Problem Of Abortion Research Articles

PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN PIDANA TERHADAP PELAKU PEREMPUAN YANG MELAKUKAN ABORSI DI KOTA NOPAN SETIA

The rapid and massive development of technology has had an impact on society in Indonesia, both positive and negative, one of whom was affected by the progress of this era was a woman from Nopan Setia City. Developments in society in Indonesia, especially in NopanSetia City, in this case are heavily influenced by promiscuity and a lack of awareness of the dangers of free sex, which results in unwanted pregnancies that lead to abortion. This type of research is normative juridical and is closely related to other legal sources, namely reviewing library documents from secondary data, especially research journals, dissertations and other research. That basically the problem of abortion (abortion) which is categorized as a crime or criminal act is already in the Criminal Code, but based on various factors and certain reasons, one of which is safety reasons and related to human rights issues and the protection of children who are victims of abortion, so that become extensive regulations regarding the criminal act of abortion as regulated in Law Number 36 of 2009 concerning Health. Looking at the judge's considerations in the object of this research, namely one of the women from NopanSetia City, there was an element of deliberate intent committed by Sri HanniPatimah in carrying out an abortion (abortion) by referring to Article 341 of the Criminal Code, by looking at the elements of the existing criminal act and From the existing trial facts it can be concluded that the criminal act existed and was carried out intentionally.

Abortion as an ethical-religious problem in Islam

The relevance of this article lies in the increasingly active public discussion among Muslims, the challenge posed by the induced termination of pregnancy by Muslims and the problems stemming from it. The increasing calls from Muslims to the spiritual authorities for clarification of this issue in various countries confirm this trend. However, a comprehensive understanding of Islamic attitudes towards induced abortion remains poorly understood. Islamic discourse permeates the entire socio- cultural facet of Muslim society. It is transforming and developing among the communities of modern Muslim countries, matching the dynamics of changes in attitudes on the issue of induced termination of pregnancy from the early Middle Ages to the beginning of the ХХI century inclusive. In this regard, the purpose of this work is to describe and reveal the question about the use of abortion in the Islamic world. In the study specific “introductory” examples from the Muslim world are presented for disclosure given by those. In the course of this study, the topic of abortion as a social and medical phenomenon was briefly studied and covered through the lens of terminology, social, medical, religious and legislative factors. The process of transforming Islamic religious ethics with regard to abortion is briefly outlined. In the sequence since the beginning of Islam and the development of this religious speech in the ХХI century, the prism of the views of the Sunni and Shiitic directions, as well as the 4 Sunni theological schools, in the context of solving the problem of abortion. Examples were provided of legislative solutions to the problem of induced termination of pregnancy in some Muslim countries, Asia Minor, the Middle East, North Africa and Australia. The materials of this article contribute to the study of ethical and religious problems in Islam.

НЕЖЕЛАННАЯ БЕРЕМЕННОСТЬ: АНАЛИЗ ПРИЧИН И ФАКТОРОВ АРТИФИЦИАЛЬНЫХ АБОРТОВ

The article examines the problem of abortion and its consequences for the demographic component of the country. Based on the research conducted in a questionnaire format, the results of an analysis of the reasons and factors that influenced women’s decision to terminate their pregnancy are presented. The results of the research have shown that the leading cause of abortion is unplanned pregnancy which arose against the background of difficult social conditions and financial difficulties. In 70% of cases, women who chose abortion had not been informed about modern methods of contraception as well as about its consequences and complications. 80% of respondents have noted that they did not have the opportunity to share their fears and experiences with qualified specialists having found themselves in a difficult life situation at the time of making a decision. In a number of cases, a previously performed abortion was complicated by the development of acute metroendometrium and salpingoophoritis in 26.7%, cervicitis in 6.8% of cases, and 3.4% of respondents were operated on due to tubal pregnancy. Thus, the results of the research have shown that it is important to solve this problem by creating an accessible information environment telling about the dangers of abortion and alternative methods of contraception for women of different age groups. Organization and implementation of offices to provide timely psychological assistance to women who find themselves in difficult life situations at the decision-making stage as well as social and financial support from government bodies for women who decide to end their pregnancy with childbirth

Topical delivery of drugs in the treatment of high-grade cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions: A meta-analysis

ObjectiveThe present study aims to evaluate the efficacy and effect of localized delivery of drugs in the treatment of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) based on a meta-analysis. Study DesignDatabases including Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, Scopus, CNKI, and Wanfang were searched from their inception till August 2022. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared the efficacy of drugs and surgery in the treatment of HSIL were collected. A meta-analysis was performed using the software of Review Manager (version 5.4.1). ResultsEight RCTs involving 523 patients were included in the meta-analysis. For HSIL, the rate of cervical lesions histological regression was 69.85 % in the surgery group and 59.88 % in the drug group, there was no significant difference between the two groups [OR = 0.45, 95 % CI (0.07, 3.03), P = 0.41]. The histological regression rate of cervical lesions in the placebo group was 37.76 %, and the difference between the drug group and the placebo group was statistically significant [OR = 4.94, 95 % CI (2.65, 9.20), P < 0.00001]. ConclusionA total of four drugs were involved in the eight RCTS included in this study, which were imiquimod, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), cidofovir and interferon. The results showed that although drug administration was effective in the histological regression of HSIL, the efficacy was less than about 10% of surgical treatment. Considering the recurrence of the disease after surgery and the problems of abortion, premature delivery and premature rupture of membranes after cervical conization in reproductive women, drug therapy can be used as a supplement to surgery or conservative treatment to promote the histological regression of cervical lesions in patients with HSIL.

Comparison of the immune response and protection against the experimental Toxoplasma gondii infection elicited by immunization with the recombinant proteins BAG1, ROP8, and BAG1-ROP8.

Toxoplasmosis is one of the most dangerous zoonotic diseases, causing serious economic losses worldwide due to abortion and reproductive problems. Vaccination is the best way to prevent disease; thus, it is imperative to develop a candidate vaccine for toxoplasmosis. BAG1 and ROP8 have the potential to become vaccine candidates. In this study, rTgBAG1, rTgROP8, and rTgBAG1-rTgROP8 were used to evaluate the immune effect of vaccines in each group by detecting the humoral and cellular immune response levels of BABL/c mice after immunization and the ability to resist acute and chronic infection with Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii). We divided the mice into vaccine groups with different proteins, and the mice were immunized on days 0, 14, and 28. The protective effects of different proteins against T. gondii were analysed by measuring the cytokines, serum antibodies, splenocyte proliferation assay results, survival time, and number and diameter of brain cysts of mice after infection. The vaccine groups exhibited substantially higher IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a levels and effectively stimulated lymphocyte proliferation. The levels of IFN-γ and IL-2 in the vaccine group were significantly increased. The survival time of the mice in each vaccine group was prolonged and the diameter of the cysts in the vaccine group was smaller; rTgBAG1-rTgROP8 had a better protection. Our study showed that the rTgBAG1, rTgROP8, and rTgBAG1-rTgROP8 recombinant protein vaccines are partial but effective approaches against acute or chronic T. gondii infection. They are potential candidates for a toxoplasmosis vaccine.

Representation of Women’s Abortion Experiences in Jeritan Dalam Botol Short Stories By Intan Paramaditha: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Sara Mills' Perspective

Literary works have a big role in shaping and changing people's thoughts, feelings, attitudes, opinions, and behaviors about women. This is inseparable from the ideology of feminism of literary works, one of which is in the form of short stories (short stories) based on a gender perspective. This paper aims to describe Sara Mills feminist ideology using a procedure for simultaneous analysis of critical discourse. Based on this goal, the author encourages the author to study in a literature study entitled " Representation of Abortion Women in Short Stories Jeritan dalam Botol by Intan Paramaditha: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Sara Mills' Perspective". This type and approach of research is a qualitative-descriptive method with a method of critical discourse analysis developed by Sara Mills, which is also often referred to as critical discourse analysis with a 'feminist' perspective. The results of the writing show the perspective in which women are beings who have the right to their bodies absolutely because they are the ones who best understand and understand their own circumstances. The act of Abortion is also as a self-existence against patriarchy even though the act of abortion is considered by the wider community as an act of error, in this short story the author tries to narrate the acceptable reasons for the act of abortion both from the abortionist and those that help the abortion process (abortion shaman). The problem of abortion is not only death but a complexity in life choices.

A Retrospective Investigation of Abortion Storm in Abergele Goats, Waghimira Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia.

A retrospective study was conducted in Abergele and Ziquala districts in Ethiopia to investigate the occurrence, impact, and potential risk factors for abortion in small ruminants linked to a regional abortion storm. Affected (case) and nonaffected (control) villages were compared to assess infectious and noninfectious risk factors causing abortions. A case village was defined as a village with abortion seen in all households enrolled in the study, while a control village is characterized by presence of abortion in two and fewer households. A questionnaire survey, focus group discussions, and serological examinations were used to assess the differences in the abortion rate between the case and control villages. The Rose Bengal Plate Test for Brucellosis, Toxoplasma gondii Antibody Test Kit for Toxoplasma gondii, and ELISA for Chlamydophila abortus and Coxiella burnetii were used to detect antibodies. Per village 15 household flocks were selected. In the case villages, all flocks were affected by abortion (a mean abortion of 13 animals in Abergele and 9 in Ziquala). In contrast, only three households reported abortions in the control villages. A total of 176 blood samples were collected from the case and control villages for further laboratory diagnosis of possible causes of abortion. Of the examined flocks, 17%, 10.2%, and 2.8% were positive for Coxiella burnetii, Toxoplasma gondii, and Chlamydophila abortus, respectively. However, antibodies against Brucella melitensis were not detected. While the seroprevalence was greater for some infectious agents of abortion, there was no significant difference between the case and control villages. It is clear that the abortion problem in the study villages is complex and likely due to a mix of poor husbandry practices and the presence of infectious diseases. To better understand the underlying causes of abortion, there is a need to conduct a longitudinal study involving testing for more pathogens at the household level combined with reliable data on husbandry practices.

ОНТОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ОСНОВАНИЯ РЕАЛЬНОГО ГУМАНИЗМА И ПРОБЛЕМА АБОРТОВ

Marxist philosophy in its practical application (real humanism) can become a reliable support for the progressive part of the anti-abortion movement, opposing the bourgeois-liberal, neo-Malthusian pro-abortion ideology. Marxist ontological criticism of demographic politics under capitalism can contribute to this. From Marx’s point of view, capitalism inevitably creates «surplus» working population. This «surplus» generates either poverty or artificial abortion. Gender equality under capitalism receives a characteristic market-focused and social-Darwinist interpretation. Neo-Malthusian sociocultural «projections» of the market economy onto the worldview are expressed in the absolutization of individual autonomy, in the underestimation of the potential side of social reality, and in the desire to receive more from society than to give to it. Neo-Malthusianism seeks to dehumanize, to deny the fetus, and sometimes even the newborn, the right to human dignity, while the ontological foundation of real humanism is the affirmation of the essential identity of people with each other, which is ensured by the presence of a material social substratum in all people, including fetuses. Marxist social ontology regards the birth of a sufficient number of children as a necessary condition for the development of productive forces and the humanization of production relations. This also presupposes the creation of a large number of highly skilled jobs. As a conclusion, it is argued that the practice of real humanism with regard to the abortion problem must consist in the struggle for the creation of such jobs, for real social protection of motherhood and childhood, and for other measures aimed at the general development of the productive forces. In addition, having many children should become a common occurrence in families of real humanists.

Abortion associated with postpartum opportunistic bacterial invasion reduces fertility and induces disturbances of reproductive hormones, hematological profile, and oxidant/antioxidant profiles in dairy cows.

The following study examines for the first time the changes that occur in the post-partum period following abortion in the first trimester of dairy cows using hormonal, hematological, and oxidant/antioxidant profiles. In addition, a bacteriological examination was also performed to explore the role of infections in the complications that occur during this period. One hundred cows were split into two equal groups: The first group enrolled cows that suffered from abortion in the first trimester. The second group enrolled cows that did not experience abortion problems (the control group). Uterine swabs were collected from cows. Blood samples were collected for hormonal, hematological, and oxidative profiles. Results reveal that Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp., and Streptococcus spp. are the opportunistic bacteria that were isolated from abortive cows with multidrug-resistant (MDR) characteristics. Red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and MCH concentration (MCHC) were significantly higher in the abortive group than in controls in the first 3 days after calving. Conversely, total leukocyte count, platelet count, neutrophils, eosinophils, and immunoglobulin G and M were significantly lower in the abortion group than in controls. The concentrations of estradiol, prostaglandin F2α, oxytocin, and cortisol are significantly increased in the abortive cows, while progesterone is significantly decreased. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) were higher in the abortive group, while the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were lower. Abortion during the first trimester of pregnancy increases the risk of postpartum opportunistic bacterial invasion of the uterus. Oxidative stress (OS) and neutropenia are the most important findings that may occur in the postpartum period after abortion and may be due to the abortion itself or its predisposition to opportunistic bacterial invasion of the uterus, which finally causes a fertility reduction.

Juridical Analysis of Abortion Legalization in Government Regulation Number 61 Of 2014 Concerning Reproduction Health

Purpose: the purpose of this treatise is to enshrine the legalization of abortion in Government Regulation Number 61 of 2014. This is an analysis of laws originating from statutory regulations. Theoretical reference: The definition of abortion or abortion according to the World Health Organization (WHO) is the cessation of fruitful life during pregnancy under 28 weeks or a fetus weighing less than 1000 grams. The act of abortion that is carried out intentionally is called abortion provocatus. Gynecological age for abortion or abortion World Health Organization (WHO) which states that 24 weeks of gestation is the maximum safe gestational age for women to have an abortion. Method: Research results from doctrinal studies with a legislative approach . Doctrinal research results from studying the regulations relating to abortion law in Indonesia, while the legislative approach used in this research aims to see and analyze in depth how the regulations regarding abortion in Indonesia are enforced. To strengthen the analysis, this research also uses several research results related to abortion. Apart from that, this research also uses various information related to abortion case data, this is used so that the analysis carried out is accurate and appropriate to the abortion issues and problems that occur in Indonesia. Results and Conclusion: Abortion of a pregnancy resulting from rape which can cause psychological trauma to the rape victim can only be carried out if the conditions specified in Article 75 paragraph (3) and Article 76 of the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 36 of 2009 concerning Health have been met. Pregnancy as a result of rape violates the reproductive rights of rape victims, therefore the exclusion of abortion for rape victims aims to provide guarantees and legal protection of rape victims' reproductive rights as a manifestation of human rights. Thus it can be concluded that Article 31 of Government Regulation Number 61 of 2014 concerning Reproductive Health can be carried out based on indications regarding medical emergencies. Implications of research: Government Regulation Number 61 Of 2014 Concerning Reproduction Health Originality/value: Abortion, Reproductive health, legalization.

Association of recurrent implantation failure and recurrent pregnancy loss with peripheral blood natural killer cells and interferon-gamma level.

Fetal uterine survival depends on maintaining an immune balance between the mother and fetus. This study aimed to investigate the correlation of blood peripheral natural killer (NK) cells and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) with recurrent recurrent implantation failure (RIF) and recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). In this case-control study, peripheral blood samples were obtained from three groups of RPL, RIF, and parous women without a history of abortion or infertility problems and analyzed by lymphocyte-based flow cytometry. Afterward, the levels of NK cells and IFN-γ were determined. All data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis tests. The level of IFN-γ in the RPL group was significantly higher than that in parous women and the RIF group (P<0.05), whereas its level in the RIF group was not significantly different from the control group (P>0.05). A significant correlation was found between the levels of IFN-γ and NK cells in the RPL group (r=0.481; P=0.02). However, no significant correlation was found between the levels of IFN-γ and the active NK cells in the RPL group (P=0.08). Moreover, no significant correlation was found between the levels of NK cells (whether activated or not) and IFN-γ in the RIF patients (P>0.05). Immune dysfunction may not be involved in implantation failure during IVF but may be involved in recurrent miscarriage, probably by increasing IFN-γ levels.

Controversies and Solutions for Abortion Rights in the United States

This paper uses a case study approach to analyze the factors influencing abortion rights and how to use legal means to resolve the related controversies against the background of the widespread abortion problem in American society. The essence of the contradiction of abortion rights is that people do not want to ignore life but also want to respect women's basic rights. The law should play a role in regulating this conflict in society, so that it can be tightened and loosened. The "tightness" is reflected in the fact that the law needs to set a general direction for the abortion issue. The government can provide a certain degree of counseling according to the different conception situations of women, so that the government and related personnel can do their duty of counseling for the possible birth of life, which fully reflects the respect for life. "Loose" means that women can refer to the government's well-intentioned reminders, but ultimately control the decisions about their own bodies, and the law cannot interfere forcibly.

Bioethics and Informed Consent in Prenatal Diagnostics

Innovative methods of prenatal diagnosis allow us to see the development of the fetus and to detect early disorders of fetal development, which may lead to an early diagnosis and possible treatment, or to a woman’s decision to terminate the pregnancy. Therefore, it is very important to accurately inform a woman about the risks and consequences of this life-related issue, even before deciding to perform prenatal tests; and after the results, when a misinterpreted diagnosis may lead a woman to terminate her pregnancy. The obligation of doctors to inform patients is inseparable from the requirement to receive informed consent. The two parts are mandatory for any medical procedure and intervention. The main requirements for the informed consent include rationality, sufficient and clear information, free will, and the form of consent conforming to the legal acts. However, informed consent is not an absolute requirement, as the patient has a right to remain uninformed. Additionally, under certain circumstances, it might be impossible to inform patients, or to receive consent from patients or their duly authorized representatives. Prenatal testing is an integral part of ante-natal care that aims to verify the proper development of the fetus, or to identify potential hereditary or chromosomal diseases at the earliest possible stage. Prenatal testing can be classified as non-invasive or invasive measures, according to the types of procedures In addition to this, according to the aim of the procedure, into diagnostic prenatal testing with the aim of prenatal therapy, and purely diagnostic prenatal testing. Purely diagnostic prenatal testing is closely connected with the problem of selective abortion.&#x0D; Part of this article covers the main problems of informed consent in prenatal diagnostics, by outlining two stages of the process: conveyance before prenatal testing, and interpretation of the results alongside presentation of the possible choices. The legal implications we consider are based on information from other European countries: we name the main questions analyzed by courts, including cases of “wrongful birth” and “wrongful life”; inappropriate information regarding possibilities of abortion; the right of a woman to use all available diagnostic methods; and the allocation of damages to the claimants.

Seroprevalence of Chlamydia abortus in Anestrous Cattle of Nawalpur and Chitwan District, Nepal

Chlamydia abortus are gram negative coccoid, obligate intracellular zoonotic bacteria responsible for abortion and other reproductive problems in dairy cattle. This leads to sub-fertility and infertility in cattle thereby causing significant economic losses to dairy farmers. However, the status of Chlamydia abortus in Nawalpur and Chitwan districts, which are the dairy pockets of Nepal, are poorly understood. The objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of antibodies to Chlamydia abortus in anestrous dairy cattle of Nawalpur and Chitwan districts in relatively low risk winter season. In total, 92 cattle serum (Nawalpur (n= 27) and Chitwan (n= 65) samples were collected from April 2018 to May 2019 and tested using a Chlamydia abortus specific indirect ELISA kit to evaluate the seropositivity status of cattle. Results showed that only 2 (2.17%) cattle were seropositive for Chlamydia abortus. Both the positive cattle were Jerseys from Nawalpur area with a history of abortion. The ages of the seropositive cattle were 3 and 4 years. In conclusion, there was a low seroprevalence of C. abortus in dairy cattle of Nawalpur and Chitwan districts. The presence of this bacterium suggests that it is likely to be a cause of unidentified abortion in dairy cattle in Nepal. We suggest screening dairy animals for C. abortus infection to minimize this risk.

АБОРТ КАК МЕДИКО-СОЦИАЛЬНАЯ ПРОБЛЕМА В ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЯХ СТУДЕНТОВ-МЕДИКОВ

Problem of abortions in today socio-demographic situation in Russia remains very urgent. Despite the tendency of decreasing rate of abortions in the last years, social acceptance of abortion as the method of birth control remains actual in public consciousness. The purpose of research was to evaluate the attitudes of medical students to abortion, awareness about health risks associated with abortion, its acceptable reasons and potential consequences, to detect the differences in perception of rights for abortion by respondents of different gender groups. The survey conducted in 150 medical students showed that more than half of respondents (51,3%) had acquaintances who had made at least one abortion. 45,3% of respondents consider possible to make an abortion in case of unwanted pregnancy, there were no any differences detected in male and female respondents. 49,3% of students can make an abortion at the certain circumstances. Only 5,4% of respondents would not accept abortion under any circumstances. For all respondents regardless of age and gender the most important factors taken into account while making a decision about abortion include the period of gestation (70,7%), method of abortion (64%), financial problems (57,3%). For young respondents under age 20 the most important factor is the opinion of a spouse or partner, while for respondents above age 20 the most significant reason is the necessity to finish education. The most frequent negative consequences of abortions according to opinion of medical students are psychological distress, risk of infertility and complications of future pregnancies. Results of the study demonstrate quite high acceptance of abortions by future physicians despite their awareness about the problem of abortions and knowledge of associated health risks.

A RARE PRESENTATION OF PYOPERITONITIS DUE TO UTERINE PERFORATION SECONDARY TO SEPTIC ABORTION

The main objective of this study to sensitize about an issue of reproductive health which is most controversial and carries the heaviest burden of stigmatization. Although abortion services in India were liberalized more than 3 decades ago, still we are facing problems of illegal septic abortion. We are presenting a rare case of 40 year old G3P2L1D1 with 3-4 months of amenorrhea with uterine perforation secondary to septic abortion. She was taken for emergency exploratory laparotomy, we found pyoperitoneum with foul smelling pus pockets in pelvis, sub hepatic and uterovesical space, uterine rent of 4cm x 3cm. Also there was decomposed fetal skull bones adherent to bowel and omentum. In these case, patient morbidity was due to sepsis and delay in taking treatment

Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii-like oocyst shedding in feral and owned cats in Damascus, Syria.

The incidence of toxoplasmosis in humans in Syria indicates an increase in the number of infections with this disease. Cats are the only definitive host of Toxoplasma gondii and excrete environmentally resistant oocysts in their feces. Estimate the prevalence of T. gondii-like oocyst shedding in the cat population in Damascus, Syria. One-hundred domestic cats. One-hundred fecal samples from cats (68 feral cats and 32 owned cats) were collected in Damascus between October and December 2017 and examined for T. gondii-like oocysts by direct microscopic examination using Sheather's sugar flotation procedure. Examination of the samples showed that 36% (36/100) of the cats were shedding T. gondii-like oocysts. Sporulated or unsporulated oocysts morphologically consistent with T. gondii were detected in 38.2% (26/68) of the samples collected from feral cats and in 31.3% (10/32) of the samples collected from client-owned cats. The clinical importance of Toxoplasmosis in humans lies in the transmission of Toxoplasma to the fetus especially in the first trimester, resulting in severe clinical symptoms in the infant and leading to spontaneous abortion, stillbirth or other serious health problems and severe sequelae (e.g., mental retardation, blindness, hearing, and neurological disorders). Our results showed higher prevalence in Syria than in Lebanon. High amounts of T. gondii-like oocyst shedding were detected in both feral and client-owned cats in Damascus, emphasizing the importance of further research to understand T. gondii infection in people and animals in this region.

An Assessment of the Reasoning in Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization

While the Supreme Court’s decision in Dobbs v. Jackson is a cause for rejoicing, it is at the same time a cause for frustration, as it is maddeningly incomplete. This article examines a central problem with the Court’s decision in Dobbs: its studied refusal to take up the question of the personhood of a fetus, and thus its entitlement to rights and protections under law. While the Court in Dobbs sensibly demolished the notion that there is some kind of natural right to abortion in the U.S. Constitution, and thus sent the matter back to the states, the problem of abortion in America still remains. This article presents a number of the problems that the Dobbs decision brings in its wake, and indicates that pro-lifers will still have a great deal of work to do to address them.

Aksaray İlinde Koyun Yetiştiriciliğinin Yapısal Özellikleri

Bu çalışma, Aksaray ilinde koyun yetiştiricilerinin mevcut durumunu ve sorunlarını tespit etmek, koyunculuk işletmelerinin yapısal özelliklerini ortaya koymak amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Bu amaçla hazırlanan ve toplam 68 sorudan oluşan anket soruları koyun yetiştiricileri ile yüz yüze yöneltilmiş ve cevaplar kaydedilmiştir. Elde edilen bilgiler frekans analizi yapılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Anket sonucunda yetiştirici ailelerinin 5-7 kişilik fertlerden oluştuğu ve eğitim seviyesinin daha çok ilkokul düzeyinde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Yetiştiriciler daha çok Akkaraman ırkını et, süt ve yapağı amacıyla yetiştirdiklerini bildirmişlerdir. Genellikle müstakil kapalı ağıla sahip olan yetiştiriciler, hayvanlarını mera ve elden besleme şeklinde yönetmektedirler. İlde koyunların genellikle 18 aylık yaşta ilk defa çiftleştirildiği ve koç katımı için genellikle Eylül ayının tercih edildiği belirlenmiştir. Üreticiler hayvanlarını elle sağmakta ve elde etmiş oldukları sütü peynire dönüştürmektedirler. Bu peynirlerin genellikle perakende olarak satıldığını beyan etmişlerdir. İşletmelerde en az bir sağlık koruma programı uygulanırken, en fazla ayak-tırnak hastalığı ve yavru atma sorunlarını yaşadıklarını iletmişlerdir. Yaşadıkları en büyük sorun yem pahalılığı olan üreticiler, devletten veteriner hizmeti ve damızlık temini talep ettiklerini belirtmişlerdir.

Molecular and Seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis in Goats' Blood and Milk in Iraq.

Toxoplasmosis is one of the most acute parasitic and zoonotic infections, which causes severe economic losses in animals due to abortion and reproductive problems worldwide. Therefore, this study was conducted in Baghdad province to detect the prevalence of Toxoplasmosis in blood and milk samples of 384 adult female goats using the serological indirect-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) and the molecular polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. The positive iELISA results were 20.57% in sera and 5.99% in milk samples. Regarding cross-classification results, the iELISA results revealed that 5.73% of goats were positive by testing both sera and milk samples, 14.32% and 0.26% were positive for testing sera and milk only, respectively, and 79.69% were negative by testing sera and milk. Targeting the B1 gene, the total positive results of the PCR assay showed that 13.92% and 30.43% of blood and milk samples, respectively, were positive at 546bp. Concerning cross-classification results, the total positive goats by testing of both sera and milk was 8.86%, while 5.06% of goats were positive only for testing of blood, and 86.08% were negative for testing of both samples. At the same time, no positive PCR results were detected in milk samples. In conclusion, there is a wide prevalence and incidence of Toxoplasmosis among goats in study areas. Furthermore, studies are essential to detect the parasite in different ages and sexes of goats and other domestic and wild animals using ELISA as a reliable, automated, and rapid test and PCR as a highly confirmative test.