Energy Harvesting Process Research Articles

2D‐Pyroelectric Materials for Waste Thermal Energy Harvesting and Beyond

AbstractPolar 2D materials hold the emerging functionalities such as ferro‐, piezo‐, and pyro‐electric properties. On account of infrared‐active low bandgap and polar nature at reduced dimensionality, they served as an ideal choice of pyroelectric material. It can cover up a diverse range of applications, such as waste thermal energy harvesting, IR imaging, photodetector, temperature sensors, and several catalytic processes due to the abundance of dynamic thermal fluxes. Recently, 2D pyroelectric materials have manifested a substantial role in thermal energy harvesting. Consequently, it is realized that there are plenty of scopes available to diversify its applicability. Thus, the challenges are spotlighted in this perspective to envision the desired 2D pyroelectric materials to achieve the effective thermal energy harvesting, sensing, and catalytic efficacy. Particularly, the emphasis is given to elucidate the role of spontaneous polarization in 2D materials to ascertain the giant pyroelectricity.

Analysis and Application of Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) Nanofiber Membrane-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerators.

The triboelectric property of materials is used to harvest energy from intentional or nonintentional sources of vibration. Contact mode freestanding dielectric based nanogenerators (CFTENGs) have many advantages when compared with other modes of triboelectric nanogenerators. The property of dielectric materials plays an important role in the energy harvesting process. In this work, we aim to fabricate nanofiber membranes of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and study their properties for CFTENGs. The morphology and porosity of both membranes were tested experimentally. The mechanical property is modeled with a representative volume element (RVE) technique to understand its deflection behavior. In addition, an electromechanical model is developed to predict and analyze the behavior of those membranes in the energy conversion process. Our research reveals that the PAN dielectric layer achieves a maximum open circuit voltage of 192 kV compared to the PVA dielectric layer (2.2 kV) in the CFTENG system. In comparison, the dielectric layer of the PAN nanofiber membrane reflects its flexibility to generate electrical energy in a CFTENG with the effect of contact electrification and electrostatic induction under various sources of unused energies for a wide range of applications. Moreover, the same methodology is applied to various sources of vibration, and their performance is reported. With an appropriate power management circuit, we can design a PAN membrane-based TENG for various applications.

(Invited) Photoelectrode Design for Photoelectrocatalytic Hydrogen Production

Semiconductor nanomaterials hold the keys for efficient solar energy harvesting and conversion processes like photocatalysis and photoelectrochemical reactions. In this talk, we will give a brief overview of our recent progress in designing semiconductor nanomaterials for photoelectrochemical energy conversion including solar hydrogen generation and low-cost solar cells. In more details, we have been focusing on a few aspects; 1) photocatalysis mechanism, light harvesting, charge separation and transfer and surface reaction engineering of low-cost metal oxide based semiconductors including TiO2, BiVO4 as efficient photoelectrode for photoelectrochemical hydrogen production; 2). The design of ultra-stable composites of perovskite-MOF with improved light emitting and photocatalytic performance.1-5 The resultant material systems exhibited efficient photocatalytic performance and improved power conversion efficiency in solar cells, which underpin sustainable development of solar-energy conversion application. References ： 1. Adv. Mater., 2018, doi:10.1002/adma.201705666.2. Angew. Chem, 2019, doi/10.1002/anie.2018105833. Nature Commun, 2020, (2020) 11:21294. Science, 2021, 374, 621.5. Adv. Mater., 2022, 34 (10), 2106776.

Learning optimal edge processing with offloading and energy harvesting

Modern portable devices can execute increasingly sophisticated AI models on sensed data. The complexity of such processing tasks is data-dependent and has relevant energy cost. This work develops an Age of Information Markovian model for a system where multiple battery-operated devices perform data processing and energy harvesting in parallel. Part of their computational burden is offloaded to an edge server which polls devices at given rate. The structural properties of an optimal policy for a single device-server system are derived. They permit to define a new model-free reinforcement learning method specialized for monotone policies, namely Ordered Q-Learning, providing a fast procedure to learn the optimal policy. The method is oblivious to the devices’ battery capacities, the cost and the value of data batch processing and to the dynamics of the energy harvesting process. Finally, the polling strategy of the server is optimized by combining this policy improvement technique with stochastic approximation methods. Extensive numerical results provide insight into the system properties and demonstrate that the proposed learning algorithms outperform existing baselines.

Kinerja Sistem Hybrid Radio Frequency Energy Harvesting Pada Sistem Komunikasi V2V

This article investigates the impact of hybrid Radio Frequency Energy Harvesting (RF-EH) techniques on cooperative Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communications systems. The energy harvesting (EH) process is carried out in the vehicle or vehicle transmitter as a source using the Time Switching (TS) protocol and in the vehicle or relay vehicle using the Power Splitting (PS) protocol. The transmitter or source vehicle obtains the RF signal for the EH process from the base station (BS), while the relay vehicle obtains the RF signal from the transmitter or source vehicle. System performance is presented with Outage Probability (OP) values ​​for different EH parameters, namely, time switching factor, α and power splitting factor â. From the simulation results, all parameters influence the OP value. The higher the value of the RF-EH parameters (α and â) results in a lower OP value. For noise power, N_0 = -100 dBm, the best OP value for α = 0.7 is 0.1214 and the best OP value for â = 0.8 is 0.1557.

Energy Harvesting System

Abstract: This paper presents a novel energy harvesting system designed to harness ambient mechanical energy using piezoelectric sensors, with the Arduino Uno microcontroller serving as the central processing unit. The system's primary objective is to convert mechanical vibrations into electrical energy, storing it for potential use in powering low-energy electronic devices. The proposed setup incorporates piezoelectric materials strategically positioned to capture mechanical vibrations from various sources. The core of the system is an Arduino Uno microcontroller, programmed to efficiently manage the energy harvesting process. The harvested energy is stored in a rechargeable battery, ensuring a consistent power supply for applications with intermittent energy demands. To validate the effectiveness of the system, a light bulb is employed as a demonstrative load, allowing for real-time observation of the energy harvesting capabilities. The paper details the experimental setup, including the placement and configuration of piezoelectric sensors, the Arduino Uno programming logic, and the integration of a light bulb for visual confirmation of the generated current. Performance metrics such as voltage output, current production, and power generation efficiency are thoroughly analyzed under varying environmental conditions and mechanical vibrations. Results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed energy harvesting system, showcasing its potential as a sustainable power source for low-power electronic devices. The combination of piezoelectric materials, Arduino Uno control, and a practical load application illustrates a promising approach to energy harvesting, paving the way for advancements in self-sufficient and ecofriendly power solutions

Vibration reduction and energy harvesting of the marine stern shaft-bearing systems with triboelectric generator

The stringent requirements for vibration reduction in marine propeller shaft are essential due to the increased effects of transverse vibration. In order to effectively minimize the energy consumption and realize the energy harvesting during the process of vibration control, a triboelectric generator is proposed for the marine stern bearing-shaft systems by a combination of vibration reduction and energy harvesting. The vibration reduction is achieved using an adjustable damping magnetorheological shock absorber. The energy harvesting is realized through contact electrification and electrostatic induction during the vertical contact-separation of electrode plate. The Poincaré surface of the shaft and bearing demonstrates that the proposed triboelectric generator can be applicable for the vibration reduction and energy harvesting. Meanwhile, the controlled responses of suspension travel, soleplate deflection, acceleration of shaft and bearing, and forces are subjected to analysis. The energy harvesting process encompasses the acquisition of resistor current, PDMS charge, open-circuit voltage and electrical energy of the system. Moreover, the influence of various model parameters on both vibration reduction rate and electrical energy harvesting are discussed. It is anticipated that a more optimal satisfaction in terms of vibration reduction and energy harvesting can be attained through the adjustment of model parameter.

Thermally tunable nonreciprocal radiation in lithography-free vanadium dioxide-dielectric-Weyl semimetal stack

Nonreciprocal thermal radiation (NTR) holds great promise in revolutionizing energy harvesting and conversion process, has become a hot topic of various research fields ranging from renewable energy, molecular sensing, to thermal circuitry and camouflage. Despite intensive effort into enhance the nonreciprocal response, static manipulation of NTR has limited the potential application, dynamic control of thermal radiation is highly demanded. Here, by using a multilayered stack comprised of vanadium dioxide (VO2) thin film, germanium (Ge) spacer layer, Weyl semimetal (WSM) layer terminated by molybdenum (Mo) substrate, we propose a thermally tunable nonreciprocal emitter. The effects of the incident angle (θi), azimuthal angle (ϕi), and the thickness of each layer for the VO2/Ge/WSM stack on the characteristics of thermal radiation have been discussed thoroughly. Dominant peaks and dips of nonreciprocity have been obtained with an incident angle of θi=60° and azimuthal angle of ϕi=0°. A switching effect between the near-unity nonreciprocity (”ON”) and zero nonreciprocity (”OFF”) states are induced when the temperature increases from 20 °C to 68 °C. It is shown that the magnitude and sign of the nonreciprocity can be managed simultaneously for transverse electric (s-) and transverse magnetic (p-) polarizations. The proposed structure shows good near-unity nonreciprocity stability in a wide range of θi and ϕi. This structurally lithography-free nonreciprocal thermal emitter not only provides the ability to tune nonreciprocal radiative properties, but also leads to the possible development of power scavenging and conversion devices.

Real-Time Ab Initio Investigation on Hot Electron Relaxation Dynamics in Silicon.

The relaxation of hot electrons in semiconductors is pivotal for both energy harvesting processes and optoelectronics. Utilizing a self-developed non-adiabatic molecular dynamics simulation approach in the momentum space (NAMD_k), we have examined the dynamics of hot electrons in silicon. Whether excited from the Γ or L point, the relaxation dynamics exhibit two distinct stages. Initially, within 100 fs, electrons scatter with phonons throughout the Brillouin zone. Subsequently, over a few picoseconds, they further relax toward the conduction band minimum as a whole. This picture of hot electron relaxation is highly consistent with the quasi-equilibrium hot electron ensemble (HEE) concept. Throughout the hot electron relaxation process, energy transfer to phonons is efficient, leading to time-dependent phonon excitation, which is thoroughly analyzed. This investigation provides a novel perspective on hot electron relaxation in silicon, which holds substantive implications for the realm of photovoltaic and optoelectronic device applications.

Flexible and wearable battery-free backscatter wireless communication system for colour imaging

Wireless imaging, equipped with ultralow power wireless communications and energy harvesting (EH) capabilities, have emerged as battery-free and sustainable solutions. However, the challenge of implementing wireless colour imaging in wearable applications remains, primarily due to high power demands and the need to balance energy harvesting efficiency with device compactness. To address these issues, we propose a flexible and wearable battery-free backscatter wireless communication system specially designed for colour imaging. The system features a hybrid RF-solar EH array that efficiently harvests energy from both ambient RF and visible light energy, ensuring continuous operation in diverse environments. Moreover, flexible materials allow the working system to conform to the human body, ensuring comfort, user-friendliness, and safety. Furthermore, a compact design utilizing a shared-aperture antenna array for simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT), coupled with an optically transparent stacked structure. This design not only optimizes space but also maintains the performance of both communication and EH processes. The proposed flexible and wearable systems for colour imaging would have potentially applications in environmental monitoring, object detection, and law enforcement recording. This approach demonstrates a sustainable and practical solution for the next generation of wearable, power-demanding devices.

Modelling energy-harvesting processes in primitive cells: Proton transport across bilayers driven by the oxidation of sulfite

A frequently debated topic related to the origin of life centers around the question of how complex forms of life on today's Earth may have evolved over time from simpler predecessors. For example, the question of how proton concentration gradients across cellular membranes developed in ancestral protocells remains unanswered. This process, which is indispensable for the generation of chemical energy in modern organisms, is driven by energy derived from redox processes in the respiratory chain. Since it is highly unlikely that the complex machinery of the respiratory chain was available on early Earth, we provide an example of how proton gradients can be established in less complex systems. Utilizing liposomes as models of primitive cells, we were able to generate proton gradients of about two pH units across the liposome bilayers using redox reactions as the driving force. Electrons were transferred from sodium sulfite present on the outside of the liposomes to ferricyanide, which was trapped on the inside. A lipid-soluble phenazine derivative served as a shuttle that transferred both electrons and protons across the lipid bilayer. Because sulfite would have been an abundant reduced solute available to the earliest cells, we propose that it may have been a primary source of redox energy for primitive chemiosmotic energy transduction.

An Enhanced Nonlinear Energy Sink for Hybrid Bifurcation Passive Mitigation and Energy Harvesting From Aeroelastic Galloping Phenomena

Abstract Galloping is a self-excited vibration problem that structures immersed in fluid flow can experience. Due to its essential nonlinear phenomena, the structure exhibits limit cycle oscillations (LCOs), which, at high levels, can lead to failure of the systems. This work proposes an investigation of electromagnetic-enhanced nonlinear energy sinks (NES-EH) for the hybrid mitigation of aeroelastic LCOs and energy harvesting. The study focuses on a prismatic bluff body with a linear suspension immersed in the airflow, using classical steady nonlinear modeling for aerodynamic loads. The conventional NES approach is adopted, employing cubic stiffness and linear damping. Additionally, a linear electromagnetic transducer is included in the assembly for the energy harvesting process. By combining the method of multiple scales with the Harmonic Balance Method, analytical solutions are derived to characterize the system's dynamics under the influence of the device. The different response domains and their respective boundaries induced by the NES-EH are characterized based on the bifurcation diagrams. Furthermore, a slow invariant manifold (SIM) characterization is presented for each induced response domain, and its significant features are discussed. Parametric studies are carried out based on bifurcation analyses to assess the effect of NES-EH parameters on the galloping system dynamics, which allows for designing the absorber parameters. The electrical resistance is optimized to maximize the harvested power. The optimal design of NES-EH is then compared with classical energy harvesting solutions for the galloping problem. Additionally, a thorough analysis of the Target Energy Transfer phenomenon is performed.

HRL-Based Access Control for Wireless Communications With Energy Harvesting

This paper studies the access control problem of long-term throughput maximization in wireless communication systems with Energy Harvesting (EH). In the existing research, many access schemes based on accurate environmental information have been proposed, such as channel information and the EH process. However, access to environmental information is costly, and traditional access control frameworks are expensive to explore in high-dimensional spaces. Thus, an access control framework based on hierarchical reinforcement learning (HRL) is proposed in this paper. In HRL, the control problem in the Markov decision process (MDP) form is decomposed into a multilevel sequential control problem. It includes high-level channel number selection, mid-level channel selection, and low-level channel matching subproblems. The scheme is obtained by combining the solutions of subproblems at different level which are solved in sequence. In addition, to improve learning efficiency, the deterministic action (DA) module and the prior knowledge (PK) module are put forward. The DA module solves the channel matching problem under the additional guidance given by the previous subproblem, which selects definite good low-level actions. The PK module provides the framework with the common knowledge of the system structure learned from the hypothetical environment, so as to obtain better initial performance. Experimental results show that our framework achieves better performance and better learning efficiency compared with several recent transmission schemes. <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Note to Practitioners</i> —Access control is an important issue in wireless communication systems, and users need to be scheduled to solve the constraint of limited resources, such as energy usually provided by batteries. In recent years, in order to overcome the energy limitation, energy harvesting devices have been developed and applied to wireless communication systems. However, the energy collection ability of the system is greatly influenced by the environment, which leads to the poor performance of most traditional control schemes that rely on the prior knowledge of the environment. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel hierarchical reinforcement learning (HRL)-based model-free access control framework for wireless communication system to maximize the system throughput without any prior environmental knowledge. The scheme abstracts the original control problem into three sub-control sub control problems according to tasks and solves them sequentially, thus simplifying the original control problem. This scheme can not only learn independently, but also does not depend on the prior knowledge of the environment. Moreover, this method is also suitable for the large-scale environment while the conventional end-to-end reinforcement learning is not suitable for. Compared with traditional algorithms, our method has better performance and higher learning efficiency.

Prototype Development for Solar Energy Tracking Based on Arduino in QUEST Campus Larkana

The utilization of solar energy has become increasingly popular due to its renewable and sustainable nature. However, one of the primary challenges in solar energy harvesting is the optimization of the amount of energy that can be captured from the sun. The implementation of solar trackers is an effective solution that enables the automatic adjustment of the solar panel's position to face the sun throughout the day. In this project, an Arduino-based solar tracker prototype was designed and implemented to optimize the solar energy harvesting process. The system employs Light-Dependent Resistors (LDRs) to detect sunlight intensity and a servo motor to adjust the position of the solar panel accordingly. The system was programmed using the Arduino programming language and was tested using a small-scale solar panel. The increasing demand for cost-effective and easy-to-install renewable energy systems has led to a growing interest in photovoltaic solar energy for residential use. To optimize energy production, a two-axis photovoltaic solar tracker that orients the solar panel toward the maximum solar radiation is proposed in this study. The use of Free Computer Aided Design (CAD) 0.15 for the prototype's design, combined with Arduino technology, provides an affordable solution for mounting the solar tracker on flat roofs and other horizontal building elements. The performance of the solar tracker was evaluated under various testing conditions, showcasing an enhanced level of accuracy and energy production when compared to traditional fixed systems. The prototype's successful demonstration represents a significant advancement in the field, providing a practical solution for small-scale and residential solar energy applications. This research prototype was developed and installed on the roof of the Electrical department of QUEST, Campus Larkana, and validated through simulation results.

Wave energy converter efficiency based on wave transmission and relative capture width performance

A series of quantitative analyses were performed to identify the wave properties and potential, by means of records collected from an offshore buoy in North-West Ireland. Based on the data collected, a series of quantitative analyses was conducted to determine the dominant wind directions and wave properties on an annual basis. In addition, the wave power is computed based on relevant wave heights and periods, and the Pierson-Moskowitz spectral model was used to generate the maximum wave energy spectra for each year. The results show that waves with wave powers of around 100 kW/m were mostly approaching eastward at a rather narrow frequency. In order to compare the relative capture width and the power absorption capacity of three floating structures, the Wave Dragon, Board Net Breakwater, and Cylindrical Floating Breakwater are analyzed. Also outlined is the impact of the transmission coefficient on the effectiveness of wave energy converters (WEC) throughout the energy harvesting process. This was accomplished by fusing information from three distinct field investigations and experimental research with four different wave transmission coefficient models. The results show that as the wave steepness increases, the transmission coefficient decreases and the hydrodynamic performance of wave energy converters increases. Also, it is found that the hydrodynamic efficiency of wave energy converters is higher in summer than in winter, and the Wave Dragon is the most efficient wave energy converter in regard to relative capture width and power absorption.

A Dual-Functional MXene-Based Bioanode for Wearable Self-Charging Biosupercapacitors.

As a reliable energy-supply platform for wearable electronics, biosupercapacitors combine the characteristics of biofuel cells and supercapacitors to harvest and store the energy from human's sweat. However, the bulky preparation process and deep embedding of enzyme active sites in bioelectrodes usually limit the energy-harvesting process, retarding the practical power-supply sceneries especially during the complicated in vivo motion. Herein, a MXene/single-walled carbon nanotube/lactate oxidase hierarchical structure as the dual-functional bioanode is designed, which can not only provide a superior 3D catalytic microenvironment for enzyme accommodation to harvest energy from sweat, but also offers sufficient capacitance to store energy via the electrical double-layer capacitor. A wearable biosupercapacitor is fabricated in the "island-bridge" structure with a composite bioanode, active carbon/Pt cathode, polyacrylamide hydrogel substrate, and liquid metal conductor. The device exhibits an open-circuit voltageof 0.48V and the high power density of 220.9 µW cm-2 at 0.5mA cm-2 . The compact conformal adhesion with skin is successfully maintained under stretching/bending conditions. After repeatedly stretching the devices, there is no significant power attenuation in pulsed output. The unique bioelectrode structure and attractive energy harvesting/storing properties demonstrate the promising potential of this biosupercapacitor as a micro self-powered platform of wearable electronics.

Hybrid nanogenerator for harvesting electric-field and vibration energy simultaneously via Maxwell’s displacement current

Hybrid energy harvesters (HEHs) have shown immense potential in powering distributed sensors. Conventional HEHs are assemblies of different energy harvesting modules, leading to complicated structures and intricate hybrid power management. This study presents a unique hybrid energy harvesting paradigm based on Maxwell’s displacement current for simultaneously harvesting electric-field and vibration energy. A triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is utilized to capture vibration energy via polarization of media (∂P⁄∂t), while the parasitic capacitance between TENG’s metal electrodes and AC electrical equipment generates electricity from time-varying electric field (ε0∂E⁄∂t). The continuous output of electric-field energy harvesting at high frequency (660 V, 105.7 mW/m2 × 50 Hz) and the pulse output of vibration energy harvesting at low-frequency (1.38 kV, 2.23 W/m2 × 1 Hz) exhibit comparable average charging power and complementary characteristics, contributing to a remarkable hybrid output performance. Furthermore, the similar energy conversion process and electrical properties of electric-field and vibration energy harvesting enable a universal hybrid power management system with simplified procedures and boosted efficiency (773 %). This work offers a cost-effective, efficient, and widely applicable approach for hybrid energy harvesting and paves the avenue for its practical applications.

Analysis of energy conversion capability among various magnetostrictive materials for energy harvesting

This work addresses vibrational energy harvesting using magnetostrictive materials. In this field, materials with exceptional magneto-mechanical coupling properties (e.g. Galfenol, Terfenol-D) have attracted significant attention. Only a few magnetostrictive materials have been tested in devices, however, leaving the actual influence of these materials’ properties on the energy harvesting device open to question. This work compares an extensive range of ferromagnetic materials through analysis of their magnetic behavior under static stress. To enable fair comparison of the materials, a model was developed to interpolate their magnetic anhysteretic curves under fixed stress of σ = ±50 MPa. The energy harvesting process was then simulated using a theoretical Ericsson thermodynamic cycle, where the area represents the energy density. This approach estimates the ultimate energy density of the materials using a fair approach, without placing conditions on the applied magnetic field. The correlation between ultimate energy density and the magnetoelastic coefficient show that highly magnetostrictive materials achieve higher ultimate energy densities, as expected. In the low field range, it is however concluded that all materials exhibit energy densities of the same order of magnitude. Secondly, the magnetoelastic coefficient versus excitation field characteristics revealed an optimal bias magnetic field for each material. Finally, for realistic implementation, the paper considers a pre-stress in combination with a bias magnetic field and the small dynamic variations that result from currents induced in surrounding coils. A model was developed and revealed an optimum output energy density that was independent of the geometry and the coil. An energy harvesting figure of merit was then defined to enable a final comparison of the materials, encompassing both material characteristics and realistic applications. Under these working conditions and with all costs considered, some low-magnetostriction materials appeared able to compete with giant magnetostriction materials.

Analysis the Unpowered Freewheeling Propeller Impact in Quadcopter for Energy Harvesting Process

This research investigates the impact of freewheeling propellers in the Quadcopter for the purpose of harvesting energy. The main part of the Quadcopter is the propeller. In the arm of the Quadcopter, if the Unpowered freewheeling propeller is connected along with the main propeller at the time of Energy Harvesting (EH) process, the induced-flow caused by both propellers may interfere with the Quadcopter’s aerodynamics. Consideration of the aerodynamic point of view to place the freewheeling propeller at a particular distance and place from the main propeller is very important. In this study, in terms of propeller diameter, two different types of freewheeling propeller designs are taken to investigation: Case 1- same size propellers and Case 2- different size propellers. Three distances between the main and freewheeling propellers are defined using the primary test setup as 8, 10, and 12 cm are taken to the software analyses using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) ANSYS 18.1 / FLUENT simulation. The propeller airflow characteristics of pressure, force, and velocity variation between both cases are analysed using the graphical contour representation and measured values. The CFD simulation result showed that, Case 2-different size propellers got better force variation compared with the Case1-Same size propellers and 10 cm distance between the propellers in both the Cases seems good results compared with the other distances of 8 cm and 12 cm. This is an interesting design feature that can be used to locate the freewheeling propeller in the Quadcopter for Energy Harvesting purposes

Layer-by-Layer Nanofluidic Membranes for Promoting Blue Energy Conversion.

Access to and use of energy resources are now crucial components of modern human existence thanks to the exponential growth of technology. Traditional energy sources provide significant challenges, such as pollution, scarcity, and excessive prices. As a result, there is more need than ever before to replace depleting resources with brand-new, reliable, and environmentally friendly ones. With the aid of reverse electrodialysis, the salinity gradient between rivers and seawater as a clean supply with easy and infinite availability is a viable choice for energy generation. The development of nanofluidic-based reverse electrodialysis (NRED) as a novel high-efficiency technology is attributable to the progress of nanoscience. However, understanding the predominant mechanisms of this process at the nanoscale is necessary to develop and disseminate this technology. One viable option to gain insight into these systems while saving expenses is to employ simulation tools. In this study, we looked at how a layer-by-layer (LBL) soft layer influences ion transport and energy production in charged nanochannels. We solved the steady-state Poisson-Nernst-Planck (PNP) and Navier-Stokes (NS) equations for three different types of nanochannels with a trumpet geometry, where the narrow part is covered with a built-up LbL soft layer and the rest is a hard wall with a surface charge density of σ = -10, 0, or +10 mC/m2. The findings show that in type (I) nanochannels, at NPEL/NA = 100 mol/m3 and pH = 7, the maximum power output rises 675-fold as the concentration ratio rises from 10 to 1000. The results of this study can aid in a better understanding of energy harvesting processes using nanofluidic-based reverse electrodialysis in order to identify optimal conditions for the design of an intelligent route with great controllability and minimal pollution.