Process In Japan Research Articles

Quantitative evaluation of problem-based learning outcomes on student pharmacists’ patient care process in Japan

Quantitative evaluation of problem-based learning outcomes on student pharmacists’ patient care process in Japan

Life cycle GHG emissions and economic viability of two levulinic acid production processes from biomass: A case study of Japan and Canada

We evaluated CO2 equivalent (CO2eq) greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and minimum selling price of levulinic acid (LA) produced in two biomass-waste-based processes: the AlCl3/choline chloride (ChCl) process, and the formic acid (FA) process, with catalysts recycling. Six scenarios were synthesized to compare the performances of the two processes in Japan and Canada. In the AlCl3/ChCl process, the total GHG emission was 11.35–11.56 kg-CO2eq/kg-LA and those from the energy input to the pretreatment and ChCl production were 5.22 and 3.90 kg-CO2eq/kg-LA, respectively. In the FA process, the total GHG emission was 9.46–9.68 and 22.29–22.51 kg-CO2eq/kg-LA for 60 wt% and 80 wt% FA, respectively. The operational emissions for makeup FA input were 7.65 and 20.80 kg-CO2eq/kg-LA (60 wt% and 80 wt%, respectively), which accounted for more than 80% in all scenarios. The optimization of the product purge volume, FA concentration in the pretreatment, and FA production using biomass and/or renewable energy are critical parameters to reduce overall environmental impacts of the processes. The liquid content of the solid residue (moisture, water soluble organic matters, and catalyst) had insignificant influences on the GHG emission and minimum selling price. In the FA process, combustion of solid residue can compensate the GHG emissions from the reaction and separation units.

The use and disappearance of vegetal fibres in clay–sand mixtures in furnace walls in pre-seventeenth-century iron smelting sites in the Chūgoku region (Japan)

This paper investigates the importance of the presence of vegetal fibres within clay–sand mixtures in Japanese furnace walls in iron smelting sites in the Chūgoku region during the antique and medieval periods. This presence is all the more interesting as these fibres disappeared with the advent of tatara, the traditional Japanese iron smelting process, at the beginning of the seventeenth century. Understanding this disappearance is a major challenge in the study of the evolution of iron reduction in Japan. The data from archaeological excavations, despite a few scattered clues, are not yet able to give us a sufficiently clear picture of the presence or absence of these fibres in the clay–sand mixture that makes up the furnace walls. Therefore this study highlights the need for systematic research by the creation of a database combined with further analyses and experiments to understand the role fibres might have had in the iron smelting process and why they disappeared from the tatara process in Japan.

MT16 What Is the Medical Technology HTA Process in Japan?

MT16 What Is the Medical Technology HTA Process in Japan?

Can It Be a Gamechanger? Interrogating the Prospects of Decolonization Through Public History in Japan

Abstract As a historical settler and colonizer in Asia, yet a state not colonized by European countries, Japan and its colonial history seem to have been left out from the debates on public history as a decolonizing process, due to the field having arguably been Eurocentric. This article interrogates the extent to which public history could serve as a vehicle to decolonize the history-making process in Japan and demonstrates the challenges of decolonizing through public history within Japan’s national framework due to nationalistic or patriotic silencing and censorship. Such nationalistic public history is rooted in Japan’s narratives of victimhood fostered in its course of history, including the ‘inferior’ position against the West or the experience of the atomic bombs. Moreover, Japan’s historical division between the internal and external colonies as well as its nationalistic, defensive attitude towards the history of external colonialism have played significant roles in burying its settler colonial past. To include narratives about the internal and external colonial victims, I argue that both Eurocentric decolonization and academia-centered public history in Japan need to be, in themselves, decolonized so that they provide more nuanced approaches to Japan’s colonial past. Furthermore, given that narratives of the colonial past in national history projects can be silenced under nationalistic victimhood, this article suggests that transnational collaborative public history could disconnect historical narratives from nationalistic discourses of victimhood, gathering more sympathy beyond Japan and supporting efforts towards decolonization. The overall article eventually contributes to decolonizing the Eurocentric debates on ‘decolonization through public history.’

Techno economic analysis of the production of potato powder applying potato starch purification system in Japan

To implement the technology for producing potato powder, significant investment is required. This study evaluated the techno-economic feasibility of the dried potato powder production process, based on a scenario developed in a starch plant process in Japan. The simulation was performed with SuperPro Designer® software. The annual production volume and the unit production cost were estimated to be 15,786,585 kg and 1056 Japanese yen/kg, respectively. According to economic evaluation indicators—the gross margin, return on investment, payback time, internal rate of return, and net present value (at a 7% interest rate)—the scenario was profitable and investment worthwhile. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to evaluate the impact of the variable parameters (the purchasing price of raw potatoes, the selling price of potato powder, and labor and electricity costs) on the net present value (at the 7% interest rate). The analysis suggested that the purchasing price of raw potatoes and the selling price of potato powder had particularly large impacts on the net present value.

Pengaruh Digitalisasi dan Pandemi COVID-19 Terhadap Pembentukan Keterampilan Guru di Jepang

This paper examines how the COVID-19 pandemic has implications for the formation of Japanese teachers' skills related to digitalisation, as well as how the teaching and learning situation in Japan has changed as a result. The COVID-19 pandemic has indirectly forced teachers in Japan to adapt and change their teaching methods to students. Discussions on teacher certification and training in Japan, digitization of education in Japan, and the formation of teacher skills in Japan before and after the COVID-19 pandemic are used to explain how digitization was already introduced in education in Japan but was only massively implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results of this study found that current teacher skills in Japan have undergone some changes in standards. The introduction of digitalization in education in Japan as well as the COVID-19 pandemic that entered Japan in 2020 indirectly changed the teaching standards of teachers in Japan. Nowadays, teachers in Japan are not only required to be proficient in teaching but also to act as practitioners in their teaching environment, thus indirectly changing the teaching and learning process in Japan.

Treatment patterns, healthcare resource utilization and outcomes for early stage triple-negative breast cancer in Japan.

Aim: There is limited information regarding the treatment and outcomes of early stage triple-negative breast cancer (esTNBC) in real-world settings in Japan. Materials & methods: Retrospective analyses of the Medical Data Vision database assessed treatment patterns, healthcare resource utilization (HCRU), patient characteristics, outcomes and prognostic factors among four groups (neoadjuvant therapy+surgery+adjuvant therapy; neoadjuvant therapy+surgery; surgery+adjuvant therapy; surgery only) of esTNBC patients. Results: Treatment patterns, HCRU and demographics varied among the four groups. HCRU was greater and prognosis tended to be worse in the neoadjuvant+surgery+adjuvant therapy group. Conclusion: Our results provide insights into the treatment practices, HCRU and prognosis of esTNBC in Japan. The treatment practices were heterogeneous, reflecting the decision-making process in Japan during the study period.

Survey on the current situation for early diagnosis of dementia and contributing factors in Japan.

Early diagnosis of dementia is important for both initiation of non-pharmacological activities to slow cognitive decline as well as the development of disease-modifying drugs; however, it appears there may be a tendency for formal diagnosis to be delayed. Since the current status of diagnosis in Japan is unclear, we conducted a survey with family caregivers of patients with dementia using questionnaires and interviews to investigate the factors regarding the dementia diagnosis process in Japan. We distributed questionnaires to family caregivers of people with dementia and conducted additional follow-up interviews with approximately half of them. We calculated odds ratios for the time to diagnosis using logistic regression analysis for each characteristic from the questionnaire data. We also created co-occurrence networks from the interview data in order to provide qualitative context to the questionnaire data. We collected 68 questionnaires and conducted 32 interviews. The median time to diagnosis was 12 months, and logistic regression analysis showed a significant trend toward shorter time to diagnosis in the absence of other caregivers. In addition, there were significant differences in age, relationship with patients and the time from the first visit to the final diagnosis between groups with and without other caregivers. The results of this study suggest that the presence or absence of other caregivers may affect caregivers' behaviour and the time taken to receive a diagnosis of dementia. These findings indicate it may be beneficial to predict inhibiting factors and change approaches based on caregivers' and patients' background to promote early diagnosis.

Changing Demands and the Optimisation of Processes in Japan’s Energy Landscape

Changing Demands and the Optimisation of Processes in Japan’s Energy Landscape

Роль спеціальної дослідницької комісії в повоєнній відбудові Японії

The article explores the institutional and conceptual experience of the initial period of Japan’s post-war economic reconstruction. The prerequisites, institutional mechanisms, and performance results of the Special Survey Committee (SSC) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan are comprehensively analyzed; its impact on the post-war reconstruction and the phenomenally successful modernization of the Japanese economy in the context of Ukraine’s post-war reconstruction tasks is assessed. For this purpose, the abstract-logical, empirical-historical, interdisciplinary methods are used, and the tools of political economy and modernization theory are applied. It is concluded that the SSC has become the intellectual, personnel and program «assembly point» for the entire further process of Japan’s national reconstruction. Thus, the SSC provided the Japanese government with a systemic vision of the country's place in the postwar world, in the latter’s economic and financial system as well as of national landmarks, priorities, and postwar reconstruction mechanisms. Despite the powerful influence of military-security and geopolitical factors, it took a very high level of mobilization, patriotism, and social responsibility of the Japanese national elite to convince the Allied Powers of the need to make heavy industrialization based on advanced technologies the basis of Japan's postwar recovery. The SSC’s experience testifies that in every successful case of national post-war reconstruction, one should find and define the key conceptual and institutional initiative that launched the recovery process – not necessarily materially, but at least in conceptual and political-volitional terms, as every large-scale and successful (re)construction begins with the development and approval of the relevant project. The author concludes that the SSC’s strategic report on the basic problems of Japan's economic reconstruction is a relevant framework model, according to which a strategy of national economic reconstruction, in particular post-war recovery of Ukraine’s economy, may be developed, of course, taking into account national and local characteristics.

The divergence of South Korea's Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) from the EU ETS: An institutional complementarity view

AbstractEmissions trading schemes (ETS) have spread across the globe to tackle climate change. However, limited attention has been given to how ETS characteristics and designs differ and why. We use the concept of institutional complementarity to explore how the EU ETS and South Korea's ETS (K‐ETS) adapt to complement established political economy. The EU ETS is characterized as a market with stakeholder ownership, while the K‐ETS is more regulatory in nature with government leadership. The EU ETS complements a decentralized political system with liberalized energy market, and the K‐ETS became compatible with the centralized majoritarian politics and a regulated electricity market. The ETSs have evolved incrementally, and they are not likely to link in the foreseeable future due to divergence. We suggest a strong focus on “how to adapt” an ETS to its own institution rather than adopting the established blueprint model in countries with a strong regulatory style of governance.Related ArticlesCaliskan, Cantay. 2020. “The Influence of Elite Networks on Green Policy Making.” Politics & Policy 48(6): 1104–37. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12382.Tanaka, Yugo, Andrew Chapman, Tetsuo Tezuka, and Shigeki Sakurai. 2020. “Multiple Streams and Power Sector Policy Change: Evidence from the Feed‐In Tariff Policy Process in Japan.” Politics & Policy 48(3): 464–89. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12357.von Malmborg, Fredrik. 2023. “Combining the Advocacy Coalition Framework and Argumentative Discourse Analysis: The Case of the ‘Energy Efficiency First’ Principle in EU Energy and Climate Policy.” Politics & Policy 51(2): 222–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12525.

A Review Process of ANDA Filling in PMDA (Japan) and Calibration of UV in Accordance to its Regulatory Guidelines

The Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA) filing system is an important regulatory process in Japan for the approval of generic drugs. This system allows pharmaceutical companies to submit an application for the marketing and sale of a generic drug, which has already been approved by the regulatory agency in another country. The ANDA system in Japan is similar to that of the United States and Europe, but there are some unique aspects that must be taken into account. For example, in Japan, the regulatory agency requires a separate drug master file for each active pharmaceutical ingredient, which can be a time-consuming process. UV spectrophotometry is a widely used analytical technique for the characterization of pharmaceuticals, including active pharmaceutical ingredients and finished dosage forms. The Shimadzu UV-1800 spectrophotometer is a popular instrument for this purpose, which is widely used in Japan. This instrument has a range of features that make it particularly useful for pharmaceutical analysis, including a wavelength range of 190-1100 nm, a double beam optical system, and a low stray light level. The Shimadzu UV 1800 is also compatible with a range of accessories, such as a multicell holder, which allows for the simultaneous measurement of multiple samples. The combination of the ANDA filing system and UV spectrophotometry using the Shimadzu UV-1800 is an important tool for the development and approval of generic drugs in Japan. The ANDA system allows for a streamlined regulatory process for generic drug approval, while UV spectrophotometry provides a reliable and accurate method for the characterization of pharmaceuticals. Together, these tools help to ensure the safety and efficacy of generic drugs in Japan.

Система подготовки учителей в Японии на стадии разработки стандартов педагогических работников

Presented analysis of the teacher’s training process in Japan. Clarified the features of education courses and training for improving the qualifications of mid-career teachers. Examined papers and focused on basic knowledges and skills during the process of drafting for creating criteria that enable teacher assessment. Suggested to take into account some points of Russian Teacher’s Standard.

International Development of the GeoCapabilities Project as a Geography Teacher Training Program and Acceptance Process in Japan

International Development of the GeoCapabilities Project as a Geography Teacher Training Program and Acceptance Process in Japan

Unraveling Migration Policy-Making in the Land of “No Immigrants”: Japanese Bureaucracy and the Discursive Gap

Japan has the most rapidly aging society in the world, with the fastest rate of population contraction. However, Japan has yet to embrace using international migration as a solution to these long-term problems. Successive governments have launched programs to alleviate labor shortages via migration, but these governments have also consistently resisted accepting that Japan is becoming an immigration country. Japan's restrictive migration policies, despite critical demographic challenges, have remained a central puzzle for migration scholars. This article addresses this puzzle by demystifying the hitherto-underexplored policy-making processes in Japan. Central to its analysis is Japan's “golden rule” to accept only highly skilled migrants, which has long grounded successive government policy orientations. The qualitative analysis presented here shows that self-constrained bureaucrats in Japan depend on temporary solutions to migration issues without tackling fundamental reforms, due to the country's compartmentalized government structure. Shedding light on policy-making processes within the Japanese government, this article highlights the need to examine bureaucrats’ role in migration policy-making so that we can review the policies more carefully to improve migration governance.

Conditional early approval for new drug applications in Japan: Current and emerging issues.

Conditional early approval for new drug applications in Japan: Current and emerging issues.

Demographic shifts in Japan as a factor in the transformation of migration policy

The article is devoted to study of the demographic shifts in Japan in the context of their impact on the transformation of migration and foreign educational policy. Some of them were permanent, others arose periodically and were caused by rapid socio-demographic and economic shifts in the Japanese society. The article analyzes the development of the demographic crisis in Japan at the beginning of the 21st century. This period is characterized by ongoing depopulation of the Japanese population, its active aging and unfavorable changes in the labor market caused by the spread of IT technologies and robotization of production. The article analyzes the worsening unfavorable demographic trends, which resulted in a shortage of labor, a decrease in the economic potential of the country, and an increase in the demographic burden on the working population. There have been studied the impact on the demographic processes in Japan of the factor of educational immigration, which is considered as one of the most appropriate resources for compensating for possible demographic losses in the population in the future. Legislative innovations and legal support of external immigration, as well as their practical implementation, have been studied. The results of the activities of the higher school of Japan in teaching foreign citizens and smoothing out the negative dynamics of the demographic situation in the country are presented. Of interest for further research is an in-depth study of the causes and identification of the consequences of the demographic crisis, as well as a substantive analysis of the economic and social effectiveness of changes in Japan's migration policy.

Fluidization centennial and the decades of research and development in Japan

This paper gives an overview of the last 100 years of fluidization in the Japanese context. Japan was a relatively early adopter of the Winkler coal gasification technology in industry and an early participator in the formation of chemical engineering initiated in the United Kingdom and the United States. However, it was left far behind in the rapid development of fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) technology in the worsening international relations of the 1930s. Academic research on fluidization and its applications, which had started with the development of FCC, did not start substantially in Japan until 1951, when The San Francisco Peace Treaty came into effect. In this paper, first reviewed is the global progress of chemical engineering and fluidization research, and further discussed is the three-stage scheme in the development of the knowledge of fluidization. Taking these as the background, we review first the pre-war and early post-war research situations, then, the formation of the fluidization community in Japan. Finally, the fully-fledged post-war research and technological developments with a brief look at the Japanese contribution to the above-mentioned global progress are reviewed regarding the three fields: energy-environment applications, catalytic reactors and numerical simulation. • A review of 100 years' footsteps of Japanese chemical engineers. • Three-stage epistemological development of knowledge on fluidization. • Post war development of fluidization engineering both in academia and industry. • Fluidized-bed energy/environment and catalyst processes in Japan. • DEM-CFD model developments for fluidized bed simulation.

The Sino-Japanese Peace Treaty and the Chinese residents in Japan—Legal status problem under the 1952 regime

ABSTRACT The Sino – Japanese Peace Treaty signed in April 1952 not only set the basic framework for diplomatic relations between China, Japan, and Taiwan until 1972, but was also significant in substantially determining the legal status of Chinese residents in Japan during the same period. Subsequently, this paper analyzes both the legislative process in Japan leading up to the Sino – Japanese Peace Treaty and the process of diplomatic negotiations between Japan and China and identifies the following points. In the process of legislating the Immigration Control Ordinance, the Japanese government, while recognizing that Chinese mainlanders in Japan were Chinese nationals, considered them to be outside the legal jurisdiction of the Republic of China (R.O.C.) government, and while recognizing the jurisdiction of the R.O.C. government over Formosans in Japan to a certain extent, interpreted “the ultimate nationality of Taiwanese people has not been determined” from the standpoint that the legal status of Taiwan was undetermined. The R.O.C. government was forced to accept the Japanese government’s treatment regarding the legal status of Chinese residents in Japan because it was unable to have its sovereignty over Taiwan and the Penghu Islands clearly stated in the articles of the Sino – Japanese Peace Treaty out of consideration for the United States, which acted as an intermediary in the negotiations of the treaty.