(or hydro)tetraoxyl – is relatively low-reactive and inhibits the chain process by shortening of the kinetic chain length. The rate equations (containing one to three parameters to be determined directly) are deduced using the quasi-steady-state treatment. These kinetic equations were used to describe the γ-induced nonbranched-chain processes of free-radical oxidation of liquid o-xylene at 373 K and hydrogen dissolved in water containing various amounts of oxygen at 296 K. The ratios of rate constants of competing reactions and rate constants of addition reactions to the molecular oxygen are defined. In these processes the oxygen with the increase of its concentration begins to act as an oxidation autoinhibitor (or an antioxidant), and the rate of peroxide formation as a function of the dissolved oxygen concentration has a maximum. It is shown that a maximum in these curves arises from the competition between hydrocarbon (or hydrogen) molecules and dioxygen for reacting with the emerging peroxyl 1:1 adduct radical. From the energetic standpoint possible nonchain pathways of the free-radical oxidation of hydrogen and the routes of ozone decay via the reaction with the hydroxyl free radical in the upper atmosphere (including the addition yielding the hydrotetraoxyl free radical, which can be an intermediate in the sequence of conversions of biologically hazardous UV radiation energy) were examined. The energetics of the key radical-molecule gas-phase reactions is considered.

Application of the Se NPs-Chitosan molecular complex for the correction of selenium deficiency in rats model

Selenium is an integral component of vital biologically active compounds of the human body. Currently, the population of many countries is characterized by selenium deficiency. In this regard, many preparations of inorganic and organic forms of selenium have been developed. Nevertheless, it is evident that the most effective solution to the problem is to enrich the diet with bioavailable forms of selenium. Thus, this work aimed to synthesize and study the antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects of the molecular complex of selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) and chitosan in laboratory rats with induced hyposelenosis. During the experiment with animals, we found that as a result of 70-day consumption of food with a low selenium content, rats develop an alimentary selenium deficiency state, as evidenced by a significant decrease in the content of this trace element in control group rats to 48.2 ±6.71 µg/kg versus 149.3 ±21.63 µg/kg in intact animals. Course, administration of the molecular complex Se NPs- Chitosan to rats of the experimental group, contributed to the replenishment of selenium deficiency: its concentration in the blood of animals was 96.6 ±3.57 µg/kg. Thus, in animals of the control group, there was a decrease in the total number of lymphocytes by 2.7 times, T-lymphocytes – by 1.8 times, and B-lymphocytes – by 2.3 times compared with similar data in intact animals. In the context of hyposelenosis, it is worth mentioning that there was a slight increase in the content of T-helper cells and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. The synthesized Se NPs – Chitosan complex administration during hyposelenosis demonstrated a notable immunomodulatory effect by restoring the body's immune response indicators. Thus, the total number of lymphocytes increased by 3 times, T-lymphocytes – by 1.9 times, and B-lymphocytes – by 2 times. The number of T-helper cells and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes increased by 1.9 times compared to the group of intact animals and 1.6 times compared to selenium-deficient rats. Thus, the course introduction of the molecular complex Se NPs – Chitosan against the background of selenium deficiency was accompanied by inhibition of free radical oxidation processes, activation of the antioxidant system and restoration of the immune status of the organism of laboratory animals.