Problematic Zones Research Articles

The interdisciplinary approach as tool of pharmaceutical education of children: from theory to practice

The pharmaceutical literacy is a necessary element of ensuring quality of human life that is to be formed at early age. The article demonstrates that key direction of development of health literacy is pharmaceutical education involving pharmaceutical workers. The necessity of development of pharmaceutical literacy in children through involvement into process of pharmaceutical education pedagogues and parents/legal representatives of child. The article presents analysis of normative legal documents regulating strategic directions of state and international policy in the field of protection of health and rights of minor citizen/children that regulate organization of pharmaceutical and educational activities and requirements to pharmaceutical and pedagogical workers within the framework of their professional role. The problematic zones in organization of pharmaceutical counseling of minors citizen were discovered. The necessity to improve professional competence of pharmaceutical and pedagogical workers in organization of pharmaceutical education of children of preschool and school age is established. The results of sociological survey of minor citizen and their parents demonstrated inadequate level of pharmaceutical literacy of respondents. On the basis of research results structural model of interaction of participants of pharmaceutical education of children (pharmaceutical workers - parents - pedagogues). The communication relations at the stage of transferring pharmaceutical knowledge to minor personality were revealed. The main result of the study is original structural functional model of organization of pharmaceutical education of children implementing interdisciplinary approach in forming pharmaceutical knowledge in children of preschool and school age. The stages of interaction of participants and professional tasks of pharmaceutical and pedagogical specialists in process of teaching children skills of pharmaceutical safety are determined.

Geomechanical Characterization of the Rock Mass along a Deep Vertical Borehole

Deep vertical boreholes play a crucial role in underground exploration, resource extraction such as geothermal energy extraction, oil and gas exploration, underground waste storage and various underground engineering applications. The geomechanical properties of the rocks surrounding these boreholes are essential for designing safe, efficient drilling operations, for using adequate technologies and equipment and for providing mitigation measurements. Specifically, when the excavations are performed inside in-depth, extremely fractured and weathered rocks, the identification of zones more susceptible to crossing is a primary goal. This paper presents a thorough investigation into the rock masses surrounding a deep vertical borehole that involved the collection of core samples from the deep vertical borehole, laboratory testing, in situ tests and the application of geomechanical models to characterize the crossed rock masses. After a lithological and structural description of the rock masses and a description of the methodology used for their characterization, this paper focuses on the geomechanical parameterization of the rock mass using the uniaxial compressive strength of the intact rock (σci) and the Geological Strength Index (GSI). The obtained findings highlight the extreme variability in the depth of the geomechanical parameters of crossed rocks, which decreased with the depth. This methodology can be used to characterize rock masses along other deep boreholes, for which there is a lack of research, and to define the most problematic zones for underground crossing where different support works must be designed.

Spatiotemporal multiscale diagnosis model to proactively respond to the multi‐country monkeypox virus outbreak in 2022

AbstractThis research analyzes the spatiotemporal trend of 23,121 monkeypox virus cases in the multi‐country outbreak that affected 82 countries from January 2022 to July 2022. The spatiotemporal trends analysis is developed using open data and GIS to model 3D bins and emerging hot spots globally (data by country) and nationally (data by region) for hardest hit countries, like the USA and Spain. The implemented methodology distinguishes between problem areas —as significant hot spots— and countries with no pattern. Results show consecutive hot spot patterns in Western Europe and high location quotients in North America. Factually, the countries with consecutive patterns record 16,494 cases, that is, 71.34% of the cases, where 7.63% of the world population live. At the national level, in the analysis of the USA and Spain, the results reveal regional differences with significative hot spots in California and on the East Coast of the USA and the Mediterranean coast of Spain. The proposed methodology facilitates the monitoring of the spatiotemporal evolution of monkeypox cases and is scalable and replicable using non‐arbitrary and statistical parameters. The findings indicate problematic zones in real‐time, enabling policymakers to develop focused interventions and proactive strategies to mitigate the future risk of monkeypox.

Evaluation of 3-D spatial distribution of dissolved oxygen concentrations in a eutrophic lake

In this study, three-dimensional (3-D) ordinary kriging of dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations was performed for a eutrophic reservoir based on 81 sampling points using Stanford Geostatistical Modeling Software (SGeMs). Potential hotspots (problematic zones in terms of water quality with high/low DO concentrations) not only at the surface but also in deeper layers of Porsuk Dam Reservoir (PDR) were evaluated. Moreover, 3-D distributions of DO, and specific conductivity (SC) were examined against the thermocline layer identified using the 3-D temperature data. Thermocline layer existed between 10 and 14m below the surface based on 3-D temperature data. This result showed that the traditional approach of collecting samples from mid-depths may cause incomplete characterization and evaluation of water quality as thermocline layer may not coincide with mid-depth. Although the variation in SC values and temperatures above and below the thermocline layer were relatively homogeneous, this was not the case for DO. 3-D DO distribution suggested a better location for water withdrawal for domestic purposes. 3-D DO maps generated by predicting data at unmeasured locations at different depths could be used as input for 3-D water quality estimation in the reservoir through model simulations in future. Moreover, the outcomes can also be useful in the segmentation (physical configuration) of the water body for future water quality modeling studies.

The Assessment of Greyfields in Relation to Urban Resilience within the Context of Transect Theory: Exemplar of Kyrenia–Arapkoy

Greyfields are construction sites that emerge from the expansion of cities towards rural settings. They are unused structures in settlement areas that negatively impact the habitats and lead to ecologically, economically, and socially problematic zones. This study aims to examine the Greyfield problem, which emerges as one of the outcomes of urban sprawl, within the context of Transect Theory and urban resilience. We analyze the Greyfield problem in the Arapkoy rural settlement, which is located along the north coastline of Kyrenia, Cyprus. This study presents the impact of Greyfield sites on environmental, social, and economic values within the framework of Transect Theory. Thus, a road map for the redevelopment of Greyfields into public use is put forward to be used for future planning activities, which is a necessity in enabling urban resilience.

Novel Airborne EM Image Appraisal Tool for Imperfect Forward Modeling

Full 3D inversion of time-domain Airborne ElectroMagnetic (AEM) data requires specialists’ expertise and a tremendous amount of computational resources, not readily available to everyone. Consequently, quasi-2D/3D inversion methods are prevailing, using a much faster but approximate (1D) forward model. We propose an appraisal tool that indicates zones in the inversion model that are not in agreement with the multidimensional data and therefore, should not be interpreted quantitatively. The image appraisal relies on multidimensional forward modeling to compute a so-called normalized gradient. Large values in that gradient indicate model parameters that do not fit the true multidimensionality of the observed data well and should not be interpreted quantitatively. An alternative approach is proposed to account for imperfect forward modeling, such that the appraisal tool is computationally inexpensive. The method is demonstrated on an AEM survey in a salinization context, revealing possible problematic zones in the estimated fresh–saltwater interface.

Assessment of the ecological state of the littoral zone of Lake Ladoga by the results of expedition research in 2019

Due to the fact that zones of ecological risk have appeared in Lake Ladoga since the increase in anthropogenic pressure in the 1970s, monitoring studies are currently needed to assess the ecological state of the littoral zone as the one that takes on the main anthropogenic load. The aim of the work was to assess the current ecological state of the waters in the littoral zone of Lake Ladoga in terms of toxicological and hydrochemical characteristics, and indicators of phytoplankton development, and to identify the most problematic zones of deterioration in water quality as a habitat for aquatic organisms. To assess the ecological state of the littoral zone, we used the following water quality criteria for water bodies of fishery importance: maximum permissible concentrations of heavy metals, petroleum hydrocarbons, pH, redox potential, indicators of phytoplankton development, trophic level, and toxicity indicators. It is shown that the areas of the most pressing environmental risk, as determined by the selected criteria, currently are: in the northern region – water areas near Impilahti Bay, Cape Umoppiumi, Kojonsaari, and Putsaari Islands; among eastern coast water – Uksunlahti Bay and Andrusovskaya Bay; among waters in the southern region – Volkhov Bay; among western coast waters – Taipolovsky Bay, Dalyokaya Bay, and Shchuchiy Bay. These water areas should be mandatory observation areas within the environmental monitoring system of Lake Ladoga with annual monitoring of toxicological, hydrochemical, and hydrobiological parameters. Considering the trophic scales used, the littoral zone of the western and southern regions of Lake Ladoga in 2019 can be characterized as weakly mesotrophic, the area along the eastern coast as mesotrophic-eutrophic, and the northern skerries region as mesotrophic. In general, according to the data obtained, the ecological state of the littoral zone of Lake Ladoga in 2019 can be said to have improved since 13 years ago (in 2006)

Case study: Experimental characterization of noise and vibration sources in a refrigerator

The sources of noise and vibration of a refrigerator are characterized by means of laboratory measurements. Three different elements are considered: compressor, evaporator fan, and condenser fan. Both the radiated acoustic energy and the mechanical power injected to the refrigerator structure are measured. Acoustic intensity maps on the refrigerator faces at different frequencies are also provided They are helpful in visualizing the more problematic zones in terms of noise emis- sion. The devices are tested in vacuo or working inside the refrigerator. The provided information can be used as input data for vibroacoustic simulation models such as statistical energy analysis. It is also of interest in order to improve the refrigerator acoustic design.

Determination of air quality index and its impacts on human health in Chennai City

Air pollution in India particularly in metropolitan cities is a serious issue mainly due to vehicular emission, traffic congestion, burning of coal, fuelwood process. The objective of this project is to provide insightful details about the current situation of air quality across five locations in Chennai city and its impacts using an air quality detector meter. The concentration of pollutants namely Carbon dioxide (CO2), Formaldehyde (HCHO), Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), Total Volatile Organic Compounds (TVOC) and, meteorological conditions like Temperature and Humidity are measured at five polluted areas in Chennai metropolitan city and Air Quality Index values are calculated. From the above Air Quality Index values, it is found that Marina Beach bus stop, Velachery bus stop, Mount Road government estate metro station, Koyambedu bus station, Alandur metro station are identified as problematic zones and health impacts are Published.

Seismic Driven Geomechanical Modeling of Uplifted and Subsided Wells in Mumbai Offshore and Its Engineering Implications

Seismic data provide evidence about hydrocarbon deposition, geological and geophysical subsurface information, including geomechanical aspects. Deriving and understanding geomechanical properties is crucial for reservoir management as it can avoid drilling and production-related problems that cause environmental impacts associated with land subsidence and uplift. The Poison's ratio (PR), Young Modulus (YM), and elastic moduli for a reservoir block were estimated using 3D seismic pre-stack data and well data. 3D Mechanical Earth Models (MEM) were also developed using the well logs, seismic horizons, and drilling data. Seismic data-derived geomechanical properties were compared with the mechanical earth models for the first time for this field. Well-tie analysis was used for inversion of 3D seismic data to extract detailed waveform and amplitude information. The brittleness index of the subsurface layers was estimated, which is a critical rock property that provides information about rock hardness and fragility phenomenon. The brittleness index has a diverse range from 5-35%, with significant contrast at shallow zones. PR and YM models generated from 3D MEM and seismic data have average values of 0.2 -0.6 and 5 - 28 GPa with significant contrast from shales and carbonates. The study recommends that the drilling through these problematic zones should be avoided to avoid wellbore problems that cause challenges in maintaining wellbore integrity and reservoir management in the North-Heera field, Mumbai Offshore Basin.

Решение проблем высокотемпературной сернистой коррозии на установках первичной переработки нефти

This article reveals the influence of natural sulfur containing oil compounds on corrosion condition of equipment. It is described that the main reason of rapid increase of oil corrosion aggressiveness recently is application of reagents at the stage of oil extraction and transportation to bind hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans. Several solutions are suggested to solve the problem of high temperature sulfur corrosion on crude oil processing units with account of problematic zones isolation.

RemotIO: A Sentinel-1 Multi-Temporal InSAR Infrastructure Monitoring Service with Automatic Updates and Data Mining Capabilities

Multi-temporal synthetic aperture radar interferometry (MT-InSAR) is nowadays a well-developed remote sensing technique for monitoring of Earth’s surface deformation. The availability of regular and open Copernicus Sentinel-1 satellite data with enhanced spatiotemporal coverage has recently stimulated several initiatives for development of new monitoring services which can help to respond to emergencies faster and apply resilience measures more accurately as compared to conventional ground-based techniques. In this paper, the alpha version of the remotIO (Retrieval of Motions and Potential Deformation Threats) system is presented. It is currently able to provide continuous and autonomous updates of MT-InSAR results and post-processing methodology over sites with active deformation hazards to ease the interpretation and facilitate decision-supporting tools for on-time situational awareness. Our post-processing approach implemented in remotIO’s web application has proven to be useful in filtering the resultant deformation maps and in pinpointing problematic zones with potential ground deformation threats also over low-coherent areas.

Crop raiders in an ecological trap: optimal foraging individual-based modeling quantifies the effect of alternate crops.

Crop raiding is an increasing source of human-wildlife conflict that antagonizes humans and can lead to heightened killing of wildlife. Attraction to crops can trigger ecological traps, where animals prefer areas of their range that confer relatively low fitness. Food can be used to draw animals away from problematic areas, but an alternative considered less often is to replace high-quality food with poorer alternatives. In any case, managers often have no means of anticipating by how much such interventions should impact animal use of space. Optimal foraging theory predicts that foragers optimizing their diet should choose food items according to their relative profitability (i.e., digestible energy/ handling time), a theoretical prediction that can orient management actions. Accordingly, we developed an individual-based model (IBM) simulating movement through empirical rules under an optimal foraging framework. Our objective was to quantify the effect size of cultivating alternate crops to reduce crop raiding and the associated human-induced mortality driving an ecological trap for an energy maximizer, plains bison (Bison bison bison). Results showed that almost tripling the area of cultivation of crops of lower profitability (from 24.3% of the bison range outside the protected area in one management scenario to 70.3% in another) only led to a 25% additional decrease in the intensity of crop raiding (from a decrease of 40% in the first scenario to a decrease of 65% in the second). This suggests that localized interventions in the landscape are likely to have a stronger impact in mitigating crop raiding than broad actions ignoring spatial patterns in food distribution. However, we obtained no significant reduction in the number of simulated bison being harvested in the first scenario, and only a small reduction in the second, when the intervention was spatially broad. Our individual-based approach to animal movement informed by optimal foraging demonstrates that linking landscape configuration to mortality rates can help managers anticipate the effectiveness of manipulating food to keep animals away from problematic zones. Yet disarming ecological traps driven by human hunting appears to be a much more challenging undertaking.

Improved use of seismic profiles to estimate allowable pressure in granular soils: Application to quaternary deposits with different gradings

Herein, a new approach for widening the applicability of seismic refraction profiles in shallow foundation designs is presented. To provide quantitative geotechnical information, a relationship was established to estimate the allowable bearing pressure of cohesionless soils according to the results of seismic refraction measurements, without the conventional uncertainty. The developed procedure was employed in the geomechanical characterization survey for the construction of a helipad at the centre of the Iberian Peninsula; here, seismic refraction tomography was used to compute sections of the velocity–depth curves using the wavepath eikonal traveltime inversion method. When the shear- and compressional-wave one-off velocities are transformed into dynamic moduli through conventional elastic equations, dynamic moduli images that provide quasi-continuous information on soil deformation properties can be generated. These results were combined with the data from dynamic probing super-heavy tests to evaluate the stress–strain moduli relationships, and the dynamic moduli were used to determine the bearing capacity. Furthermore, a general equation for the allowable bearing pressure in granular soils is proposed; this equation contains a new variable that depends on the grain size grading of the zone. Using this, the distribution of the allowable bearing pressure can be used as a criterion to detect spatial variability and problematic zones. The proposed methodology provides more deformation properties of subsoil; thus, it reduces the costs of ground-testing techniques as the boreholes can be better located according to the project foundation requirements.

ГЕОДЕЗИЧЕСКАЯ ИНФОРМАЦИЯ В СИСТЕМЕ АВТОМАТИЗИРОВАННОГО ТЕХНИЧЕСКОГО ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ И РЕМОНТОВ

Two years ago, at the Pavlodar oil chemistry refinery LLP, as part of the modernization of the production process, an automated system for maintenance and repair of equipment (PM) was introduced. This system, consisting of several subsystems, made it possible to monitor the workflow, monitor many production cycles, compile statistics on the performance of various production tasks, identify problematic zones, and also pre-predict the failure of a particular equipment, calculate problematic zones. However, the process of expanding the system of functional maintenance does not stand still. Currently, as part of the digitalization of the production process, the plant is implementing a project to create a 3D master plan for the plant. The article describes in detail the process of phased creation of a digital spatial model and its relationship with the automated control system for maintenance and repair of equipment. One of the main stages of creating a three-dimensional model is described in detail – the process of obtaining high-precision geodetic measurements to create a geodetic base, field work, and the creation of a plan-height justification. The methodology of laser scanning, the process of processing the obtained data, modeling and filling the digital model with attributive data is described. Today it is difficult to dispute the importance of introducing digital spatial modeling in production and the main role in the success of these innovative projects is played by correctly received, processed and implemented initial data in the model. Thus, geodetic support is a key step in the complex technological process of creating a digital spatial double or 3D model of the plant and its operation in the maintenance system.

УКОРІНЕННЯ ДЕМОКРАТІЇ В ТРАНЗИТИВНИХ ДЕРЖАВАХ: ВИСНОВКИ ДЛЯ УКРАЇНИ

The article raises a problem of topical interest — establishing the fundamental causes which influence the success of democratic transition. The concept of democratic transition is used here as synonymous to its Ukrainian equivalent — establishment of democracy. Establishment of democracy is a complex, multilevel, and lasting process of transition from authoritarianism to consolidated democracy, which has both country-specific and common features. It allows scientists to categorize the features, factors, and patterns of transition dynamics in aggregate and to detect the universal characteristics of a successful transition. With that in mind the goal of the research was established — to systematize the factors that facilitate successful transition to consolidation phase and to determine their representation during transition in Ukraine. To achieve the goal the author analyzed the indexation criteria of development of different approaches and systematized the most significant of them. Apart from that, the role of protest movements in the process of transition to democracy was determined. As a result, the most significant factors of democratization were established to be economical stability, cultivation of postmaterial values (self-expression), institutionalization of civil segment and independence of legal system. It was ascertained that the most problematic zones for Ukraine are weak dynamics of growth in number of people oriented toward self-expression values and the independence of legal system.

ISSUES OF INVESTMENT SUPPORT FOR ACADEMIC SCIENCE IN UKRAINE

Introduction. Issues of investment support for the academic science in Ukraine are a strategically important factor for development of scientific and education sectors, as well as the economic growth and welfare of the whole society. Nowadays, development of the system of education and science is complicated by the influence of various factors. The article characterizes determinative factors affecting development of investment support for academic science aimed at the subsequent transformation of a system of its organizing and managing. To enhance investment support of the sector of academic science in Ukraine, it is necessary to apply a system complex of organizational and economic methods. Since, over the past two decades, elements of a science – education – production cycle have disconnected, the research analyses the issues of investment support for developing the science of Ukrainian universities. Education, as well as science is almost entirely excluded from a process of forming the innovative economy. Difficulty of this issue requires system strategical decisions. Purpose. The article’s purpose is to identify problematic zones of investment support for the domestic academic science. Method. In the scientific paper, the authors apply general scientific and special methods for cognition of economic phenomena, which have ensured accomplishing the indicated goals according to a chosen research direction. Results of the work: forming investment support for the academic science in Ukraine requires improving a wide range of spheres of the government policy. The issue of the academic science in Ukraine has not been appropriately formulated. A higher educational institution may not be held apart from a component such as science. The authors analyse a complex of organizational and economic methods for modernizing investment support of the sector of academic science and indicates a relation between academic knowledge and its commercial exploitation.

Slope monitoring: an application of time-lapse electrical resistivity imaging method in Bukit Antarabangsa, Kuala Lumpur

Slope monitoring study using 2-D electrical resistivity imaging method was conducted on a slope where a massive landslide occurred in December 2008 in Bukit Antarabangsa, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The main objective of the study is to determine the subsurface resistivity distribution of the study area and to map the risk/potential zone of landslide in the future. To detect the changes in the subsurface resistivity distribution due to variation in water saturation in the subsurface, time-lapse electrical resistivity imaging method was applied in this study. Repeated measurements of electrical resistivity over chosen lines at different times were done to monitor the changes in the subsurface resistivity distribution. The results obtained from the time-lapse electrical resistivity shows that there are significant changes in the subsurface resistivity distribution during different periods. Locations of possible slope failure are identified along the slope and are divided into Zone 1 and Zone 2. Weak zones are characterized by the large proportion of high water saturation zones and low resistivity values which are highly affected by the supply of water into the subsurface as well as the properties of the subsurface materials. These particular regions are more susceptible towards slope failure as high water content will ease the movement of soil in the subsurface. Thus, proper mitigation must be done at the problematic zones to prevent the occurrence of slope failure in the future.

Application of Geo-electrical Tomography in Coupled Hydro-mechanical–Chemical Investigations in Heap Leaching

A shortcoming of the heap leaching process is its inherent limited metal recovery rate, due primarily to preferential pathways, which reduces the efficiency of the leaching process and can decrease the stability of the heap structure. In this study, geophysical methods were used to characterize the heaps. Five geophysical profiles with 10 m electrode spacing were created on the Miduk heap leaching operations in Iran using mixed array electrode spacing. The dipole–dipole data preserved the high resolution of the surficial response while the dual-direction pole–dipole arrays data provided the desired depth range of 50 m. The inversion of geophysical data revealed areas of focused fluid flow within the heap structure as well as zones of high and low moisture content, and hence areas with a risk of structural failure. In dry zones, under high matrix suction, the hydraulic conductivity is less than in zones with higher water content; thus flow is preferentially focused within the wetter zones, inducing leakage. Geo-electric data also revealed that the three initial heap lifts (oxide lifts) adjacent to the liner were almost impermeable to the leaching fluid due to their fine-grained nature and their high clay content. Oxide materials react more with acid and their structure degrades over time, leaving finer size particles with less permeability. Low permeability zones can cause preferential fluid pathways and pooling to develop elsewhere in the heap, followed by the loss of metal content in those areas. The relationship between these zones is governed by the relative differences in hydraulic conductivity (k) as a function of the water content and matrix suction. If the fluid flux rate is less than the Ksat (saturated hydraulic conductivity) of the fine materials, most of the flow will pass through the fine materials. Therefore, local injection of fluid and changing the fluid flux rate in problematic zones has been suggested. Correlations between resistivity and parameters such as fluid accumulation, copper grade, and slope stability, can be indirectly used to determine the important operational parameters of the heap leaching structures.

Vector Modeling for Diagnostics of Future Mathematics Teacher Methodical Training in Higher School

The relevance of the present research is defined by the necessity of improvement of methodical training of mathematics teacher in a higher educational institution on the basis of multi-component diagnostics of competencies which represent the multidimensional result of education. Such diagnostics is preferable to be carried out by means of multidimensional vectors which allow not only assessing the educational process from different points of view but also predicting correction of its problematic zones. Purpose of the article is to develop vector method for diagnostics of future mathematics teachers’ methodic competencies. The proposed method of vector modeling promotes qualitative and quantitative assessment of the results of methodical training of future mathematics teacher from the point of view of intensity (by means of absolute characteristics) and orientation (in relation to cognitive, activity or value-based components). The article determines such directions of the model of mathematics teacher methodical training as cognitive, social and humanitarian, operational-activity-related, research and methodical. Each of them corresponds to certain competence: information-methodological, social interaction, individual cognitive activity, self-organization and self-management and also system-activity-related. Criteria for assessment of competencies on the basis of performance of methodical oriented practice tasks and projects were developed.