General Psychological Problems Research Articles

Predictors of Symptom Reduction and Remission Among People with Anxiety: Secondary Analyses from a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Despite the substantial disease burden of anxiety disorders, only limited or conflicting data on prognostic factors is available. Most studies include patients in the secondary healthcare sector thus, the generalizability of findings is limited. The present study examines predictors of symptom reduction and remission in patients with anxiety disorders in a primary care setting. 214 patients with anxiety disorders, recruited as part of the Collabri Flex trial, were included in secondary analyses. Data on potential predictors of anxiety symptoms at 6-month follow-up was collected at baseline, including patient characteristics related to demography, illness, comorbidity, functional level, life quality, and self-efficacy. The outcomes were symptom reduction and remission. Univariate and multivariate linear and logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess the associations between predictor variables and the outcome, and machine-learning methods were also applied. In multiple linear regression analysis, anxiety severity at baseline (β = -6.05, 95% CI = -7.54,-4.56, p < 0.001) and general psychological problems and symptoms of psychopathology (SCL-90-R score) (β = 2.19, 95% CI = 0.24,4.14, p = 0.028) were significantly associated with symptom change at 6months. Moreover, self-efficacy was associated with the outcome, however no longer significant in the multiple regression model. In multiple logistic regression analysis, anxiety severity at baseline (OR = 0.54, 95% CI = -1.13,-0.12, p = 0.018) was significantly associated with remission at 6months. There was no predictive performance of the machine-learning models. Our study contributes with information that could be valuable knowledge for managing anxiety disorders in primary care.

A Case Study of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Intervention in General Psychological Problems

A Case Study of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Intervention in General Psychological Problems

A Case Study of Rational Emotion Therapy to Solve Freshmen Interpersonal Communication Problems

General psychological problems; Rational-emotive therapy; Interpersonal communication

Pedology and applied psychology in Russia in the first third of the XX century

The article examines the formation and liquidation of pedology and psychotechnics in Russia in the 1920s–1930s. The general and the different in practical tasks and scientific problems of pedology, psychotechnics and general psychology are discussed the position of L.S. Vygotsky on the relationship between pedology and psychotechnics.The crisis of pedology and psychotechnics and their elimination after the Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) on pedology (1936) correlates with the mistakes of the representatives of these disciplines, as well as the change in the socio-economic and ideological-political conditions of society in the USSR during the reconstruction period, as well as with the aggravation political confrontation between communism and national socialism in pre-war Europe.Conclusions are drawn about the responsibility of applied psychology to society when it intervenes in the tasks of social practice.

Overlap between general factors of psychopathology and personality: They share associations with daily life functioning and communication style

Previous studies have shown that specific personality dimensions, -e.g., the Big Five-, consistently intercorrelate, such that they form a general factor of personality (GFP). It has been hypothesized that the GFP reflects social effectiveness. Similarly, in the clinical domain, overlap between various psychopathological symptoms has also been reported, leading to a general factor of Psychopathology, or p factor. The aim of this study was to test the overlap between the higher-order factors in personality and psychopathology, and how they relate to daily life functioning and communication style. We tested a sample of 165 outpatients of a psychological therapy institute, using a multi-source approach that included self-reports and other ratings. The outpatients’ self-reports of personality, general psychological problems, and interpersonal problems were available. Psychotherapists rated the outpatients’ functioning in daily life with the well-known Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale. A spouse or friend also rated the impact of the patient’s communication/social behavior. Patients with lower GFP scores and higher scores on general psychopathology, displayed more distress and daily functioning deficits (i.e., lower GAF scores) and, in terms of communication styles, were also rated as being less dominant, less in control socially, and more submissive and aggressive. We proposed that part of the overlap between the general factors (GFP, psychopathology factors) may relate to a lower general life functioning and less social effectiveness.

Coping strategies and mental health of adolescents impacted by parental HIV and AIDS in rural South Africa

Objective: The study explored whether orphanhood status as well as coping strategies predicted mental health outcomes in orphans and vulnerable adolescents who participated in an NGO-supported programme in rural South Africa. Method: Participants comprised 175 adolescents (aged 11–18 years) from a low-resource community, and included non-orphans (n = 57), orphans due to AIDS (n = 62) and orphans due to other causes (n = 56). All participants rated themselves on the age-appropriate Youth Self-Report scales and 95 completed the Children’s Coping Strategies Checklist (CCSC). Little’s test of data missing completely at random revealed that the CCSC missing data did not display a specific pattern. Results: Active coping negatively predicted internalising, externalising and general psychological problems, while avoidant coping predicted general psychological problems. Orphanhood group status, sex and age did not predict coping strategies used. A higher proportion of orphans by AIDS had elevated scores of internalising problems and all participants on somatic complaints. Conclusions: Active coping strategies minimise the risk for emotional and behavioural problems among the participants. Our findings suggest that agencies and non-governmental organisations that provide services to vulnerable adolescents can facilitate active coping skills to enhance their psychological well-being.

Effectiveness of the mental health education courses for freshmen in Jiangsu colleges

Objective To understand the overall mental health status of freshmen in colleges and universities in Jiangsu Province, to investigate the effectiveness of mental health courses in improving the mental health of freshmen, so as to provide a reference for improving the mental health of freshmen. Methods A total of 3 358 freshmen from a university in Jiangsu were selected from March to April 2019, mental health courses were held once (2 class hours each time) a week for 8 consecutive weeks, 16 class hours in total (8 class hours of classroom teaching, and 8 class hours of experiential teaching). All the participants were used the Chinese College Students Mental Health Scale to conduct a questionnaire survey followed up before, during and after the implementation of mental health courses. Results A total of 186 students with serious psychological problems were screened before the course, accounting for 5.54% of the total number, 310 students with general psychological problems, accounting for 9.23% of the total number, and 579 students with potential psychological distress, accounting for the total number 17.23% of the total number of people, 2 283 students without psychological distress, accounting for 67.99% of the total number. In the early, middle and late periods of the course, psychological problems showed a downward trend, and the main effect of time was significant (all P<0.01). After the implementation of the mental health course, the detection rate of serious psychological problems (3.84%, 129/3 358) was significantly lower than before the course (5.54%, 186/3 358) (χ 2 = 10.82, P<0.01). In the early, middle and late periods of the course, the development trajectory of freshmen’s psychological problems was divided into two types, namely “first ascending and then descending” (26%) and “slowly descending” (74%). Conclusion The mental health curriculum shows a positive effect on improving the mental health of freshmen. Colleges and universities should pay attention to the construction of mental health curriculum to fully guarantee the quality of the curriculum. 【摘要】 目的 了解江苏省高校新生心理健康状况, 考察心理健康课程对提升大一新生心理健康水平的效果, 为提高大 一新生心理健康水平提供参考。 方法 2019 年 3—4 月选取江苏某高校 3 358 名大一新生开展心理健康课程, 每周 1 次 (每次 2 个学时), 连续 8 周, 共 16 个学时 (8 个学时课堂讲授, 8 个学时体验式教学)。采用中国大学生心理健康筛査量 表, 在心理健康课程的前、中、后 3 个时间段进行 3 次问卷调査。 结果 课程前, 共筛査出严重心理问题者 186 人, 占总人 数的 5.54%; —般心理问题 310 人, 占总人数的 9.23%; 潜在心理困扰 579 人, 占总人数的 17.23%; 无心理困扰 2 283 人, 占 总人数的 67.99%。在课程的前、中、后 3 个时间段, 心理问题呈现下降趋势, 时间主效应有统计学意义 ( P 值均<0.01)。实 施心理健康课程后, 严重心理问题的检出率 (3.84%, 129/3 358) 低于课程前 (5.54%, 186/3 358) (χ 2 = 10.82, P<0.01)。3 个 时间段, 新生心理问题的发展轨迹分为 2 个类型, 分别是“先升后降型” (26 %)和“缓慢下降型” (74 %)。 结论 心理健康 课程对提高大一新生心理健康水平有积极作用, 高校应重视心理健康课程建设, 全面保障课程质量。

Universal and Selective Interventions to Prevent Poor Mental Health Outcomes in Young People: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Much is not known about the efficacy of interventions to prevent poor mental health outcomes in young people by targeting either the general population (universal prevention) or asymptomatic individuals with high risk of developing a mental disorder (selective prevention). We conducted a PRISMA/MOOSE-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis of Web of Science to identify studies comparing post-test efficacy (effect size [ES]; Hedges' g) of universal or selective interventions for poor mental health outcomes versus control groups, in samples with mean age <35 years (PROSPERO: CRD42018102143). Measurements included random-effects models, I2 statistics, publication bias, meta-regression, sensitivity analyses, quality assessments, number needed to treat, and population impact number. 295 articles (447,206 individuals; mean age = 15.4) appraising 17 poor mental health outcomes were included. Compared to control conditions, universal and selective interventions improved (in descending magnitude order) interpersonal violence, general psychological distress, alcohol use, anxiety features, affective symptoms, other emotional and behavioral problems, consequences of alcohol use, posttraumatic stress disorder features, conduct problems, tobacco use, externalizing behaviors, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder features, and cannabis use, but not eating-related problems, impaired functioning, internalizing behavior, or sleep-related problems. Psychoeducation had the highest effect size for ADHD features, affective symptoms, and interpersonal violence. Psychotherapy had the highest effect size for anxiety features. Universal and selective preventive interventions for young individuals are feasible and can improve poor mental health outcomes.

Effect of Biofeedback Combined with Psychological Intervention in the Treatment of Functional Constipation

Functional constipation is a common intestinal functional disease in clinic, although there is no related organic disease, if long term accompanied by functional constipation patients, it can cause anal intestinal diseases (hemorrhoids, anal fissure, anal distension, rectal cancer, etc.). The purpose of this study is to explore the treatment of middle aged functional constipation patients with biofeedback therapy combined with psychological intervention through the combination of theory and clinic, to find an effective, simple and low recurrence rate treatment. According to the inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria, 150 adult patients with functional constipation diagnosed in the anorectal surgery clinic of our hospital from March 2017 to October 2018 were randomly divided into two groups: treatment group (n=75) and control group (n=75). There is no difference in general data, defecation symptoms, clinical symptoms and psychological problems between the two groups. The patients in the two groups were treated for 3 w respectively. After 3 w of treatment, the observation indexes of the two groups before and after treatment were statistically analyzed and the recurrence of functional constipation was statistically analyzed after drug withdrawal. Comparison of clinical efficacy: among the 75 patients, 30 cases were cured, 24 cases were markedly effective, 14 cases were cured, 7 cases were ineffective and the total effective rate was 90.67 %. Among the 75 patients in the control group, 23 cases were cured, 24 cases were markedly effective, 8 cases were effective, 20 cases were ineffective and the total effective rate was 73.3 %. The chi square test showed that the difference between the two data was statistically significant (p<0.05). Biofeedback combined with psychological intervention is effective in the treatment of functional constipation in terms of defecation symptoms, clinical symptoms and psychological problems.

Posttraumatic stress and co-occurrence of mental health problems in Sri Lankan adolescents.

A significant minority (5 %) of adolescents develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after trauma exposure. These adolescents are likely to experience many other mental health problems and have related impaired functioning. This study examined the co-occurrence of Emotional and Behavioral Problems (EBP) with PTSD symptoms and investigated the effect of PTSD symptoms on EBP-related impaired functioning. The initial sample (T1) comprised 729 Sri Lankan adolescents, age 12-16 years, living in an area impacted by the 2004 tsunami. In 2008, participants (T1) completed measures of trauma exposure, PTSD symptoms, EBP and related functional impairment. Sixteen months later a subsample of 90 adolescents (T2) underwent diagnostic interview for PTSD and co-occurrence of mental health morbidity. In the 58.2 % of the T1 sample reporting any trauma exposure, 23.7 % met criteria for full or partial PTSD. Among all participants, 13.4 % had borderline to abnormal levels of EBP. EBP was significantly higher among PTSD-positive participants compared to PTSD-negative and non-traumatized subgroups (p < 0.001). In the T2 sample, all four cases with diagnosed PTSD had coexisting psychological problems. Further, PTSD symptoms exacerbated the impact of EBP on functional impairment. Findings support the conclusion that researchers and practitioners should be alert to EBP among trauma-exposed adolescents, because such general psychological problems are common and, in combination with PTSD symptoms, are associated with even greater impairment. Moreover, identifying the presence of these trauma associated problems is of crucial clinical importance.

Health Risks Related to Domestic Violence against Roma Women.

Background: Data on Roma women’s experience of violence from their male partners are very scarce. We explored the process of actual domestic violence against Roma women, the threat of violence and its health consequences. We further focused on barriers in the availability of specialized support services aimed at eliminating domestic violence. Methods: The sample included 20 Roma women living throughout Slovakia: scattered among the majority (45.0%), in crisis centers and sheltered houses (40.0%), and in segregated Roma settlements (15.0%). Data were obtained through qualitative research by means of semi-structured interviews in 20 individual case studies. All 20 women had experienced a combination of violence: physical, psychological and economic, all of them connected with social isolation. Results: Prevailing gender stereotypes are a precondition of domestic violence against women, regardless of their status. Violence against Roma women resulted in several health consequences, and all of the 20 women suffered from these. Most of them reported general psychological problems (75%), among which anxiety and depression (25%), headache (25%), weight loss (10%) and health problems connected with motor activity (5%). The barriers include lack of awareness among Roma women of any specialised support services and the absence of such services for abused women in the region. Conclusions: Domestic violence results in serious psychological and physical health consequences. Violence elimination is generally set up without a specific ethnic or gender approach. Disregard of these specifics can lead to deepening of the uneven position of Roma women within the family, community and society, and the acceptance of violence against Roma women.

STUDY ON MENTAL HEALTH AND EMOTIONAL WELL-BEING OF CONFLICT-AFFECTED ADOLESCENTS AT EASTERN UKRAINE

Children and adolescents are one of the most vulnerable population groups suffered from the war. During adolescence, an individual’s psyche is being transformed and proved to be especially sensitive. This process of transformation becomes complicated and burdened with psychological trauma experienced in the situation of an armed conflict. Impact of everyday stress factors grows as combined with traumatic war events: watching military vehicles, shooting, killing, wounding, loss of family members and home, as well as general social, economic, and psychological problems. Not every psychological trauma results in mental disorder, however, those stresses often cause painful emotions and lead to maladjustment. The effective programs of psychosocial support to conflict-affected adolescents should take into account their individual characteristics and the specific situational context. For this purpose, we conducted psychodiagnostics study on mental health and emotional well-being of adolescents living near the front line in Eastern Ukraine. Totally, 222 high school students from Donetsk region aged 15 to 17 participated in the survey. The following questionnaires were used: Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), Child Psychosocial Distress Screener (CPDS) assessing distress, emotional and behavioural problems of children and adolescents aged 8-18, and Mental Health Assessment Instrument (MHAI) screening mental health symptoms and disorders at conflict-affected populations. The study findings showed that the majority (94,7%) of the respondents experienced war traumatic events, having at least one symptom of psychological problems; 25,5% were experiencing depression, 34,9% did PTS, 7,8% had anxiety and 7,7% had problems with alcohol use. Women were more likely than males to experience stress and had mental health problems, while men had problems with prosocial behavior. Both genders had difficulties in peer relationships and behavior. The existing psychological problems were aggravated by hyperactivity, difficulties in behavior and relationships with peer and indicated worsened mental health and emotional well-being of conflict-affected adolescents in the Eastern Ukraine, risk of mental disorders and asocial behavior. These data should be taken into account for effective psychological support for this category of adolescents. &nbsp

Self-rated health in adolescence as a predictor of 'multi-illness' in early adulthood: A prospective registry-based Norwegian HUNT study.

Self-rated health (SRH) is a marker of future health and a possible predictor of future multimorbidity, which is a major challenge for population health and health care. There is a lack of studies on adolescent SRH and patterns of health problems across the transitional period from adolescence to early adulthood. Therefore, this study aimed to identify groups of people with similar health problems in early adulthood and explore the predictive value of adolescent SRH on the group classification after a period of 10–19 years. Data from 8828 adolescents participating in the Young HUNT-1 survey (1995–1997) were linked to the Norwegian registry of general practitioner (GP) claims, which includes diagnoses recorded in GP consultations in 2006–2014. We used latent class analysis (LCA) to identify groups of patients with similar health problems in early adulthood and explored SRH as a predictor of class membership using latent class regression, adjusting for baseline chronic disease, frequency of health care attendance, sex and age. The mean age at baseline was 16 years, and 50% of the participants were female. SRH was reported as very good by 28%, good by 61% and not good by 11%. We identified five groups of patient classification (classes): Healthy (35%), Infections and general problems (26%), Musculoskeletal problems (21%), Psychological problems (6%) and Multi-illness (13%). We found a gradual increase in the probability of belonging to the Healthy class with better SRH, and an inverse pattern for the Psychological and Multi-illness classes. This pattern remained after adjusting for baseline variables. In conclusion, there is a clear association between adolescent SRH and the risk of having multi-illness in early adulthood, seen as a proxy for later multimorbidity. This finding warrants greater attention to SRH in adolescence as a possible indicator in targeted prevention of future health problems.

ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ В СОВРЕМЕННОЙ РОССИИ: ОПЫТ НАУКОМЕТРИЧЕСКОГО АНАЛИЗА (по материалам «Сибирского психологического журнала»)

The article represents the experience of scientometric analysis based on the materials of a Russian journal. The «Siberian Journal of Psychology» was chosen as the object of analysis. The magazine enjoys authority in the psychological community, it is included in the list of State Commission for Academic Degrees and Titles, is referenced in the databases Web of Science and Scopus. The thesaurus method, which is quite widespread in scientometric research in psychology, was used in the work. The whole body of articles published in the journal (1995-2019), including 1237 articles, is analyzed. The article presents the results of statistical analysis: distribution of articles posted in different sections of journals; articles on personalities, psychology as a science (directions, sections, approaches, etc.), various diseases (mental, physical, psychophysiological, etc.), the study of various social groups (normative, professional), the study of age groups (preschool, primary school, adolescent and other age), various concepts and problems. The analysis of publication dynamics in seven most popular sections reflects a living history of changes in the interest and editions of the journal, and researchers themselves to study the problems of clinical psychology, general psychology and personality psychology, social psychology, educational psychology, developmental psycholo-gy, etc. Despite the great variability of the problem field publications, we highlighted the leading sections in the journal, the most significant areas for the journal, approaches and sections of psychological science; social and age groups to which article authors are most interested; concepts, problems, phenomena of psychology, which are the subject of the largest number of articles. The authors of the article believe that over the 25-year history of the «Siberian Journal of Psychology» has acquired not only its own unique face among many other psychological publications, but also has become strongly associated, on the one hand, with a discussion of a very specific field of urgent problems for psychological science. On the other hand, the presence of the leading problems and issues discussed on the pages of the journal is unique and consistent with the high degree of variability of studies presented in the journal. All this allowed the editorial staff of the journal to enter the «Siberian Journal of Psychology» firmly into the recent history of Russian and world psychological science in a relatively short period of its history.

PSYCHOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF SOLVING PROFESSIONALLY-ORIENTED TASKS BY THE SUBJECTS OF TRAINING

The theoretical analysis of psychological mechanisms of learning is conducted in the article. It is emphasized that all components of the training system should be considered within the framework of an activity approach to that system. This provides its in-depth analysis. It is stated that the training system includes two subsystems of learning activities which are in a constant interaction. It is outlined that solving general psychological problems of learning should be based on knowledge of the basic psychological mechanisms. The system of educational influences is the only means of managing educational activities. It is stated that psychological mechanisms of learning describe the functioning of this system as the interaction of a teacher and a subject of learning at the psychological level. It is outlined that the feedback mechanism opens the subject of learning a new aspect of the subject of knowledge. Feedback is given both in verbal and in modal form. It is emphasized that the definition of learning tasks is conditioned by the fact that a person starts to solve a certain problem (solving a task) only if the problem (task) has a personal meaning for the member of studying group. It is substatiated that the mechanism of dynamic distribution of control functions between the learning subject and the computer is specific to the learning situation; in means that the teacher (system) gradually transfers the functions of managing his/her/its own educational process to the subject of learning; the mechanism shapes intellectual skills, the ability of the subjects of learning to organize their educational activity. Keywords: educational activity, psychological mechanism, subject of study, professionally directed task, management, interaction, psychological problem of learning. Accepted : 29.11.201 8 Reviewed : 05.12.201 8 Published : 19.12.201 8 DOI: http://doi.org/10.31108/3.2019.3.4.3 * * * * * Download/read PDF

Collaborative care vs consultation liaison for depression and anxiety disorders in general practice: study protocol for two randomized controlled trials (the Danish Collabri Flex trials)

BackgroundModels of collaborative care and consultation liaison propose organizational changes to improve the quality of care for people with common mental disorders, such as anxiety and depression. Some literature suggests only short-term positive effects of consultation liaison on patient-related outcomes, whereas collaborative care demonstrates both short-term and long-term positive effects. To our knowledge, only one randomized trial has compared the effects of these models. Collaborative care was superior to consultation liaison in reducing symptoms of depression for up to 3 months, but the authors found no difference at 9-months' follow-up. The Collabri Flex Trial for Depression and the Collabri Flex Trial for Anxiety aim to compare the effects of collaborative care with those of a form of consultation liaison that contains potential contaminating elements from collaborative care. The trials build on knowledge from the previous cluster-randomized Collabri trials.MethodsTwo randomized, investigator-initiated, parallel-group, superiority trials have been established: one investigating the effects of collaborative care vs consultation liaison for depression and one investigating the effects of collaborative care vs consultation liaison for generalized anxiety, panic disorder and social anxiety disorder at 6-months' follow-up. Participants are recruited from general practices in the Capital Region of Denmark: 240 in the depression trial and 284 in the anxiety trial. The primary outcome is self-reported depression symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II)) in the depression trial and self-reported anxiety symptoms (Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI)) in the anxiety trial. In both trials, the self-reported secondary outcomes are general psychological problems and symptoms (Symptom Checklist 90-Revised), functional impairment (Sheehan Disability Scale) and general well-being (World Health Organization-Five Well-Being Index). In the depression trial, BAI is an additional secondary outcome, and BDI-II is an additional secondary outcome in the anxiety trial. Explorative outcomes will also be collected.DiscussionThe results will supplement those of the cluster-randomized Collabri trials and provide pivotal information about the effects of collaborative care in Denmark.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03113175 and NCT03113201. Registered on 13 April 2017.

Synthetic House-Tree-Person Drawing Test: A New Method for Screening Anxiety in Cancer Patients.

The synthetic house-tree-person (S-HTP) drawing test is a projective measure primarily designed to assess specific complex personality traits. It is widely used in general psychological problems and mental illness such as psychological crisis intervention. Applicability and validity of S-HTP drawing test in cancer patients suffering from anxiety are still unclear and there are no reports on such research. The aim of this study was to explore the prevalence of anxiety in cancer patients and to investigate the applicability of S-HTP drawing test in such patients. Self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) and the S-HTP drawing test were applied to 167 cancer patients (58.7% male; 41.3% female), 52.92±10.43 years old. On SAS, anxiety rate was found in 16.17% cancer patients. Using the evaluation results from SAS as the dependent variable and the anxiety drawing characteristics as the independent variables, the logistic regression equation was established, and 9 drawing features were employed in the regression equation (χ2=56.982, P≤0.001, Nagelkerke R2=0.492). It is concluded that there is a positive correlation between S-HTP drawing test and SAS for anxiety state of cancer patients (p<0.01). S-HTP drawing test and SAS have interrater reliability and test-retest reliability. Our findings indicate that the S-HTP drawing test could help in screening anxiety in cancer patients.

Psychological Counseling for Adult Clients

The article analyzes methodological and practical approaches of psychological counseling for adult clients. General psychological problems of this age group are generalized; the concept of restoration of balance between the image of the world and the image of the “I” of clients as the main internal mechanism of mental equilibrium is substantiated; the aspects of professional training of a psychologist to advisory practice with adults are considered.The urgent problem of psychological counseling for adult clients is to help them to solve such problems as negative behaviors, disadaptation, loss of the meaning of life, addictive behavior, depression, etc. Psychological help should be carried out in the direction of qualitative transformations of the image of the world and the image of “I”, which envisage the expansion of knowledge about the world, its positive emotional experience, the realism of ideological beliefs. The general trend in the development of the worldview is the lack of realism in the image of the world, which affects the formation of a false system of values, the development of distorted moral ideas, and as a consequence, problems of health, self-realization, professional adaptation, and behavior deviations.The purpose of the article is to substantiate the methodology and methods of psychological counseling for clients of the adult age group. Specialization of practical activity of a psychologist with this age category requires special knowledge, skills, and skills from a specialist that qualitatively differ from the provision of psychological services to other age groups (children, adolescents, etc.). The success of solving the psychological problems of clients entirely depends on the introduction of the correct, in other words, “more objective”, realistic methodology of counseling. The task of the article is to describe specific aspects of advisory psychological counseling for adults.Summarizing the issue of adult counseling, we note that this type of activity requires from a psychologist to continuously improve the theoretical knowledge and practical skills, as well as to rethink the life experience. The presence of only one of the components of this activity provokes unprofessionality – it often manifests as the behavior in the style of a teacher, a teacher of higher education, in which there is a somewhat superficial, authoritarian attitude to students. Consequently, effective counseling for adult clients is stimulated by professional introspection and qualification in order to avoid professional deviation. Therefore, it is advisable for a psychologist to gain experience with clients (patients) of the adult age group to practice in a counseling center under the guidance of a specialist, and if this is a medical institution – a doctor or therapist.

The Development of a Scientific Motive: How Preschool Science and Home Play Reciprocally Contribute to Science Learning

There are a growing number of studies that have examined science learning for preschool children. Some research has looked into children’s home experiences and some has focused on transition, practices, routines, and traditions in preschool contexts. However, little attention has been directed to the relationship between children’s learning experiences at preschool and at home, and how this relationship can assist in the development of science concepts relevant to everyday life. In drawing upon Hedegaard’s (Learning and child development, 2002) cultural-historical conception of motives and Vygotsky’s (The collected works of L.S. Vygotsky: problems of general psychology, 1987) theory of everyday and scientific concept formation, the study reported in this paper examines one child, Jimmy (4.2 years), and his learning experiences at home and at preschool. Data gathering featured the video recording of 4 weeks of Jimmy’s learning in play at home and at preschool (38.5 h), parent questionnaire and interviews, and researcher and family gathered video observations of home play with his parents (3.5 h). Findings show how a scientific motive develops through playful everyday learning moments at home and at preschool when scientific play narratives and resources are aligned. The study contributes to a more nuanced understanding of the science learning of young children and a conception of pedagogy that takes into account the reciprocity of home and school contexts for learning science.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Following Stillbirth: Trauma Characteristics, Locus of Control, Posttraumatic Cognitions.

This study examined the incidence of PTSD and psychiatric co-morbidity among women who experienced stillbirth and investigated the relationship between locus of control, trauma characteristics of stillbirth, posttraumatic cognitions, PTSD and co-morbid psychiatric symptoms following stillbirth. Fifty women recorded information on stillbirth experiences, and completed the Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale, General Health Questionnaire-28, Edinburgh Post-natal Depression Scale, Rotter's Locus of Control Scale and the Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory. 60, 28 and 12% met the diagnostic criteria for probable full-PTSD, partial and no-PTSD respectively. Sixty-two percent and 54% scored at or above the cutoff of the General Health Questionnaire-28 and postnatal depression respectively. Women who experienced stillbirth reported significantly more psychiatric co-morbid and post-natal depressive symptoms than the comparison group. Both groups were similar in locus of control. Women who experienced stillbirth reported negative cognitions about the self the most. After adjusting for postnatal depression, trauma characteristics were significantly correlated with Posttraumatic cognitions which, in turn, were significantly correlated with PTSD and psychiatric co-morbidity. Locus of control was not significantly correlated with psychological outcomes. Mediational analyses showed that negative cognitions about self mediated the relationship between trauma characteristics and psychiatric co-morbidity only. Women reported a high incidence of probable PTSD and co-morbid psychiatric symptoms following stillbirth. Stillbirth trauma characteristics influenced how they negatively perceived themselves. This then specifically influenced general psychological problems rather than PTSD symptoms.