Global Warming Problem Research Articles

Through analysis of three-generation solar cells, predict the future potential for solar-powered cars

In today's world, the problem of global warming is becoming increasingly serious, leading to natural disasters. One of the main causes of global warming is the emission of carbon dioxide. There are hundreds of millions of cars worldwide that contain a lot of carbon dioxide in their exhaust emissions, and in the future more and more. So now mankind needs a way to solve this problem. The development and promotion of solar cars is a good way to reduce car exhaust emissions. The role, market size and prospects of solar vehicles are presented in this article. By summarizing the different types of solar cells in different literature, the working principles of the first, second and third generation solar cell, as well as their advantages and disadvantages, are analysed. By studying the properties of these batteries, the performance of the fourth generation of new solar cells is predicted and some individual opinions are presented.

Innovative Energy Design for Energy Efficient Buildings - An Example from the Bullitt Center

In recent years, the extreme climate caused by global warming has brought serious consequences to the world. In order to alleviate the problem of global warming, many scholars have started to analyse energy-saving green buildings. Taking the Bullitt Center as an example, this paper illustrates the innovative applications of energy-efficient buildings in solar power generation, rainwater collection and utilization, toilet water conservation and resource utilization and room temperature regulation. It focuses on the differences in the use of solar power generation in winter and summer, the process of purification of rainwater into water, the comparison between composting toilets and vacuum toilets and the steps of regulating the room temperature by windows and ground-source heat pumps. This paper also talks about the limitations of these innovative applications. It could probably give reference to the subsequent construction of buildings, thus promoting energy saving and emission reduction in buildings and mitigating global warming.

Characteristics of exhaust emissions from MGO–bioethanol fuel blend using a combustion chamber

We conducted combustion tests with marine gas oil (MGO) blended with bioethanol (BE) in ratios of 0%–30% to address International Maritime Organization air pollution regulations on exhaust gases emitted from ships and fossil fuel resource depletion and achieve carbon neutrality. We designed and manufactured a standard 1-ton combustion chamber, using an attached gun-type burner to analyze the exhaust gases of each sample under similar conditions. Compared to pure MGO (BE0), the oxygen content increased by approximately 1.91% at the maximum blend ratio (BE30), while carbon dioxide decreased by 1.39%. Nitrogen oxides were reduced by approximately 30%. Sulfur oxides were minimal (<0.03%), with MGO alone at approximately 0.08 ppm, confirming the superior quality of low-sulfur fuel. In all blends containing BE, no sulfur oxides were detected. Additionally, exhaust gas temperature decreased by 5.8%, and combustion efficiency decreased from 72.24% to 70.33%, a reduction of approximately 1.9%. This indicated that BE has a relatively lower calorific value; however, it provides a similar thermal output, with some reduction of exhaust emissions. A one-way ANOVA and post-hoc verification confirmed that with increased BE content, emission differences were significant ( p < 0.01 level in all areas). Through this study, it was confirmed that the use of eco-friendly fuels such as bioethanol has excellent effects on reducing exhaust emissions. It is analyzed that it would help solve global warming and air environment pollution problems. Therefore, it is determined that the future application of MGO-bioethanol blended fuel as an eco-friendly alternative fuel for ships holds significant potential, and positive outcomes are anticipated.

Resolving NOX formation of ammonia-hydrogen flame utilizing PLIF technique collaborated with flame structures and chemical kinetics analysis

Carbon-free fuels such as ammonia and hydrogen have attracted much attention in response to tackling with climate problem of global warming, but their high NOX emissions limit practical applications unavoidably. Currently, very few studies have addressed the inter-relationship between flame structures and NOX formation. In addition, few previous studies have analyzed ammonia-hydrogen combustion with low hydrogen mixing ratio through in-depth NOX formation mechanisms. In this work, NOX formation of ammonia-hydrogen swirl flame with different equivalence ratios and hydrogen mixing ratios (<30 %) has been comprehensively investigated, and the connection between flame structures and NOX has been reflected based on PLIF technique. The analytical results showed that as equivalence ratio (Φ = 0.6–1.2) increased, NOX concentration increased firstly and then decreased subsequently, and peak NOX value was observed between Φ = 0.7–0.8. Besides, NOX increased as the hydrogen mixing ratio increased from 10 % to 25 %, being capable of reaching up to 2795 ppm. Furthermore with flame structure analysis, the flame structure could be classified into single-front flame, transition flame, and double-front flame, in which transition flame featured with the largest decomposition reaction region contributing to NH3 oxidation to form NOX (intensive OH radicals propagation); while double-front flame characterized by smallest decomposition reaction region inhibiting the NOX formation via OH suppression (weak OH radicals propagation). Based on systematically flame surface density and chemical kinetics analysis, lean combustion benefited the NOX pathway, whilst rich combustion favored the N2 pathway. In addition, as the hydrogen ratio increased, and the reducibility of NH/NH2 to NOX was weakened, which ultimately promoted the production of NOX. The findings achieved suggest that future combustion techniques by the ammonia-hydrogen dual fuel should avoid the occurrence of transition flame, and prone to the generation of double-front flame, which could thus implement effective suppression on NOX formation.

Forecasting Carbon Dioxide Emission Regional Difference in China by Damping Fractional Grey Model

The emission of carbon dioxide is the main reason for many global warming problems. Although China has made tremendous efforts to reduce carbon emission, the space–time dynamics of the carbon emission trend is still imbalanced. To forecast CDED in China, the Dagum Gini coefficient was applied to measure regional CDED. Then, a grey correlation model was used to select potential influence factors and a wrapping method for selecting the optimal subset. DGMC is proposed to forecast CDED. The research results showed that the DGMC generalization performance is significantly superior to other models. The MAPE of DGMC in six cases are 1.18%, 1.11%, 0.66%, 1.13%, 1.27% and 0.51%, respectively. The RMSPEPR of DGMC in six cases are 1.08%, 1.21%, 0.97%, 1.36%, 1.41% and 0.57%, respectively. The RMSPEPO of DGMC in six cases are 1.29%, 0.69%, 0.02%, 0.58%, 0.78% and 0.32%, respectively. In future trends, the eastern carbon dioxide emission intraregional differences will decrease. Additionally, the intraregional differences in western and middle-region carbon dioxide emissions will expand. Interregional carbon emission difference will display a narrowing trend. Compared with the traditional grey model and ANN model, integrating the influence factor information significantly improved forecasting accuracy. The proposed model will present better balanced historical information and accurately forecast future trends. Finally, policy recommendations are proposed based on the research results.

Data-driven energy consumption prediction of a university office building using machine learning algorithms

Redundant consumption of energy in buildings is an important issue that causes increasing problems of climate change and global warming in the world. Therefore, it is necessary to develop efficient energy management approaches in buildings. Accurate prediction of energy consumption plays an important role to obtain energy-efficient buildings. Data-driven methods gained attention for estimation of energy consumption in buildings which would provide more accurate prediction results. In this study, hourly energy consumption prediction is performed on a university office building to increase energy efficiency in the building using machine learning algorithms. A new parameter is proposed, air conditioning demand, to improve accuracy of the algorithms. Moreover, temporal parameters, i.e. day of week, month of year, and hour of day, were used along with meteorological parameters to improve prediction performance of the algorithms. Experimental results show that hourly energy consumption of the building could be predicted using machine learning algorithms with high performance. When the results were analysed, Deep Neural Network (DNN) achieved better performance among other alternative algorithms. The average values of R2, RMSE and MAPE for DNN were 0.959, 4.796 kWh, and 5.738 %, respectively. Also, the addition of proposed air conditioning demand parameter provided improved performance to the algorithms.

Analisis Kesesuaian Desain Rumah Tinggal Orang Minangkabau Perantauan terhadap Konsep Greenship Home

Currently, there are still many who build housing without thinking about the green concept. This causes the problem of global warming. With the very fast development process, especially in Jakarta, it will have an impact on environmental damage. The way to solve this problem is to implement the greenship home concept to residential. The greenship home concept is a development of sustainable development goals (SDG's). The homes of overseas Minangkabau people are said to carry the concept of social sustainability, which is a link between the design of the physical world and the social world, which means that even the comfortable housing is important, home design that is able to maintain social relations and cultural development must also be considered. The culture and traditions of the Minangkabau people who have migrated are still preserved for the sake of continued social interaction or what is known as social sustainability. This research aims to analyze and validate the suitability of residential designs for overseas Minangkabau people, especially those living in Jakarta, to the greenship home concept. The method used is mix-method/combined research which combines qualitative and quantitative approaches. Qualitative with a cultural approach to describe and compare with the standard greenship home assessment system, while quantitative because the data is in the form of numbers. Data was collected through observation and interview methods. The findings of this research are related to the level of suitability of the design of spatial arrangements in the homes of overseas Minangkabau people to the greenship home concept, especially in upper middle class housing in Jakarta, which is in accordance with a percentage of suitability value of 73%, or equivalent to the minimum value at platinum rank (the highest rank ) namely with a score of 56. This research is also expected to become a basis for criticism and evaluation for developers when designing housing in the future.

Thermodynamic functions and parameters of sorption from flue gases (CO2,SOx,NOx) by Khekordzula clinoptilolite

Generation during the production process and emissions into the atmosphere with flue gases (CO2,SOx,NOx) cause the “greenhouse effect” and the problem of global warming. Despite the existing practice of using zeolite as an adsorbent for a number of gases in projects such as Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage to prevent climate change, the thermodynamic functions and parameters of the zeolite tuff containing the mineral Khekordzula clinophtholite in the inner Kartli region of Georgia are unknown and have not been studied. According to the research data, the corresponding thermodynamic parameters were determined, namely the enthalpy of formation of the mineral clinophthylolite in the Khekordzula zeolite tuff ΔfH2980=−39,825.838kj·mol−1, Gibbs energy ΔfG2980=−36,734.784kj·mol−1, entropy S2980=−10.373j·K·mol−1; Dehydration and as well as physical sorption (CO2, SOx, NOx) start parameters: temperature T=352.90K, pressure P=6.84mmHg. The thermodynamic parameters of the Khekordzula natural clinoptilolite tuff, taking into account its basic mineralogical composition, were determined: ΔfH2980=−30,403.76kj·mol−1; ΔfG2980=−29,963.01kj·mol−1; S2980=−1.48j·K·mol−1; T=374.22K, P=0.0003mmHg. It has been confirmed that chemisorption (CO2, SOx, NOx) by Khekordzula clinophthylolite should begin at temperatures above 2000 K. The results of the conducted studies make it possible to evaluate the prospects of using Khekordzula and natural zeolites of similar composition as an adsorbent for harmful industrial gases, which will help plan and implement effective solutions to environmental problems.

A mathematical modelling for solar irradiance reduction of sunshades and some near-future albedo modification approaches for mitigation of global warming

To address the global warming problem, one of the space-based geoengineering solutions suggests the construction of an occluding disc that can work as a solar curtain to mitigate solar irradiation penetration to the earth atmosphere. A widely discussed concept needs the construction of a large-scale sunshade system near the Sun–Earth L1 equilibrium point in order to control the average global temperature. However, to improve the accuracy of theoretical estimations, more consistent modeling of the Sun-Curtain-Earth system and solar irradiance reduction rate are required. This study revisits the mathematical modeling of the solar irradiance reduction system and considers the fundamentals of shading physics. Simplified mathematical modeling of solar irradiance reduction rate is derived based on the solar flux density. For the climate control, controllability of the reduction rate by using some physical parameters (e.g., flux reflection rate and angle of the curtain) is discussed. Based on the results of this model, the technical challenges and feasibility of constructing a sunshade system at L1 Lagrange point are evaluated. Some technologically feasible, near-future options for the warming problem are discussed briefly.

Highly Durable Compositionally Variant Bifunctional Tetrametallic Ni–Co–Mn–Fe Phosphide Electrocatalysts Synthesized by a Facile Electrodeposition Method for High-Performance Overall Water Splitting

In the recent few decades, the demand for green sources of energy that are clean and sustainable became very essential to reduce the greenhouse and global warming problems. Consequently, there is an increasing demand to identify nonprecious, cheap bifunctional electrocatalysts for water splitting. Herein, nanosheets of different earth-abundant Ni, Co, Mn, and Fe combinations are electrodeposited over commercial Ti mesh and tested for the overall water splitting. The bare Ti mesh requires overpotentials of −486.6 mV at −10 mA cm–2 and 534.5 mV at 10 mA cm–2 for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), respectively. However, the electrodeposited catalysts show much higher catalytic activity for both HER and OER with overpotentials of −300 and 279 mV at −10 and 10 mA cm–2, respectively, lowering the overpotential needed to drive the OER by 50%. Nevertheless, to enhance the electrocatalytic performance of the fabricated catalysts, they are phosphidized using different phosphorous precursors. The resulted NiCoMnFe–P catalysts exhibit much lower HER overpotential (−200 mV at −10 mA cm–2), which is 40% lower than that needed by the bare Ti mesh. For the overall water splitting, a cell voltage of 1.71 V is recorded to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm–2. Lastly, the stability test of the overall device reveals very high stability with current retention of 90% over 22 h of continuous electrolysis. Furthermore, the synergy between the metallic components in the absence and presence of P is elucidated using density functional theory calculations, revealing optimized G H* and G H2O* for the HER reaction over the P-top site of the MnFeCoNiP catalyst. In addition, the calculations explain the superiority of the NiCoMnFe catalyst over the NiCoMnFeP counterpart for the OER.

Technology Oriented Struggle Against Climate Change in Transportation Sector: An Empirical Investigation

The transportation sector is one of the most important sectors in which greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) are the highest, thus causing the global warming problem to rise. One of the most effective and international solutions to this problem is considered to be a technology-oriented struggle, and the development of green technologies is encouraged by global authorities. The study aims to investigate the success of the technology-oriented struggle against global warming in the transport sector. In analyses, data on transportation-related greenhouse gas emissions, the number of patents (transport-related climate change mitigation technologies), trade openness, and GDP per capita of 12 OECD countries years between 1999-2017 were used. To identify the long-run and short-run relationship among variables, the Cross-Sectional Autoregressive Distributed Lags Estimator (CSARDL) and also the Mean Group (MG), Augmented Mean Group (AMG), and Common Correlated Effects Mean Group Estimators (CCE) were applied. According to the estimators' findings, no evidence was found that the number of patents and trade openness affected greenhouse gas emissions, but it was determined that GDP positively affected greenhouse gas emissions. As a result, it can be said that the technology-oriented struggle against climate change in the transportation sector alone isn't sufficient to reduce transportation-related GHG emissions.

Global Warming, its Causes, Environmental Effects, and Solution to Avoid this Phenomenon: Review

This review aims to identify the causes that contribute to global warming and offers the most likely cause, according to the published evidence. Additionally, this page provides various mitigation strategies for the global warming issue. The most practical economic and technical solution to the global warming problem is the simultaneous adoption of mitigation and adaptation techniques. Global warming is a major consequence of human activities caused by the excessive use of old fuels as an energy- source, which has caused increased quantities of “greenhouse gases” (GHGs). The atmosphere contains gases that increase the Earth's average surface temperature, such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and water vapor. Global warming phenomena have become a global problem with negative effects on various parts of the environment due to the glaciers melting, overflowing carbon dioxide (CO2), and too much warming of aquatic bodies, among others. Generality people are still unaware of global warming and do not see it as a main problem in the coming years.

Does Arranging Solar Panels Vertically Mitigate Effects of Expansive Land Use?

When it comes to solving the ever more pressing problem of global warming, solar panels have a major flaw in the large land cost. As such, renewables such as solar panels must become more efficient in terms of land use. To evaluate a possible solution to this issue, namely, stacking solar panels vertically, we connected 4 solar panels to a trolling motor (load). Initially, all 4 panels were laid side-by-side, and voltage data of the load was collected. An extra solar panel was used to play the role of absolute standard for comparison. Then we stacked 4 panels on a wooden tower, the last panel serving as control, with 0, 3, 6, … and 18 inches of separation. Analysis of the initial side-by-side with temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure all confirmed that our system behaved as intended. We found that 18 inches of separation generated around 40% of the power of side-by-side while 15 inches generated around 65% across similar weather conditions. Naturally, 18 inches of separation should have generated more power than 15 inches. This discrepancy could be explained by the experiment being conducted later in the winter. As a result, we can conclude that vertical configurations could produce the same amount of energy as side-by-side with just 38% of the land and 50% extra cost. However, the true benefits could be even higher, considering multiple facets of the solar system.

Research on the expansion scale of hydropower station installed capacity during deep development

Abstract In order to alleviate the problem of global warming, achieve the national goal of carbon emission reduction, and meet the need to increase peak shaving pressure on the power grid because of wind power and solar energy, hydropower resources will turn to in-depth development. This paper analyzes the methods for determining the scale of deep hydropower development from the perspectives of power system demand and hydropower resource utilization. From the perspective of the power system demand, this paper analyzes the reasonable utilization hours of hydroelectric installed capacity in a power grid, optimization methods for power structure, and deep development scale analysis methods. From the perspective of hydropower utilization, this paper analyzes the supplementary installed capacity utilization hours, reasonable installed capacity and guaranteed output ratio of a single hydropower station, and the economic scale calculation method for deep development. This provides a reference for the subsequent deep development of hydropower stations.

Covert Moral Enhancement: Are Dirty Hands Needed to Save the Planet?

ABSTRACT Michael Walzer’s article ‘Political action: the problem of dirty hands’ initiated a new wave of discussion over a persistent problem in moral philosophy: are there situations in which ethical rules must be relaxed so as to bring about a greater good? In this article, we consider whether this ‘dirty hands’ approach may be applied to our current climate crisis. One proposed solution to the problem of global warming is the administration of moral enhancements to the population. Assuming that the administration of moral enhancements is a necessary condition in the prevention of a climate crisis, Parker Crutchfield argues that this procedure ought to be covert. This implies lying to the public, and such dishonesty amounts to immoral behavior. We conclude that despite the severity of global warming, there is no justification for a dirty hands approach. Lying to the public in order to save the planet would probably create bigger problems, and it would ultimately be very counterproductive in trying to save the planet.

Global Warming Reduction Proposal Assessment

The aim of this work, is to find out if there is a convergence of different scientific considerations into a common aggregation point, that can be used as a key point for a new global approach to the problem of global warming, even using a heuristic method of evaluation.

An evolutionary game and system dynamics approach for the production and consumption of carbon-labeled products-based on a media monitoring perspective

Carbon label is acknowledged as an effective way to combat the problem of global warming. As a powerful way to encourage individuals to adjust their consumption patterns and to promote the development of green consumption, carbon-labeled products are widely developed in China. To reveal the production and consumption process of carbon-labeled products, the present study constructs a tripartite game model consisting of the government, carbon-labeled products manufacturers and consumers based on a media monitoring perspective. The evolutionary stability strategy (ESS) is firstly determined by solving the replication dynamic equations and stability analysis of the equilibrium point, followed by the strategy analysis and sensitivity analysis through numerical simulation. The results show that media supervision can effectively complement and constrain government supervision. In addition, it can promote enterprises to standardize production and enhance consumers' trust and willingness to buy carbon-labeled products. The introduction of media supervision can well realize the ideal equilibrium of "effective government supervision, enterprise compliance and consumer support for purchase".

The impact of green innovation on the carbon performance of Chinese manufacturing enterprises: Moderating role of internal governance

With the increasing problems of global warming, ecological damage, and excessive consumption of resources, a greater number of countries are focusing on corporate carbon performance and carbon emissions. Enterprises can save energy and reduce emissions through green innovation, which will improve the efficiency of carbon use and contribute to higher levels of corporate carbon performance. Meanwhile, effective corporate governance can improve enterprise performance, while internal governance systems can affect enterprise carbon performance. This study aims to reveal how the green innovation affect carbon performance of enterprises and the role of internal governance. So this study utilizes the data of China's A-share listed manufacturing companies from 2010 to 2020 to examine the impact of green innovation on corporate carbon performance through a fixed-effects model, and to examine the impact of corporate internal governance structure on green innovation and carbon performance through a moderating-effects model. The data used in this study are mainly from China Securities Market and Accounting Research Database (CSMAR) and China Research Data Service Platform (CNRDS), and the robustness test is conducted by replacing the independent variables using the 2sls method. The findings indicate that green innovation has a significant contribution to enterprise performance on carbon. Ownership concentration and executive political connections negatively moderated the relationship between green innovation and carbon performance. Director compensation positively moderates the relationship between green innovation and carbon performance. This research provides a theoretical groundwork for future studies on green innovation and carbon performance, and its findings are instructive for both the introduction of government policies and the restructuring of internal corporate governance.

Solar-powered hybrid adsorption desalination/humidification-dehumidification system

Eco-friendly materials used in adsorption desalination system represent a good alternative to avoid the problems of pollution and global warming. Adsorption desalination technology has low relative performance and still needs more development. This work investigates novel configurations of solar-powered adsorption desalination system using composite sodium polyacrylate (SP) as adsorbent material integrated with humidification-dehumidification desalination system driven by solar energy or waste heat. Cost analysis of those novel configurations and weather effects were studied beside the performance. MATLAB and TRNSYS used hot regions' weather data to carry out the model. Sodium polyacrylate in the forms of raw sodium polyacrylate and SP/CaCl2 is used as adsorbent material. Findings reveal that for conventional solar adsorption desalination system using raw sodium polyacrylate or SP/CaCl2, the highest specific cooling power is introduced by the composite adsorbent. When utilizing raw sodium polyacrylate in the hybrid system with heat recovery, it gives relatively high values of specific daily water production, reaching 55.8 m3/ton in June, and it decreased to 41.7 m3/ton in December. Gained output ratio has been studied, and it changes from 1.73 in January to 1.58 in June and 1.75 in December. When utilizing SP/CaCl2, The hybrid system with heat recovery reached a SDWP value of 77.3 m3/ton in June, and it decreased to 51.8 m3/ton in December. Results also reveal that the SP/CaCl2 system powered by waste heat provides the cheapest desalinated water among all systems at 0.49 $/m3.

A combined framework for carbon emissions prediction integrating online search attention

As CO2 emissions continue to rise, the problem of global warming is becoming increasingly serious. It is important to provide a robust management decision-making basis for the reductions of carbon emissions worldwide by predicting carbon emissions accurately. However, affected by various factors, the prediction of carbon emissions is challenging due to its nonlinear and nonstationary characteristics. Thus, we propose a combination forecast model, named CEEMDAN-GWO-SVR, which incorporates multiple features to predict trends in China’s carbon emissions. First, the impact of online search attention and public health emergencies are considered in carbon emissions prediction. Since the impact of different variables on carbon emissions is lagged, the grey relational degree is used to identify the appropriate lag series. Second, irrelevant features are eliminated through RFECV. To address the issue of feature redundancy of online search attention, we propose a dimensionality reduction method based on keyword classification. Finally, to evaluate the features of the proposed framework, four evaluation indicators are tested in multiple machine learning models. The best-performed model (SVR) is optimized by CEEMDAN and GWO to enhance prediction accuracy. The empirical results indicate that the proposed framework maintains good performance in both multi-scenario and multi-step prediction.