Process Design Principles Research Articles

Enhancing healthcare services and brand engagement through social media marketing: Integration of Kotler's 5A framework with IDEA process

Social media marketing can be an effective solution for healthcare organizations to build long-term relationships with patients. However, previous studies mainly focused on isolated aspects of social media marketing. This lack of integration has limited the development and adoption of social media marketing. This study proposes a social media marketing methodology (SMMM) that incorporates Kotler's 5A consumer experience path with the IDEA (identify, develop, engage, and assess) content marketing process and well-known social media design principles in providing marketing roadmap and content design guidance for implementing social media marketing. Two cases (one for a medical center with 56 posts reaching 101,342 potential clients and another for a postpartum nursing home with 52 posts reaching 61,245 potential clients) are used to examine and evaluate the usability of the methodology. The results show that the engagement rate in both cases is well above the average level in Taiwan, and all users have a positive response to the use of the methodology. These findings support that the methodology provides a nominal process model for implementing social media marketing, facilitates the design of post content, and enhances patient engagement with healthcare brands and services.

Assessment of Process Parameters in the Optimization of the Metal Sheet Electromagnetic Forming Process

In this study, a statistical methodology using design of experiments (DoE) and the response surface methodology (RSM) is employed to optimize the electromagnetic forming (EMF) process of sheet metals with a flat spiral coil according to desirable constraints by choosing optimal process parameters and predicting the electrical and mechanical responses. Regression equations were used to carry out the optimization criterion considering the conditions for the maximum workpiece height and rise time of discharge current, and the other case included the condition for the maximum peak of discharge current. These optimizations were later validated through experiments that were in agreement with the mathematical model. Regarding the maximization of workpiece height, results showed that the windings number was the most significant parameter, followed by the capacitance and energy. Finally, process design principles for the free bulging of metal sheets by the EMF process are outlined based on experimental and statistical methods. These results can contribute to spreading industrial applications of the EMF process by introducing statistical approaches for target-oriented optimization.

Motivating Adherence to Exercise Plans Through a Personalized Mobile Health App: Enhanced Action Design Research Approach.

BackgroundPhysical inactivity is a global issue that affects people’s health and productivity. With the advancement of mobile technologies, many apps have been developed to facilitate health self-management. However, few studies have examined the effectiveness of these mobile health (mHealth) apps in motivating exercise adherence.ObjectiveThis study aims to demonstrate the enhanced action design research (ADR) process and improve the design of mHealth apps for exercise self-management. Specifically, we investigate whether sending motivational messages improves adherence to exercise plans, whether the motivational effect is affected by personality, the impact of message type and repetition, and the process of involving a field experiment in the design process and learning new design principles from the results.MethodsThis formative research was conducted by proposing an enhanced ADR process. We incorporated a field experiment into the process to iteratively refine and evaluate the design until it converges into a final mHealth app. We used the Apple ResearchKit to develop the mHealth app and promoted it via trainers at their gyms. We targeted users who used the app for at least two months. Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of the 12 groups in a 2×3×2 factorial design and remained blinded to the assigned intervention. The groups were defined based on personality type (thinking or feeling), message type (emotional, logical, or none), and repetition (none or once). Participants with different personality types received tailored and repeated messages. Finally, we used the self-reported completion rate to measure participants’ adherence level to exercise plans. By analyzing users’ usage patterns, we could verify, correct, and enhance the mHealth app design principles.ResultsIn total, 160 users downloaded the app, and 89 active participants remained during the 2-month period. The results suggest a significant main effect of personality type and repetition and a significant interaction effect between personality type and repetition. The adherence rate of people with feeling personality types was 18.15% higher than that of people with thinking types. Emotional messages were more effective than logical messages in motivating exercise adherence. Although people received repeated messages, they were more likely to adhere to exercise plans. With repeated reminders, the adherence rates of people with thinking personality types were significantly improved by 27.34% (P<.001).ConclusionsThis study contributes to the literature on mHealth apps. By incorporating a field experiment into the ADR process, we demonstrate the benefit of combining design science and field experiments. This study also contributes to the research on mHealth apps. The principles learned from this study can be applied to improve the effectiveness of mHealth apps. The app design can be considered a foundation for the development of more advanced apps for specific diseases, such as diabetes and asthma, in future research.

Optimizing network pathways of CO2 conversion processes

Carbon capture and utilization (CCU) has gained great attraction as an alternative route of producing carbon-based chemicals, which also mitigates atmospheric CO2. This paper develops a numerical optimization model that utilizes experimental data pertaining to the CO2 hydrogenation reaction (catalyst type, conversion, selectivity, and space velocity) to guide engineers to pick the optimal industrial scale CCU process. Four carbon conversion pathways that produce value-added chemicals are assessed: conversion into methanol, methane, carbon monoxide, and dimethyl ether. This techno-economic analysis is founded on elaborate sizing methods and process design principles of heat exchangers, compressors, reactors, and separators. Based on the collected data reported in the literature, the state-of-the-art model incorporates and assesses feed and catalyst costing, plant sizing and costing, and revenues from the produced commodity chemicals at market price. A thorough optimization analysis is conducted to determine the optimal conversion pathway subject to corresponding constraints. The objective of this problem targets cost minimization with respect to various production constraints. The results of the model show that the optimal CCU path is associated with the CO2-to-MeOH/DME reactions, with the model almost strictly allocating the available CO2 mass at the different production rates to processes generating these products. This result is due to the processes’ high reaction selectivity, which has been at the forefront of research in CO2 hydrogenation, in addition to the relatively high market price of both these products. Such results reinforce the promise of George Olah's Methanol Economy. The optimization model thus presents a novel basis for a comprehensive and quantitative multi-variable CCU plant assessment, utilizing optimized carbon conversion reaction data.

Searching for optimal process routes: A reinforcement learning approach

Developing optimisation tools is a key target in supporting computer-aided process design as the complexity of the designed space grows beyond conventional unit operations. A process design problem can be formulated as a search of an optimal processing route in the thermodynamic state space, going from feedstock to products. This paper describes a design architecture that enables reinforcement learning agent to use trial-and-error to narrow its search to the most promising routes, rather than exhaustively enumerating solutions. In each iteration, the agent employs previously collected data to guide the search for new trajectories. This is successfully demonstrated in a hydrogen production process using both conventional and intensified process design principles. The agent outperformed standard nonlinear optimisation methods in competitive computational time. Limitations and future work are discussed.

Industrie 4.0 process transformation: findings from a case study in automotive logistics

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the transformation of logistics processes to meet requirements of Industrie 4.0.Design/methodology/approachThe authors follow the principles of action design research to conduct a single-case study investigating four logistics processes at a leading German car manufacturer. For the development of artifacts, the authors used Method Engineering.FindingsThe case study reveals a set of Industrie 4.0 process design principles, providing guidelines for the design and management of Industrie 4.0 compliant processes. In the second step, the authors use these process design principles for the development of a first version of a method for Industrie 4.0 process transformation.Research limitations/implicationsIn the light of limited scientific knowledge about Industrie 4.0 process transformation, the paper uses a single-case study design. This is adequate considering the research goal at hand and the richness of empirical insight the authors had access to. However, a single-case design is limited regarding generalizability and demand for future qualitative and quantitative research.Practical implicationsThe Industrie 4.0 process design principles support practitioners in the design and management of Industrie 4.0 compliant processes. In addition, the method developed by the authors supports enterprises in the transformation of their current processes toward Industrie 4.0.Originality/valueThe paper describes the first attempt – as far as the authors are aware – to derive guidelines for the design and management of Industrie 4.0 processes from the analysis of a real-world industrial setting. Likewise, the method for Industrie 4.0 process transformation presented in this paper is presumed to be the first such method developed in full accordance with the principles of Method Engineering.

Assessing workflow of emergency physicians in the use of clinical decision support

The emergency department (ED) is a complex environment where diagnoses must often be made quickly, based on incomplete information. Pulmonary embolism (PE) is an especially challenging diagnosis that is frequently delayed or missed due to its non-specific symptoms, and can be life-threatening when not treated. Clinical decision supports (CDS) have the potential to improve these difficult decisions; however, previous efforts to implement CDS in the ED have faced challenges due to poor usability and lack of workflow integration. The objective of this study is to identify potential barriers to workflow integration from the technology’s implementation and inform the CDS design; this is achieved by analyzing ED physicians’ workflow during a usability evaluation of two different CDS, a web-based risk scoring CDS and a CDS designed using an human-centered design (HCD) process and human factors (HF) design principles. The number of cases matching the guideline-based workflow and the percent of correct diagnostic decisions increased from the use of the HF-based CDS, but varied depending on the patient scenario. We identified three workflow variations, which had both positive and negative implications for the CDS design and implementation. The workflow analysis can be used to inform the CDS design and improve the technology’s usability and integration in physician workflow prior to implementation.

Feedback control of laser forming using flattening simulations for error determination

Laser forming is a non-contact forming method. By control of different process parameters, different forming mechanisms can be achieved. The forming mechanisms allows for bending, compression and buckling. Process control to ensure correct combination and usage of each forming mechanism is still an open issue. Present work is an attempt to implement a feedback control loop using measurements of the current shape between laser scan pass. This work presents an initial case study used to evaluate a feedback control loop. A flattening model is used to determine the difference in strains between a target shape and the current shape. The current shape is updated between laser scan paths. The case study examines different shapes including the dome, saddle and v-bend shapes. By examining different shapes that require different forming mechanisms, this work takes steps toward formulating process design principles for use in feedback control of laser forming. The results show decent agreement with the target shape and the formed shape for the v-bend. As the cases increase in complexity, requiring a combination of forming mechanisms, the disagreement increases. The analysis of the process indicates that the boundary conditions of the flattening model and the design of the controller could be improved to reduce tolerances.

Guidance for the Evaluation of Tuberculosis Diagnostics That Meet the World Health Organization (WHO) Target Product Profiles: An Introduction to WHO Process and Study Design Principles.

Existing high-priority target product profiles (TPPs) of the World Health Organization (WHO) establish important needs for tuberculosis (TB) diagnostic development. Building on this earlier work, this guidance series aims to provide study guidance for performing accuracy studies of novel diagnostic products that may meet the 4 high-priority WHO TPPs and thus enable adequate evidence generation to inform a WHO evidence review process. Diagnostic accuracy studies represent a fundamental step in the validation of all tests. Unfortunately, such studies often have limitations in design, execution, and reporting, leading to low certainty of the evidence about true test performance, which can delay or impede policy and scale-up decisions. This introductory paper outlines the following: (1) the purpose of this series of papers on study guidance; (2) WHO evidence needs and process for the development of policy guidelines for new TB diagnostic tests; and (3) study design considerations, ie, general diagnostic study considerations, intended use of test and role in the clinical pathway, choice of population and setting, index-test specific issues, suitable reference standard and comparators, study flow and specimen issues, and finally key issues beyond accuracy that should be considered. The other 4 papers in this series will provide more detailed guidance for each of the 4 WHO high-priority TPPs. By increasing the clarity around the clinical evaluation needs for tests that have the potential to meet the TPP specifications, we hope to support harmonized evidence generation and enable the WHO review process towards meeting the WHO End TB Strategy targets for reducing the incidence and mortality associated with TB.

Research on Forming Technology of Automobile Rear Wheel Cover Panels

Based on the basic principles of production process and process design for automotive panels, this project develops the stamping process for automotive rear wheel cover panels, and uses CATIA software to draw out the three-dimensional digital models of parts, and then uses the Autoform software to perform numerical simulation analysis. The software analyzes and calculates the stamping direction, the pressing surface, the process supplementary surface, the blank size, the forming limit diagram of the part, the main strain diagram, and the thickness variation, and finally optimizes the blank holder force, friction coefficient, and blank size. To Get the best punch results.

Developing stakeholder-driven scenarios on land sharing and land sparing – Insights from five European case studies

Empirical research on land sharing and land sparing has been criticized because preferences of local stakeholders, socio-economic aspects, a bundle of ecosystem services and the local context were only rarely integrated. Using storylines and scenarios is a common approach to include land use drivers and local contexts or to cope with the uncertainties of future developments. The objective of the presented research is to develop comparable participatory regional land use scenarios for the year 2030 reflecting land sharing, land sparing and more intermediate developments across five different European landscapes (Austria, Germany, Switzerland, The Netherlands and Spain). In order to ensure methodological consistency among the five case studies, a hierarchical multi-scale scenario approach was developed, which consisted of i) the selection of a common global storyline to frame a common sphere of uncertainty for all case studies, ii) the definition of three contrasting qualitative European storylines (representing developments for land sharing, land sparing and a balanced storyline), and iii) the development of three explorative case study-specific land use scenarios with regional stakeholders in workshops. Land use transition rules defined by stakeholders were used to generate three different spatially-explicit scenarios for each case study by means of high-resolution land use maps. All scenarios incorporated various aspects of land use and management to allow subsequent quantification of multiple ecosystem services and biodiversity indicators. The comparison of the final scenarios showed both common as well as diverging trends among the case studies. For instance, stakeholders identified further possibilities to intensify land management in all case studies in the land sparing scenario. In addition, in most case studies stakeholders agreed on the most preferred scenario, i.e. either land sharing or balanced, and the most likely one, i.e. balanced. However, they expressed some skepticism regarding the general plausibility of land sparing in a European context. It can be concluded that stakeholder perceptions and the local context can be integrated in land sharing and land sparing contexts subject to particular process design principles.

Efficiency of using the resource potential of small sewing enterprises

The article discusses the resource potential of small sewing enterprises as representatives of the service sector, enhancing their efficiency by expanding the range of products they manufacture. It is noted that in the search for ways to manufacture new products, it is advisable to use the principles of unification and process design.

Entropic, Enthalpic, and Kinetic Aspects of Interfacial Nanocrystal Superlattice Assembly and Attachment

The combination of self-assembly and directed attachment of colloidal nanocrystals at fluid interfaces presents a scientifically interesting and technologically important research challenge. Remarkable strides have been made in the synthesis of polyhedral nanocrystals with precisely defined shapes and their self-assembly into highly ordered superstructures. We discuss the interplay of entropic and enthalpic driving forces and the kinetic aspects of interfacial self-assembly and attachment. We present in situ parallel small-angle X-ray scattering measurements and emerging insights into the complex choreography of interfacial transport processes involved in the formation of highly ordered epitaxially connected nanocrystal solids. New understanding emerging from in situ measurements provides process control and design principles for the selective formation of specific superlattice polymorphs. We discuss outstanding challenges that must be resolved to translate know-how from controlled assembly and attachment in the laboratory to scalable integration for emerging technological applications.

Social and environmental impacts of replacing transesterification agent in soybean biodiesel production: Multi-criteria and principal component analyses

The use of renewable feedstocks for biodiesel production makes it an attractive large-scale alternative to fossil diesel. Nevertheless, traditional routes employ methanol as transesterification agent, a fossil based chemical. To improve renewability, governmental policies and subsidies have arisen to promote substitution of methanol. In the Brazilian soybean biodiesel scenario, the objective of this work is to compare the methylic and ethylic production routes, and unveil whether ethanol-based biodiesel has potential to be more sustainable. The comparison is supported by: (i) Construction of the fatty acid methyl ester and fatty acid ethyl ester soybean biodiesel production chains; (ii) Assemblage of the respective inventory matrices to quantify energy and material flows; and (iii) Application of Multi-criteria Analysis and Principal Component Analysis for data interpretation and identification of the most relevant factors affecting sustainability. Focus is on the social and environmental aspects of sustainability. Contrarily to common belief, fatty acid methyl ester, although more environmentally impacting in the step of methanol production, is shown to be generally more sustainable than the ethylic counterpart, which shows a heavy burden in the social dimension, more severe conditions of the transesterification process and extra transport demand, as demonstrated by the multi-criteria analysis, which combines quantitative indicators with ad hoc principles of green process design to provide a criticality matrix and a one-dimensional index, the Sustainability Degree. Principal Component Analysis, on the other hand, indicates average wage, water intensity and carbon intensity as the top influential indicators, out scaling energy consumption. A low compliance to the original objectives of increasing sustainability by substituting fatty acid ethyl ester for fatty acid methyl ester is observed and the importance of the social dimension is thoroughly evidenced.

Cebirsel Genelleme Yapmayı Destekleyen Etkinliklerin 7. Sınıf Öğrencilerinin Genelleme Yapma Becerilerini Şekillendirmedeki Rolü

Number patterns play an important role in the formation of mathematical concepts, as mathematics is treated as a science of patterns and relations, and as it is important to learn mathematics with generalization. With the reform in the middle school mathematics curriculum, the concept of pattern entering the curriculum has brought some learning difficulties in the context of generalization In this study the potential of tasks which are developed by considering student difficulties reported in the literature, algebraic generalization process and task design principles to shape generalization skills is examined. The study was conducted with thirteen students in five weeks (16 hours). Data were collected through notes, video and audio recordings and observations held during the implementation process. The data were analyzed qualitatively. As a result of the research; it has been determined that tasks can play an important role in strategy and notation use, algebraic generalization and effective use of visual models in finding a rule.

Considering Part Orientation in Design for Additive Manufacturing

Additive Manufacturing (AM) is established not only in prototyping, but also in serial production of end-use products. To use the full potential of the production technology the restrictions of current additive manufacturing processes (like support structures in Selective Laser Melting) must be considered in the design process. Especially the compliance with design rules from early design stages on is important in AM serial production, due to production quantities and the resulting scale effect. The part orientation in the build space has a strong influence on many quality characteristics. In order to use the full potential and to consider the restrictions from the start, a design guideline is necessary to support the whole design process.For this purpose, this paper presents a framework for design guidelines. The framework distinguishes between process characteristics, design principles and design rules; each supporting the designer during different stages of the design process. Furthermore, the paper examines the influence of part orientation in existing design rules and elaborates its importance. Based on this result, the design principle “early determination of part orientation” is presented, which includes a process for determining the part orientation in early stage of the design process.In addition, a design process for additive manufactured parts is demonstrated on an extensive showcase, following the guideline framework and including the principle for early determination of part orientation. The presented framework proved to be helpful in the design process and will be used in the future to collect more process characteristics, design principles and rules.

Improving the downstream processing of vaccine and gene therapy vectors with continuous chromatography

Novel biopharmaceutical products, such as vaccines and viral vectors, are a challenging task for downstream processing. Alternative purification strategies that can improve the purification yield, such as continuous chromatography, are regarded nowadays as enabling technologies to overcome the capacity bottleneck in biomanufacturing. This paper reviews the current state of the art in (semi-)continuous chromatographic processes and equipment for purification of bioproducts. Particular focus is given to the recent multicolumn processes developed for virus purification, for which the chromatographic media selection, predictive models, and process design principles are illustrated.

Clean Bleaching Engineering Practice for Bagasse Pulp: Totally Chlorine-Free and Elemental Chlorine-Free Bleaching Realized with the Same Production Line

The experimental research, process design principles, and engineering practice of a bagasse pulp production line that could run both totally chlorine-free (OP)Q(PO) and elemental chlorine-free (OP)D(EOP) bleaching sequences are discussed in this paper. Under specified process conditions, the oxygen delignification rate was up to 50% and the brightness of unbleached pulp increased. The (OP)Q(PO) sequence bleached pulp had a brightness of 83.1% ISO and an intrinsic viscosity of 888 mL/g, and the (OP)D(EOP) sequence bleached pulp had a brightness of 85.7% ISO and an intrinsic viscosity of 905 mL/g. Pulp quality produced from both bleaching sequences was better than pulp bleached by the chlorination, alkaline extraction, and hypochlorite (CEH) sequence. The wastewater was discharged only from the Q or D stage, and the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of Q or D stage was about 650 mg/L or 1100 mg/L, respectively. It was easy to alternate between these two bleaching sequences, and the bleached pulp quality from these sequences was stable.

Based on Rub a Drum Processing Scheme Optimization Design Practice Research

Take rub a drum as the study object, to study the rub a drum processing process because the actual production for the processing deformation leads to high reject rate. explained the NC processing process design content and principle of processing division, the author combined with the milling tool selection and machining allowance to study, for the optimization design of Rub the drum processing scheme .

The Analysis and Research of EPC Process Engineering

EPC process, based on the casting structure, technical requirements, production volume, production conditions determines the casting solution, process planning. In this paper, the author from three aspects , the analysis of die casting process design principles, design principles and infiltration technology, makes a deeper understanding on the EPC process, and put forward some standards and requirements of the EPC process technology, which avoid the casting defects and waste caused by technical factors.