Forestry Problems Research Articles

Forest management with fire simulation

In this work, we address a forest management problem for timber production with fire concerns, employing a novel simulation-based optimization approach wherein forest management is iteratively guided by the feedback from fire spread simulations.The forest management problem involves selecting an alternative prescription for each stand, subject to various restrictions (e.g. bounds on ecosystems services), to maximize the net present value. For each stand, prescriptions involve projecting forest conditions and outcomes using species-specific growth and yield models, combined with different fuel treatment scenarios. In each iteration, the optimization problem is solved. Fire travel times between adjacent points in a grid representing the forest are calculated, based on fuel models associated with the selected prescriptions and other conditions as wind and slopes. Fire spread is simulated for all potential ignitions. Fire paths with a rate of spread greater than a given threshold are identified and constraints are added to the forestry problem to exclude their associated prescriptions to be jointly selected. This problem is re-optimized and the process is repeated until there are no such paths.We describe computational experiments in a Portuguese forest showing how trade-offs between the net present value and the maximum fire rate of spread can be obtained. When too restrictive conditions are imposed on fire, the approach suggests a set of stands to become fire breaks. We also conducted experiments to demonstrate how the impact of the forest surroundings, as well as bounds on ecosystem services, can be evaluated with respect to these trade-offs.

Planning cost-effective operational forest inventories.

We address a Bayesian two-stage decision problem in operational forestry where the inner stage considers scheduling the harvesting to fulfill demand targets and the outer stage considers selecting the accuracy of pre-harvest inventories that are used to estimate the timber volumes of the forest tracts. The higher accuracy of the inventory enables better scheduling decisions but also implies higher costs. We focus on the outer stage, which we formulate as a maximization of the posterior value of the inventory decision under a budget constraint. The posterior value depends on the solution to the inner stage problem and its computation is analytically intractable, featuring an NP-hard binary optimization problem within a high-dimensional integral. In particular, the binary optimization problem is a special case of a generalized quadratic assignment problem. We present a practical method that solves the outer stage problem with an approximation which combines Monte Carlo sampling with a greedy, randomized method for the binary optimization problem. We derive inventory decisions for a dataset of 100 Swedish forest tracts across a range of inventory budgets and estimate the value of the information to be obtained.

Выявление повреждений хвойных насаждений на основе комплексного анализа результатов дистанционного зондирования Земли и наземных обследований

Damage to forest stands and their death as a result of outbreaks of destructive insects and diseases occur over significant areas and represent an important forestry problem. To solve this problem, it is advisable to use materials from remote sensing of the Earth, since damaged and dead forests can occupy significant areas, from remote еach other. The article presents a methodology for assessing the state of forest stands and the impact of forest pests and diseases on them based on the joint processing of data from a regular grid of sample plots and materials from remote sensing of the Earth via geoinformational technologies, variance and regression analyses. The sample plots have been laid according to the ICPForests methodology and have characterized the general background of the state of the forests in the study area of the North-Western and central parts of the Leningrad Region, where the foci of forest pests and diseases reproduction have been identified at the same time. The applicability of 2 vegetation indices – normalized difference (NDVI) and short–wave (SWVI), as well as the normalized difference moisture index (NDMI), the normalized burn ratio (NBR) and the spectral characteristics of the corresponding channels of the Sentinel-2B image to identify the foci of forest damage by pests and diseases has been assessed. Statistically significant relationships between the state of the stands and the values of the listed indices have been established. It has been shown that the foci of pests and diseases reproduction are reliably detected using the materials from remote sensing of the Earth against the general background of the state of the forests represented by the regular grid of sample plots. A thematic map of the stands has been developed dividing them into 2 groups of state classes: healthy and weakened stands; suppressed stands and deadwood. Its accuracy was assessed via the support vector machine (SVM) on the basis of the combination of ground and remote sensing data. To assess the adequacy of the automatic classification, the error matrix and the calculation of the Cohen’s Kappa coefficient have been used. The coefficient has turned out equal to 0.878, which indicates a high quality of the classification. It has been shown that the developed thematic map is applicable for detecting potential foci of forest pests and diseases reproduction in the study area.

Prices versus quantities in forest regulation

We revisit an unanswered and yet critical question in forest policy design: does a price or quantity instrument achieve a better social outcome when the government does not have perfect information. This is a common question in environmental regulation, but in the forest policy literature an equivalence between these instruments has historically been presented, albeit under perfect information. In the forestry case one might be tempted to simply defer to Weitzman (1974), who derived rules for prices versus quantity policy choices when either marginal abatement costs or marginal benefits of polluting emissions are unknown to the policy maker. These rules may not be transferrable to the forestry problem, however. We develop a framework of marginal costs and benefits based on a standard rotation model, showing that uncertainty leads to (very) different results than in the emissions literature. For example, we find that the slopes of marginal costs and benefits and the difference between the expected values of uncertain parameters and their realizations matter differently for the forest policy case. We also find that symmetric over- and under-estimation around true parameter values can result in asymmetric changes in marginal cost curves. Most importantly, we find that even the size of this difference now matters to the price versus quantity policy choice. Our results both draw into question whether Weitzman rules simply apply to forest resources, and they suggest that our new approach should be used for evaluating alternative forestry policies to achieve public goods goals.

ЛІСОВІ РЕСУРСИ ЯК ЧАСТИНА ЕКОНОМІЧНОГО ПОТЕНЦІАЛУ КРАЇНИ

Forests are extremely important for the planet ecosystem and perform a number of ecological functions: they provide oxygen, regulate the climate, protect the soil from erosion, regulate water flows and contribute to the purification of the natural environment, and they are a habitat for numerous living creatures. But besides, forestry is characterized as a significant part of the country's economy. The purpose of the article is to study the role of forest resources in the economic potential of the national economy, to identify the current state and problems of forestry in Ukraine. In the work the attention is paid to the influence of forest resources on logging, hunting, various branches of the wood processing manufacturing, on food, pharmaceutical, energy, and tourism industries, as well as on science, education, and culture. Among other things, the infrastructural, export and international potential of forest ecosystems is highlighted. It is emphasized that irresponsible forest use can lead to catastrophic environmental consequences, including floods, landslides, destruction of buildings and disruption of the balance of ecosystems, etc. For this reason, it is justified that the forestry industry requires a rational and careful approach, as well as compliance with the principles of sustainable forestry. The article lists the pre-war problems of forestry: imperfect distribution of management functions, complications in property rights realization, high level of corruption and illegal activities in forests, shortage of relevant specialists in the field, deterioration of the sanitary condition of forests, lack of incentives for the introduction of nature-saving technologies, etc. A special place is given to the assessment of the impact of a full-scale war on forestry: the occupation of large forest areas, soil and water pollution, a significant increase in the number of fires, mining of territories, illegal felling of trees, stoppage of hunting activities, damage to forest infrastructure, inability to carry out normal forest protection activities, etc. It was concluded that all these problems have an extremely negative impact on the state of Ukraine's forest resources, but the final assessment of damage to forest ecosystems can be established after surveys, which will actually be conducted only after the end of the war. But despite the war, forestry is trying to continue fulfilling its obligations to the national economy and society. Therefore, state, public and international support, implementation of effective management of forest resources are an extremely important tasks in modern conditions.

Assessment of the essence and content of silvicultural fellings in order to improve them and use them to solve current problems of forestry

Assessment of the essence and content of silvicultural fellings in order to improve them and use them to solve current problems of forestry

Влияние питательного субстрата на рост и распределение биомассы сеянцев Picea obovata Ledeb. в Северной Монголии

The development of seedling production technology and methods of establishing highyielding plantations of Picea obovata Ledeb. on a scientific basis is one of the urgent problems of forestry in Mongolia. In this study, we aimed to solve the following problems: to conduct a comparative analysis of the seedling growth parameters and biomass accumulation grown on different nutrient substrates; to assess the relationship between seedling growth, biomass accumulation and soil properties; to determine the most optimal nutrient substrates for seedling production of Siberian spruce in greenhouse conditions in Northern Mongolia. Six formulations of nutrient substrates (T1, Т2, Т3, Т4, Т5, Т6) were used for the seedling production of Picea obovata Ledeb. in greenhouses equipped with a sprinkler system. Nutrient substrates were prepared using black soil, manure, compost, peat, sawdust, sand in different composition ratios. During the 4-year-observation period height, root collar diameter, root length and aboveground and belowground biomass of seedlings were measured at the end of each growing season. We divided the biomass of seedlings into several structural elements. We found that all tested nutrient substrates, except the control substrate, had a positive effect on seedling growth in height and diameter. Comparative analyses showed that different ratio and composition of black soil, compost, manure, sawdust, and sand in the nutrient substrate had different effects on seedling growth (p > 0.001) and biomass accumulation (p > 0.001). Among the proposed nutrient substrates, the treatments T2 (50 % black soil + 20 % sand + 20 % peat + 10 % compost) and T6 (60 % black soil + 20 % sand + 10 % peat + 10 % compost) were selected as the most effective soil substrate that are suitable for further seedling production of Siberian spruce under greenhouse conditions in Mongolia. There fore, it was observed that good root system development was a determinant of seedling growth in height, diameter, and aboveground biomass accumulation especially from 3–4 years of age. Spruce seedling growth was positively correlated not only with humus content (r = 0.46), but also with soil acidity (r = 0.43) and available phosphorus (r = 0.48). The results of this investigation made an important contribution to the development of production technology for growing standard and large-sized seedlings of Picea obovata in greenhouse complexes in Northern Mongolia. For citation: Jagdag D., Batsaikhan G., Baatarbileg N., Lobanov A.I., Gerelbaatar S. Effect of Nutrient Substrate on Seedling Growth and Biomass Allocation of Picea obovata Ledeb. in Northern Mongolia. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 6, pp. 57–69. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-6-57-69

Features of natural renewal in pine-linden and larch-linden forest stands in Moscow

Problems of natural renewal of tree species (pine-linden and larch-linden stands) were studied in the territory of Forest experimental station, Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy. Natural regeneration of tree species is one of the most urgent problems of forestry and forest park management in urban areas. Reforestation refers to complex natural processes that affect all components of biogeocenoses. The purpose of the research was to study natural regeneration in mixed stands in Moscow. Methods and results of field surveys of forest stands in permanent trial plots were described. The forest stands of permanent trial plots are mature and overmature, therefore at present there is a loss of large-sized pine and larch trees. Due to greater durability, larch falls off more slowly compared to pine. Further growth of pine-linden and larch-linden plantations depends on quantity and quality of undergrowth, its viability and growing conditions. In Forest experimental station, natural renewal prevails, represented mainly by the following species: maple and linden. Saplings of pine, larch, oak, and birch appear on some permanent test plots, but soon die due to unfavorable conditions. Oak undergrowth is also unreliable due to powdery mildew infection. The greatest loss of growth occurs in unfavorable growing conditions due to increased recreational loads.

The life of the institutional forest-farming community to reserve the forest properly with the agroforestry concept (Studi in the Balesari Village – Malang Regency)

A classic environmental phenomenon afflicts communities around mountainous forests in Indonesia. Needs institutional management to achieve a prosperous life based on environmental conservation took place in the people as inhabitants hold a potential risk, bearer subject of 'deforestation and degradation or, in contrast, acts as a conservation agent of 'reforestation and revitalization' in the capacity of forestry landfill. This non-positivistic qualitative study revealed the unique actions of "institutional and agroforestry" actors. The approach takes a paradigm that places forest communities as the research subjects. These main subjects feel and then deal directly with all forestry problems regarding deforestation and land degradation. Those forest people who live and depend on forests need attention and social justice. The research process includes tracking history, organization, and interaction between or among the groups of forest farmers in their institutions. The authentic findings of this study are: It needs a real activity, norms and ethics for the business process. So it can foster a synergy of positive externality values in maintaining the traditional forest conservation rules. Furthermore, developing them suits the concept of agroforestry as productive farming in a sustainable environment and adaptive to the character of the forest's natural behaviour.

Landscape Invariants–Order Parmeters of a Dynamic System

The article considers theoretical and methodological substantiation of identifying invariants problem in nonlinear dynamic systems. Invariance in context of stable spatio-temporal structures in a landscape was proposed by V.B. Sochava in 1961. The accumulation of long-term series of landscape observations by means of multispectral imaging made it possible to identify invariants in practice. An analysis of Landsat multispectral measurements from 1987 to 2022 for the southern taiga landscape (Central Forest State Nature Biosphere Reserve) shows that invariants identified as order parameters primarily determine total aboveground vegetation biomass, the water content in vegetation and soils, and the intensity of photosynthesis, i.e. bioproduction process. The proposed scheme for analyzing time series of remote sensing data makes it possible to assess landscape cover at the time of survey with respect to invariants and to identify the main control parameters that determine changes in environmental conditions and self-development of geosystems. The assessment of vegetation and relief contribution to formation of invariants structure was made to reveal invariants physical meaning. The results showed that relief has little effect on order parameters, and vegetation cover make the greatest contribution to invariant structure formation. Since invariants make it possible to identify the most stationary states, they can be used to solve applied problems in agriculture and forestry, as well as in the assessment of various ecosystem services.

Discovering the socio-economic migrant performance on illegal logging activities for deforestation problem solving in Banyuasin Regency, South Sumatera (case study of Sungai Buring traditional village)

It is often excluded from the handling of illegal logging and deforestation is the release of the socio-economic aspects in problem solving deforestation and forestry development. The purpose of this study was to: 1. Identify the socio-economic characteristics of the migrant who become illegal loggers, 2. Analyze the amount of illegal loggers' income and its allocation to the consumption, and 3. Develop a strategy to overcome illegal logging and forest deforestation based on the socio-economic characteristics of the logger. The analysis showed that socio-economic conditions of the migrant who become illegal loggers illustrates that they are still a low level of education and have productive age. Income earned Rp 4,301,211.00/year/family, lower than the income of Rp 33,070,945.00/year/family after migrating. Income get from illegal logging are Rp 13.087.945/year/family. Average migrant allocates 60.81 % of its total income for consumption, and the remaining 39.19 % is allocated to farming and non-farming activities. This study suggests that there should be an increase in revenue breakthrough in the area of origin to be able to suppress the migration process becomes illegal loggers to other areas. Low income is the core problem of farmers to migrate. Required two basic designs: (1) social engineering with community and (2) technical engineering in the direction of the multiproduct and multifunctional forest benefits to overcome the problems of forestry in the long run.

THE ECONOMIC COMPONENT OF FOREST INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT UNDER CONDITIONS OF MILITARY CONFLICT

An analysis of the financial and economic activities of forestry for 2021–2022 was carried out and the impact of the full-scale armed aggression of the Russian Federation on their key indicators was determined. The current state of the forestry industry of Ukraine was assessed. The main factors that exert a system-forming influence on the economic development of forestry in Ukraine are considered. Attention is paid to the issue of the export potential of Ukrainian forestry in the current conditions. The key problems of forestry, which are related to the export of wood to the countries of the European Union, have been identified, in particular, those which related to wood certification. Also, the negative modern factors in the forestry of Ukraine are defined and characterized, in particular the factor of illegal felling, the key enterprises where similar facts are recorded are highlighted. Particular attention is paid to the environmental damage caused to the forest industry as a result of the ongoing active phase of hostilities. The ways and proposals for overcoming the modern economic problems of the forest sector are outlined, in particular, for the formation of a complex ecological and economic mechanism for the post-war rehabilitation of forestry lands, which were damaged as a result of hostilities. Attention is paid to the role of the public in ensuring proper control over the activities of forest administrations and ensuring the transparency of forestry activities as a whole

Monitoring tree mortality in Ukrainian Pinus sylvestris L. forests using remote sensing data from earth observing satellites

This article considers the application of remote sensing data to solve the problems of forestry in the Polissia zone (Ukraine). The satellite remote sensing was shown to be applicable to monitoring the damage caused by diseases and pests to forest resources and to assessing the effects of fires. During the research, a detailed analysis and optimization of the information content of Sentinel-2 long-term data sets was performed to detect changes in the forest cover of Polissia, affected by pests and damaged by fires. The following classification algorithms were used for automated decryption: the maximum likelihood method; cluster classification without training; Principal Component Analysis (PCA); Random Forest classification. The results of this study indicate the high potential of Sentinel-2 data for application in applied problems of forestry and vegetation analysis, despite the decametric spatial resolution. Our proposed workflow has achieved an overall classification accuracy of 90 % for the Polissia region, indicating its reliability and potential for scaling to a higher level, and the proposed forecast model is stationary and does not depend on time parameters. To improve the classification results, testing of different combinations of bands emphasized the importance of Band 8 in combination with red edge bands, as well as other bands with a resolution of 10 m for summer scenes. The red margin shows clearly visible differences in the spectral profiles, but bands with a higher resolution of 10 m were crucial for good results.

Pyrolysis of Aesculus chinensis Bunge Leaves as for Extracted Bio-Oil Material.

Biomass rapid pyrolysis technology is easy to implement in continuous production and industrial application, and has become one of the leading technologies in the field of world renewable energy development. Agricultural and forestry waste is an important resource of renewable energy in China. In general, abandoned leaves in forest areas cause serious waste of resources. Its utilization may help to settle the problems of energy deficiency and environment pollution. In this study, Aesculus chinensis Bunge leaves (A. Bunge) are used as the research object to study the pyrolysis and extract. The results showed that there are a lot of bioactive components in A. Bunge leaves extract, including acetamide, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, R-limonene, d-mannose, and dihydroxyacetone. The active components of A. Bunge leaves supply scientific evidence for the exploration and exploitation of this plant. The pyrolysis products of A. Bunge leaves are rich in organic acids, aldehydes, and ketones, which means that A. Bunge leaves can be used as a crude material for the manufacturing of bio-oil or bio-fuel. The pyrolysis products include batilol, pregnenolone, benzoic acid, butyrolactone, and propanoic acid, which can be used in biological medicine, chemical crude materials, and industrial raw material reagents. Therefore, A. Bunge leaves can be used as a good crude material for bio-oil or biofuel production. Combining A. Bunge leaves and fast pyrolysis methods can effectively solve the problem of forestry and agricultural residues in the future.

Tree detection and diameter estimation based on deep learning

AbstractTree perception is an essential building block toward autonomous forestry operations. Current developments generally consider input data from lidar sensors to solve forest navigation, tree detection and diameter estimation problems, whereas cameras paired with deep learning algorithms usually address species classification or forest anomaly detection. In either of these cases, data unavailability and forest diversity restrain deep learning developments for autonomous systems. Therefore, we propose two densely annotated image datasets—43 k synthetic, 100 real—for bounding box, segmentation mask and keypoint detections to assess the potential of vision-based methods. Deep neural network models trained on our datasets achieve a precision of 90.4 % for tree detection, 87.2 % for tree segmentation and centimeter accurate keypoint estimations. We measure our models’ generalizability when testing it on other forest datasets, and their scalability with different dataset sizes and architectural improvements. Overall, the experimental results offer promising avenues toward autonomous tree felling operations and other applied forestry problems. The datasets and pre-trained models in this article are publicly available on GitHub (https://github.com/norlab-ulaval/PercepTreeV1).

Russia's Forest Sector After The Years of Reforms: More Laws, but Less Order?

The article discusses the impact of the growing intensity of normative activity in the forestry complex of Russia on the efficiency of the industry. Estimates show that over the last decade and a half, various ministries and departments have adopted at least 400 normative documents regulating various spheres of forest relations. Meanwhile, even without analyzing the statistics, it is clear that such a vigorous normative activity hardly leads to prosperity of the national forestry complex, and certainly does little to help solve the most important problems of forestry, which is especially evident against the background of steadily growing from year to year forest fires and the accompanying damage. We propose a way to reconstruct a long time series volume of logging from official statistics on the export of wood, which was available before 2009. By the example of Siberian regions according to the data for 2005–2020 year regression models panel data are built, providing evidence in favor of the fact that the intensity of rule-making has a negative impact on the amount of timber harvest. It is proposed to fundamentally revise the approaches to the regulation of the forest industry, abandoning the adoption of redundant regulations in favor of government complicity in solving the problems of Russian forests, which have accumulated for many decades.

Навигационно-пилотажная система транспортных беспилотных летательных аппаратов для лесохозяйственной практики

Nowadays there is a need to increase air transportation of light-weighted cargo in timber industry and forestry practice, in the work of industrial enterprises, forest protection services, the Ministry of Emergency Situations, etc. The use of helicopters cannot ensure efficiency and is not always advisable in cases of transportation of light-weighted, but extremely necessary cargo over short distances, for example, for fire extinguishing in offroad conditions. The article provides evidence of the production and economic feasibility of creating transport unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with flight navigation systems (FNS), which should ensure automatic flight and delivery of goods to the area of the forestry zone. The article provides a sketch of the flight map and the parameters of the UAV heading, as well as the block diagram of the FNS. The interaction of input devices for solving navigation problems is considered. The article notes that the FNS creation for automatic navigation of UAVs should be solved on the basis of the laws of applied mathematics and the ability to implement them in the development of algorithms and software and mathematical support as part of the FNS on-board computer. FNSs on the basis of the proposed structural scheme can also find application in order to control the environmental situation, to provide assistance in solving forestry problems related to monitoring and control over the conservation of wildlife, forest reserves and other natural resources of the country. The use of UAVs will ensure the safety of residents in the event of environmental and anthropogenic disasters. This will increase the efficiency of cargo delivery to remote areas of Russia for industrial purposes and to support the work of the Ministry of Defense to protect the northern borders, the protection of natural resources of the Arctic Ocean, etc. We consider it expedient and possible to recommend the creation of UAVs as transport vehicles, having regard to the current level of technological development, despite the existing significant challenges of technical and financial support during the introduction and operation of such vehicles. The domestic industry has the technical capabilities to develop UAVs. The feasibility of their creation should be determined by the interested organizations.

Modeling of forest fires based on the Bayesian forecast model and geoinformation technologies

Today, a variety of information about forest ecosystems can be obtained using remote sensing methods. The use of space data for forest monitoring is cost-effective because it allows you to quickly obtain the objective information needed by foresters to solve practical problems. Satellite data provide wide coverage of forest lands, high accuracy of results, as well as high frequency of data obtained. Space images of the Ovruch district of the Zhytomyr region of Ukraine in the summer of 2020 were selected for the study. Determination of breed composition was carried out by the methods of controlled classification, namely the Bayesian classifier. It was found that 70 % of forests are pine, less aspen, hornbeam, birch, alder and ash tree species. According to statistics, during 2000-2020, 51.4 thousand hectares of forest plantations in Ukraine were damaged and destroyed by forest fires. Therefore, objective and timely information on the consequences of fires is needed to solve a wide range of applied problems of forestry. An important task in assessing the environmental and economic damage caused to forestry as a result of forest fires is to determine the area of damaged forests. The paper considers technologies for determining the area of the forest where the fire took place, using space images of the Landsat 8 satellite. The normalized NBR fire index before and after the fire and the DNBR index are used to identify areas burned by fire and impression levels. To predict forest fires, a mathematical model based on Bayes' theorem was created and a thematic map with fire hazard classes on a quarterly basis was created. To check the accuracy of the results of the created forecast model, the thematic map was combined with a layer of defined fire areas. This software product is quite flexible and versatile, it can be easily adapted for use not only to identify burned forest lands, but also for other areas.

Policy Processes in the Institutionalisation of Private Forestry in the Republic of North Macedonia

As a result of recent political changes in North Macedonia, economic practice in the country has moved away from the communist model that was dominated by state ownership. As a part of this movement, the National Association of Private Forest Owners was founded to support the sustainable management of private forests and as an instrument to help overcome the new challenges faced by this new interest group and government policy in local forestry. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to understand the enabling and constraining aspects of North Macedonian forest policy on the institutionalisation of private forestry. The findings show that some socialist structures and practices related to forest management activities on private forest land still exist. The attempts to strengthen private forestry by introducing more modern forms of institutionalisation can be seen in the country’s Law on Forests amendment from 2011 initiating the denationalisation of forest management activities on private forest land and introducing private licenced bodies for such. With further amendments in 2014, the policy largely returned to how it was when the country was a part of Yugoslavia, influencing the progress of the institutionalisation of private forestry to remain symbolic. Integrating solutions to private forestry problems and concerns into the broader forest policy domain requires a deep understanding of private forestry rational principles and a strong political will to do so. Effective national forest policy coordination is one of the solutions.

Experience of Forest Ecological Classification in Assessment of Vegetation Dynamics

Due to global climate change and increased forest transformation by humans, accounting for the dynamics of forest ecosystems is becoming a central problem in forestry. We reviewed the success of considering vegetation dynamics in the most influential ecological forest classifications in Russia, the European Union, and North America. Out of the variety of approaches to forest classification, only those that are widely used in forestry and forest inventory were selected. It was found that the system of diagnostic signs developed by genetic forest typology based on the time-stable characteristics of habitats as well as the developed concept of dynamic series of cenosis formation allows us to successfully take into account the dynamics of vegetation. While forest dynamics in European classifications is assessed at a theoretical level, it is also possible to assess forest dynamics in practice due to information obtained from EUNIS habitat classification. In ecological classifications in North America, the problem of vegetation dynamics is most fully solved with ecological site description (ESD), which includes potential vegetation and disturbance factors in the classification features. In habitat type classification (HTC) and biogeoclimatic ecosystem classification (BEC), vegetation dynamics is accounted based on testing the diagnostic species and other signs of potential vegetation for resistance to natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Understanding of vegetation–environment associations is fundamental in forming proper forest management methods and improving existing classification structures. We believe that this topic is relevant as part of the ongoing search for new solutions within all significant forest ecological classifications.