Reintegration Problems Research Articles

A Sustainable and Resilient Response to the Housing and Reintegration Problems of Displaced People from the NOSO’s Crisis Situations in Cameroon

The aim of this article is to present a comprehensive analysis of the living conditions and propose support mechanisms for displaced people from conflict zones in the NOSO who have taken refuge in the West region of Cameroon and a peace and security survey, focusing specifically on the Tchoualé neighborhood in Dschang. It highlights the need for improved services and facilities to adequately address the challenges faced by these populations. Through a detailed assessment, the research identifies gaps between existing services and the actual needs of the displaced, utilizing a SWOT analysis to provide insights into the current environment. Recommendations are proposed to enhance the capabilities of existing centers, expand service offerings, and involve displaced individuals more actively in center management. The article also outlines an adaptive architectural approach for designing a sustainable and resilient reception center that meets the unique needs of the displaced. Key architectural objectives, principles, and site-specific considerations are examined, including the use of local materials and eco-friendly construction techniques. This work contributes to a broader discussion on effective humanitarian responses, offering insights into the future of support systems for displaced populations in Cameroon and similar contexts.

Housing and Reintegration Problems of Displaced People from Conflict Zone in Cameroon

The aim of this article is to present and summarize all the research focused for the study of the design of a sustainable reception center for displaced populations in the Dschang area of Cameroon, specifically in the Tchoualé neighborhood. This topic is of crucial importance in light of the increasing conflicts and forced displacements worldwide. The motivations behind this study are based on the urgency of addressing the fundamental needs of displaced individuals, who often face precarious living conditions and a lack of basic infrastructure. The central issue was to determine how to design a reception center that not only meets the immediate and evolving needs of the displaced but is also sustainable and resilient. The research questions included assessing the current state of existing reception centers, evaluating the specific needs of the displaced, developing an appropriate architectural approach for this context, and assessing the project's impacts. The overall objective was to design a sustainable reception center that highlights a comprehensive architectural program addressing the essential needs of displaced populations. Specific objectives included producing a critical analysis of the living conditions of the displaced, developing an adapted approach for the center, creating digital models, and evaluating the impact and feasibility of the project.

Retirement: strengths and weaknesses for a full and healthy old age

Abstract Retirement is a coveted goal for working people. Although it is seen as a period of relaxation and tranquillity, retirement from work, also because it is associated with other relevant changes in an individual’s life related to family relationships, brings with it a number of potential risks that may trigger problems of a psychosocial nature (identity crisis, change of parental role, adaptation to new marital relationships, possible marital crisis and divorce, depressive symptoms and suicidal ideas) which, in turn, may be facilitators of fragility also on the physical side. The attention of the various governments is generally focused on the health problems of those who are retired with a view to containing public expenditure, without considering the fact that the main problems for this particular segment of the population may come from problems of reintegration into social life and occupation of leisure time. When there is no adequate adaptation to the changed conditions of life in the transition from worker to pensioner one fatally exposes oneself to the risk of progressive isolation. the reduction of social contracts, the contraction of the use of one’s cognitive functions with possible consequences in the medium to long term on one’s ability to remain self-sufficient. This would ultimately turn into a socio-medical problem, with the associated costs, when an appropriate policy of psycho-social interventions could delay the effects.

Reintegration potential of veterans as a factor of successful reintegration of them into society

The article examines the main components that determine the reintegration potential of veterans. The results of a practical study implemented in the form of a questionnaire of veterans who have experience in the ATO/OS mission and those who had no previous experience of combat operations before a full-scale invasion are presented. A specially conducted survey among members of veterans' families is seen as an important social indicator of the problem. The results of this survey identify the main needs of veterans that make it difficult for them to fully return to civilian life and, accordingly, limit their opportunities for successful reintegration. Special attention is paid to eight key areas of life activity, which are used as a basis for analyzing the impact on society. The purpose of the article is to study the complex of mechanisms of social reintegration of veterans to assess the reintegration potential of a certain category of citizens. The main tasks are defined as follows: to analyze the leading scientific experience on the problem of formulating and researching the concept of "social reintegration of veterans" in the system of categories used in sociology and social work; determine the structure of veterans' reintegration activities, which ensures the harmonious existence of veterans in society; find out the criteria that can be used to assess the reintegration potential of veterans; to determine the main problems of reintegration of veterans and outline ways to solve them. To achieve the goal and solve the identified tasks of the research, theoretical, empirical and statistical methods of research and data processing were used. The conclusions identify the most urgent needs of veterans, the low level of satisfaction of which reduces the reintegration potential of this category of citizens, outline the main problems that need to be solved in order to increase the reintegration potential of veterans. The novelty of the research consists in determining the reintegration potential of veterans based on a societal approach to the assessment of the reintegration process.

Reintegration of repatriates: a qualitative study of influencing factors in the context of communities

PurposeIn the context of international assignments, repatriates are confronted with social, organisational and cultural challenges. However, the impact of community and social support on the reintegration process has gone unnoticed. The purpose of this paper is to identify the influencing factors on the reintegration process of expatriates who were sent to Asia, especially considering social support and the role of the community. In the context of the community, this paper discusses which factors influence the reintegration process after repatriates return to Germany.Design/methodology/approachIn order to research reintegration problems as well as social support and the role of the community, seven semi-structured interviews were conducted with repatriates from Germany.FindingsThe central results of the study show that there are variables in different areas that influence the reintegration process of repatriates sent to Asia, which have both reintegration-promoting and reintegration-inhibiting effects. Furthermore, it was found that a lack of support from social networks in the home country has negative effect on the reintegration process causing repatriates to stay in known repatriate communities.Originality/valueThe results of the study demonstrate that social networks and communities in the home country represent crucial challenges in the reintegration process. Furthermore, it demonstrates the need for future exploratory research into this area to gain further insights into this topic.

(Re)integration Problems Faced by First Generation Turkish Labor Immigrants Who Returned from Germany

With the labor agreement signed between Germany and Turkey in 1961, migration from Turkey to Germany increased drastically. As a result, Turkish society extending to the fifth generation exists today in Germany. Most of those who immigrated during this period, went for a short time to earn money. However, in the historical process most of the firstgeneration immigrants lived in Germany for many years. Although the majority of first-generation immigrants return to their homeland within the scope of their retirement plans, the cyclical changes in Germany and the laws to encourage return also had a catalytic effect on their return. Some of the first-generation immigrants’ socialization in their early youth took place in Turkey, and some in Germany. Immigrants returning to Turkey after living in Germany for many years have problems in many areas, from social life to access to public services and bureaucracy. In addition to these problems, their imagination of the homeland carries traces of their homeland perceptions from years ago. The inconsistency of the idea of homeland in the mind with the reality in the homeland after their return also creates some re-integration problems.

Regional dimension of demographic sustainability of Ukraine in the war conditions

The main features of the Ukraine’s demographic development before the full-scale invasion of Russia on 24.02.2022 have been identified: a constant significant reduction in the population number since 1993, caused primarily by a drop in the birth rate; intensive migration flows dominated by labor emigration; the appearance 1.5 million of internally displaced persons (IDP) since 2014; population aging; spread of depopulation from the east and northeast to the central regions of the country. It is estimated that the existing population of all of Ukraine at the beginning of 2022 was 39.6-40.1 million people, and without the territories occupied in 2014 – 33.5-34 million. The Russian-Ukrainian war became the main factor in the catastrophic aggravation of the demographic crisis in Ukraine and its regions. The war caused tens of thousands of deaths in Ukraine (civilian and military casualties), more than 14 million forced migrants, significant deformations of population structures: demo-reproductive, marriage-family, socio-economic, language-national, confessional, psycho-mental, and others. In addition to an increase in mortality and a decrease in the birth rate, the demographic consequences of the war are significant migration losses, deterioration of health and reduced life expectancy, decrease in economic activity, aggravation risk of social problems of veterans and IDPs reintegration. A demographic macro-zoning scheme has been developed, the criteria of which are the peculiarities of the course of military operations in certain territories, different periods of temporary occupation of Ukrainian territories, the structure of the population of the regions and its dynamics during wartime, the volume of forced migration. The main problems of the demographic development in the selected 5 macro-regions are formulated. The prospects of post-war demographic development and the main directions of socio-demographic policy, which will contribute to strengthening the demographic sustainability in Ukraine, are determined. The main ones are the demographic orientation of state and regional strategies and programs, the creation of conditions for the rapid return of forced migrants from abroad, the promotion of birth rates, the strengthening of the family institution, the socialization and social integration of war veterans, ensuring the competitiveness of older age groups in the labor market.

THE USE OF GEOSPATIAL INFORMATION BY PUBLIC AUTHORITIES TO SUPPORT THE DECISION MAKING OF MANAGEMENT

The article proposes the use of geospatial information to support managerial decision-making by public authorities in the field of reintegration of temporarily occupied territories in Donetsk, Luhansk regions and Crimea. Variants of application of decision support systems in the management of immovable military property of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, the existing algorithms and methods of the decision support system in land relations are analyzed. Proposals are presented to support the adoption of managerial decisions by public authorities on the basis of Earth remote sensing data. The algorithm for the functioning of the decision support system in solving the problems of reintegration of temporarily occupied territories has been improved. The proposed sequence of actions of the method of the process of supporting the adoption of administrative decisions by public authorities in the field of reintegration of temporarily occupied territories using geospatial information, mathematical constructions of category theory and predicate logic. The order of implementation of the sequence of actions of this method is given. By improving and detailing the proposed method, it is possible to form a more effective system for supporting the adoption of managerial decisions by public authorities using geospatial information.

ВПЛИВ ТРУДОВОЇ МІГРАЦІЇ НА МІЖРЕГІОНАЛЬНУ СПІВПРАЦЮ В МЕЖАХ КАРПАТСЬКОГО ЄВРОРЕГІОНУ

This article is devoted to the study of the process of labor migration within the Carpathian Euroregion. The authors consider the main motives and causes of migration, which are typical for the national level. A comparative analysis of the main economic indicators of the labor market in the countries of the regional union – Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania and Ukraine were held. In addition to economic processes, the authors consider migration policy and employment conditions in the most attractive neighboring countries for migrant workers. Considerable attention is paid to Poland, the country that is the largest recipient of migrant workers, according to data from both the State Statistics Service of Ukraine and the Polish Statistics Office. A brief description of the main parameters of employment of Ukrainians in the Polish labor market was given, together with the conditions and features of the country's migration legislation. The general trend of population aging, which is characteristic of all European countries without exception, as well as significant labor emigration from Poland to highly developed European countries, determines the country's migration tactics and strategy to maintain economic viability. The peculiarities of Hungary's migration policy as a country with high potential and the need to attract migrant workers are analyzed. The study proved the fact that Ukrainian citizens are the main migration resource for neighboring countries. The authors express the opinion about the high level of interdependence of the Carpathian Euroregion countries, in particular the neighboring EU countries directly depend on the labor force from Ukraine, which fills the gaps in the labor market, and Ukraine on the cash inflows from migrants. For example, the weight of money transfers of migrant workers in the gross regional product of Zakarpattia, Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk and Chernivtsi regions was analyzed. The most significant problems that accompany the labor emigration of the population are highlighted - illegal employment, disparities in the labor market of Ukraine and the problems of reintegration of migrant workers into society. It is determined that within the Carpathian Euroregion there is a very low level of cooperation to solve these problems, as a result, priority areas of interregional cooperation were proposed.

Discharge, But No Exit: An Existential Qualitative Interpretive Meta-Synthesis of Veteran Reintegration

Abstract Ongoing campaigns in support of the Global War on Terrorism have created an influx of veterans attempting to reintegrate into civilian society. While some veterans reintegrate easily, others continue to struggle. An increasing number of studies have begun to take a more holistic approach to understanding the root causes of the distress observed in reintegrating veterans. The objective of this study was to utilise the existential framework as conceptualised by Irvin Yalom to generate a deeper understanding of the underlying factors contributing to the struggles that veterans experience in their return to society. A qualitative interpretive meta-synthesis (QIMS) approach was used to hear the combined voices of a selection of veterans from the USA and UK. A directed content analysis was used in conjunction with the QIMS methodology to categorise novel constructs in the context of existential ultimate concerns resulting in nine new themes: loss of identity, fear of death, loss of control, reliance on authority, feelings of alienation, self-isolation, resentment towards civilians, loss of collective sense of duty and loss of purpose. Findings enhance the understanding of conflicting values and beliefs underlying reintegration problems, informing future social work practice and research.

Return Migration in the Republic of Moldova: Main Issues and Opportunities

AbstractThe number of return migrants in the Republic of Moldova is small and those who have returned face different socio‐economic reintegration problems, which leads to their re‐inclusion in migration. In this regard, ensuring a sustainable reintegration of return migrants becomes of a great importance. The article aims to analyse the process of socio‐economic reintegration of return migrants in Moldova. To achieve this goal, the following methods were used: qualitative sociological research, policy and SWOT analysis. Conducted research showed that there is a developed legislative framework, which is not fully functional. Even if the Government takes measures to facilitate reintegration of return migrants, some of these are still not easily accessible and sustainable. The study reveals that return migrants often face same problems as local people. A general socio‐economic growth will ensure economic development, creation of opportunities for citizens to work in the country and not to (re)emigrate.

Clients with stroke and non-stroke and their guardians' views on community reintegration status after in-patient rehabilitation.

The aim of this study was to compare client community reintegration status following discharge from the Kachere Rehabilitation Centre (KRC), Blantyre, Malawi, in 2 consecutive years with client versus guardian perspectives on reintegration status. Using quantitative methods, 35 clients with stroke and non-stroke diagnoses (spinal cord dysfunction and neuropathic conditions) and 32 client guardians (the family caregivers in Malawi) were separately interviewed using the WHO Disability Assessment Schedule (DAS) 2.0 (a measure of disability due to reintegration problems back into the community). The results were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test or the Mann-Whitney U Test, as appropriate, to test for significant differences between groups. The clients' home environments were categorized using an original checklist, the Home Observation Data Form (HOD). Moderate to severe perceived levels of disability related to reintegration difficulties were noted by clients in years 1 and 2. For those with non-stroke diagnoses, there was a significant change in year 2 results compared to year 1, but not for those with stroke diagnoses. Guardians agreed with their client's perceptions of difficulty in year 2. Major areas of concern were taking care of household responsibilities, participating in day-to-day work or school routines, joining in community activities, and walking one kilometer per day. Community reintegration challenges in suburban Blantyre, Malawi continued to plague individuals with stroke and non-stroke diagnoses for 2 consecutive years after discharge from KRC. Based on the important role guardians play during their client's rehabilitation phase and when they return to the community, opportunities may exist to improve client perception of disability related to their reintegration status. Future studies are important to replicate these results, investigate the idea of a more important role for guardians in patient-centered care, and the relationship between motor and cognitive function and reintegration status.

Ethiopian returnee women from Arab countries: challenges of successful reintegration

ABSTRACTThis paper explores the Ethiopian female migrant’s change, sustainability of gains, and problems of adjustment and reintegration upon return from the Middle East. Data was gathered from 87 returnees. The income they earn is contributed to their households. However, remittance management and saving strategies were ineffective to bring remarkable changes. Much of the remittance sent home was spent on basic needs. Savings at home and in the Middle East were insignificant. Employment and involvement in investments in the post-return period were limited, and most were leading lives either similar to before or lower level than prior to their departure. Using a methodological classification ‘success’ or ‘failure’, one-third of them achieved relative success. Efforts should be made to develop pre-migration awareness via media such as telecom alerting radios, televisions, and posters. Interventions in skills training and counseling should also be the norm.

THE STRATEGY FOR CREATION OF THE MODERN CONCEPT OF INTEGRATIVE-HOLISTIC EDUCATION (A CASE STUDY OF MINING SCHOOLS OF THE URALS)

Introduction. The relevance of the problem under study is caused by the contradiction between the necessity of fundamentalization of education, raising it to the level of the requirements of integral human development and the deepening disintegration of all sides of his life, including vocational education. The aim of the present publication is philosophical and pedagogical reflection and development of mechanisms for mainstreaming integrative-holistic approach when building a hypothetical model of professional education, aimed at provision of strategic turn towards more balanced (dialectical) approach to the traditional values of education. In particular, it concerns the experience of mining schools of the Urals. Methodology and research methods. A leading approach to the study of this problem is an integrative-holistic approach (PPI) that can identify the holistic nature of the pedagogical system in which: a) inter-transformation of cooperated parts occurs not at the expense of each other, but on behalf of each other part; b) the existence of common points of contact between the cooperated components is complemented by the coexistence of the opposite, sometimes mutually exclusive sides of life; c) the idea of the priority of the whole is in harmony with the idea of polycentrism. Results and scientific novelty. The study shows the failure of the monopoly of the prevailing doctrine of competence-based education as a means for the successful resolution of global problems of reintegration of human existence and therefore postulated the necessity of antinomization (diversification) of education. The authors make the original hypothesis of the construction of the concept of vocational education on the basis of the reconstruction of experience of the mining schools of the Urals and prove the prospectivity of integrative-holistic strategy of reconstruction of educational experience in modern conditions. The system of technological and methodological support of the process of reconstruction of educational experience in modern conditions on the basis of an integrative-holistic approach is developed and presented. Practical significance. The materials of this article can be useful when modeling, the design and construction of educational organizations (systems) that meet the needs of development, the formation and socialisation of a multidimensional personality and the requirements of emerging new communications reality in the relationship of education, production and social environment.

Socio-economic Problems of Remittance Economy: The Case of Nepal

Nepal is one of the poorest but top remittance recipient countries in the world. Remittance has stood out as one of the key factors in reducing poverty, improving human capital and financing imports. However, remittance has also led to moral hazard and the Dutch disease phenomena through hollowing out of adult, productive household members and creating inefficiency in farm production due to shortage of labour and income substitution effect. Furthermore, it has contributed to increasing imports for luxury and semi-luxury goods, resulting in trade deficit. It has eroded competitive advantage of the country by weakening the export sector of the economy. At the micro-level, remittances have been responsible for family breakdowns, erosion of family values, exploitation and inhuman treatment of migrant workers by employers, and problems of reintegration of migrants upon return. This paper examines these issues so as to inform policymakers and researchers.

Iraq and Afghanistan War Veterans with Reintegration Problems: Differences by Veterans Affairs Healthcare User Status.

We studied 1,292 Iraq and Afghanistan War veterans who participated in a clinical trial of expressive writing to estimate the prevalence of perceived reintegration difficulty and compare Veterans Affairs (VA) healthcare users to nonusers in terms of demographic and clinical characteristics. About half of participants perceived reintegration difficulty. VA users and nonusers differed in age and military background. Levels of mental and physical problems were higher in VA users. In multivariate analysis, military service variables and probable traumatic brain injury independently predicted VA use. Findings demonstrate the importance of research comparing VA users to nonusers to understand veteran healthcare needs.

Exploring the Impact of Parental Military Deployment/Field Posting on Adolescents in Indian Military Families

The purpose of this study was to explore the consequences of parental deployment for adolescents and to identify the risk and protective factors which may affect their well- being. The study being exploratory in nature, focus group was chosen for data collection. Three focus groups were held with boys and girls in the age group 12–18 years who were experiencing the deployment of their father for more than six months. Each group consisted of 6–8 participants. A semi structured interview schedule was prepared for the focus group interviews. Each focus group was audio taped and then transcribed for further analysis. Response themes indicate relocation in the absence of the father, changes in roles and responsibilities, routine changes, not having the parent to help with the homework, participate in activities and provide guidance as major sources of stress. While the relaxation in family rules and discipline is cherished by all, there are reintegration problems when the parent returns. Some adolescents expressed concern about the health and worries of the at-home parent, for most of them the mother or the at home parent is the central figure who helps steer through the multiple deployments.

Polish Return and Double Return Migration

Regional surveys indicate that about half the Poles who migrated since 2004 are living back in Poland. However, surveys of returnees also suggest that most are not committed to settling. This article explores why, looking at re-integration problems common worldwide, but also at the specifics of post-communist Poland, such as regional inequalities, job insecurity and low social trust. Although many returnees will continue to migrate temporarily, for others (notably those aged around 30) the experience of failed return to Poland inclines them to settle abroad. Such double return migrants engage in new, less transnational livelihood strategies, integrating more abroad and burning bridges back to Poland.

Prescription Opioid Initiation, Correlates, and Consequences Among a Sample of OEF/OIF Military Personnel

Prescription opioid (PO) misuse represents a major health risk for many service members and veterans. This paper examines the pathways to misuse among a sample of US veterans who recently returned from Iraq and Afghanistan to low-income, predominately minority sections of New York City. Recreational PO misuse was not common on deployment. Most PO misusers initiated use subsequent to PO use for pain management, an iatrogenic pathway. However, most PO users did not misuse them. Veterans that misused POs were more likely to have other reintegration problems including drug and alcohol use disorders, traumatic brain injury (TBI), unemployment, and homelessness.

Women at war: Understanding how women veterans cope with combat and military sexual trauma

The wars in Iraq (Operation Iraqi Freedom, OIF) and Afghanistan (Operation Enduring Freedom, OEF) have engendered a growing population of US female veterans, with women now comprising 15% of active US duty military personnel. Women serving in the military come under direct fire and experience combat-related injuries and trauma, and are also often subject to in-service sexual assaults and sexual harassment. However, little is known regarding how women veterans cope with these combat and military sexual trauma experiences once they return from deployment. To better understand their experiences, we conducted semi-structured interviews with nineteen OEF/OIF women veterans between January–November 2009. Women veterans identified stressful military experiences and post-deployment reintegration problems as major stressors. Stressful military experiences included combat experiences, military sexual trauma, and separation from family. Women had varying abilities to address and manage stressors, and employed various cognitive and behavioral coping resources and processes to manage their stress.