Problem-oriented Model Research Articles

Modeling of transportation and technological processes in automated systems

The purpose of the study is to create a problem-oriented model of transport and technological processes in automated systems. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to develop methodological aspects of creating an automated modeling system. The content of the basic principles of problem-oriented modeling in the study of an integrated automated system for managing stocks and transport and technological processes is revealed in the paper. At the same time, methodological aspects of creating automated modeling systems, namely, a conceptual mathematical model for the analysis and standardization of technical and economic indicators are considered. The functioning of logistics systems, namely, system modeling (supply — transport) is also considered. The problems of interaction and relationships, optimization of resource flows, and increasing the efficiency of management decisions making have been solved. It is shown that modeling resource flows involves adjustments through iterative redistribution of interregional and intraregional supplies among suppliers and consumers. Combining product items into one delivery leads to savings in stocks formation costs by reducing the number of orders. To create effective automated control systems, it is necessary to study in detail the primary object — the logistics and technical support system itself. The creation of applied mathematical and software is a promising direction for solving this problem and developing it as an automated modeling system. In this regard, when creating such automated control systems, it is most advisable to use a model-oriented approach, which is based on the principles of system analysis, standardization, classification and modularity. Thus, it is shown that the use of the problem-oriented approach to creating an automated modeling system makes it possible to reduce the labor intensity of its development and implementation, to provide the opportunity to unify algorithms for solving a problem, but also to apply standard methods for processing experimental results.

A problem-oriented model of the process of preparing a student startup at a university

A problem-oriented model of the process of preparing a student startup at a university

Совместная оптимизация конструктивных параметров индуктора и алгоритмов управления процессом нагрева под поверхностную закалку

The paper considers an approach for solving the joint optimization problem of design solutions and modes 
 of inductor functioning in the process of heating steel parts of L-shaped form for surface hardening. The first stage solves the problem of optimizing the design of the coils of the inductor and the parameters of the power supply control algorithm, ensuring the maximum uniform heating of the quenched layer to a given temperature above the Curie point in 
 a fixed time. In the second step, a phase limitation is considered, which is a technological requirement to ensure, throughout the heating stage, a temperature not exceeding the limit value. In case of violation of the specified limit, the problem of finding the control algorithm on a special interval within which the maximum temperature in the hardened layer exceeded the maximum permissible value is solved. In the third step, the problem of joint optimization is solved with the found control algorithm at a specific interval of motion on the phase restriction. The described steps can be repeated if necessary. There is presented a test example of the application of the developed strategy for the considered class of technology induction heating for the surface hardening of metal blanks with an angle zone. For the numerical solution in the MATLAB application package developed a software complex, in which integrated two-dimensional nonlinear problem-oriented model of the induction heating process, developed in ANSYS Mechanical APDL. The algorithm for solving the joint optimization problem is based on an alternate method of parametric optimization of systems with distributed parameters. Developed strategy tested on a verified model of interconnected electromagnetic and temperature fields, it is possible to obtain a uniform temperature distribution along the boundary of the hardened layer of steel semi-finished products of complex geometric shape without local overheating throughout the heating stage.

Models of civil servants’ competencies in the context of digital transformation of public administration

The article is devoted to the digital competencies of civil servants. The conceptualization of such competencies seems relevant due to the unfolding global process of digitalization of the economy and management, legislative gaps in this field, the need for the effective implementation of national projects and government programs in modern conditions, as well as the objective need to establish clear requirements for the quality of training and the effectiveness of the functioning of civil servants. Digital competencies are considered in the context of the general concept of competencies as a set of knowledge and skills of an employee, which are refracted through value orientations, personal experience and attitudes. It shows the increasing importance of competencies as the results of life-long education in the era of digitalization, when knowledge rapidly becomes obsolete. The concept of digital literacy is considered as the basis for the formation of digital competencies. An analysis of the most popular competences models of present-day specialists is presented, in which digital transformation of management and the economy is pointed out. It is shown that the emphasis on the leadership of a civil servant in the process of digital transformation does not exhaust all aspects of their activity, involving interaction with modern ‘digitalized’ social institutions. In this regard, based on the systematization of digital competencies of civil servants, three new models are proposed. These models do not cover a complete list of competencies, but highlight important aspects of performance: 1) a role-based personal-oriented model linked to terminal values; 2) a concentric personal-professional model that emphasizes the importance of leadership skills of a servant in transforming his/her ‘the near’ and ‘the far’ environment; and 3) a problem-oriented model built on the induction from typical problems associated with digitalization to their solution through implementation of relevant competencies. The conclusion is made about the need to take into account digital competencies in the process of training future managers, as well as life-long education and assessment of civil servants.

Positive Social Work (PSW) – Towards a New Methodical Paradigm in Social Work

Various methodological approaches have been appearing in Polish social work for several years, referring to experiences proven in other countries, such as the Solution Focused Approach, Family Group Conference, Motivating Dialogue, Video Interaction Training (VIT), supervision, coaching or community organization/development. What distinguishes them from the current characteristics of methodological activities is opposition to the problem-oriented model dominating social work in Poland and developing a commonly recognizable solution-oriented model. The aim of this article is to present a preliminary concept of a new methodological approach – Positive Social Work (PSW) – its assumptions, to define theoretical references and to characterize a specific “road map” for the development of this approach to the helping methodology.

POSITIVE SOCIAL WORK APPROACH: THE SHIFT FROM “WORK” TOWARDS “SOCIAL”

Positive orientation has become widely recognized in many scientific fields during the last decade. Possible nature of positive orientation in social work could be derived from positive psychology. However this topic is just starting to be discussed and researched in Lithuania and other European countries. In this article the authors represent complementary social work approaches that are proved as effective in a contradiction to most applied and dominant in practice nowadays problem-oriented model of social work. Therefore, the aim of the article is to overview social work practices as a ground for starting modeling Positive Social Work (PSW). Literature analysis was employed to ground different approaches of social work and set the basis for possible Positive Social Work beginning.

Problem-Oriented Foundations of Intelligence in the Context of Superintelligence

Despite the substantial interest in intelligence, both natural and artificial, and active research in this area, there is still considerable disagreement about what exactly constitutes intelligence. The problem-oriented approach to intelligence is based on evaluation of intelligence of a system by the level of problems this system is able to solve. The goal of this work is to develop a problem-oriented theory of intelligence in such a way that ecological characteristics become parameters of the problem-oriented model of intelligence. This model is constructed using mathematical theories and algorithmic reasoning. The suggested approach allows the reorganizing of the existing typologies of intelligence developed in works of different psychologists, providing better theoretical tools for intelligence measurement and evaluation.

Problem-oriented and communication learning communities of teachers (based on materials from Russian and foreign research)

The article presents an analysis of the concept and characteristics of learning communities of teachers, as well as the experience of organizing the activities of various associations of teachers, described in Russian and foreign literature. As a result of theoretical research, the authors identified three models for the creation and development of learning communities of teachers: problem-oriented, communication and mixed. This is the scientific novelty of the work carried out. The practical significance of the study is due to the potential to use models in the design, creation and development of learning communities at the level of a separate school, city, region, etc. It is noted that problem-oriented communities appear when there is a problem, the importance of solving which is recognized by all its participants. The main activities of such communities are Lesson Study and pedagogical supervision. Teachers meet to find a solution to a problem together, jointly develop a plan for the upcoming lesson and reflect on what has taken place. For the emergence of communication communities, the need for teachers to exchange experiences is necessary. Such associations are based on mutual learning and are organized as platforms for communication, offsite events, team competitions, mutual visits to classes, etc. Mixed communities have characteristics of both a problem-oriented and communication model. The article provides examples of Russian and foreign learning communities of teachers, which can be attributed to one of the models. In Russian practice, considerable experience has been accumulated in organizing communication learning communities at the level of cities, regions, and the whole country: all kinds of projects, festivals, competitions in which both beginners and experienced teachers can freely participate. According to the authors, in Russia they are more common than problem-oriented learning communities. Nevertheless, the latter may be of great practical interest for the teaching staff of separate schools.

帕金森患者应用问题导向干预模式的护理效果及对认知功能与预后的影响

帕金森患者应用问题导向干预模式的护理效果及对认知功能与预后的影响

Development of a model of the system of material incentives for workers of an industrial enterprise

The article deals with the issues related to the development of a system of material incentives for workers of industrial enterprises. The enterprise as a system with the use of tuple modeling of the main processes is considered. The tuple model is a form of representation of the problem-oriented model, and allows us to consider the system from the point of view of taking into account the relationships of heterogeneous factors that determine the integrity of the system. Defined the characteristics (features) and elements, which characterize the totality of the properties of the system: algorithms, structure, numerical values of the parameters, the behavior of the external environment, administrative action, informational data and indicators of the quality of the system. The authors question the methods creation of material incentives with the tasks of daily formation and registration of the execution of replacement jobs, wages depending on daily results. These issues require a lot of labor and time masters, employees of the Bureau of labor and employment (BTZ), economists, accountants. Besides, efficiency in their decision is necessary that in manual control systems it is impossible to realize. The use of computer technology and information technology, allow not only to form a reasonable daily shift tasks and objectively take into account their implementation, but also fundamentally new to build a system of remuneration. In the developed systems of organizational management using computer technology, it becomes possible to quickly, differentially and reliably evaluate the results of each employee and the shop or site as a whole, providing economic interest in the strict implementation of planned shift tasks. The implementation of this technique leads to increased motivation, to productive, quality work, to economical expenditure of material, energy and other resources. It is shown that the quality and productivity of labor are greatly influenced by the methods of material stimulation. In the conditions of functioning of computerized control systems, it becomes possible to objectively reflect the daily personal contribution of the worker in the implementation of the plan for the nomenclature and volume, excluding subjectivity in the calculation of wages and bonuses.

Effects of problem-oriented nursing model on health belief and negative emotion among liver cancer patients with interventional therapy

Objective To explore the effects of problem-oriented nursing model on health belief and negative emotions among liver cancer patients with interventional therapy. Methods From August 2016 to July 2017, we selected 84 liver cancer patients with interventional therapy in He'nan Cancer Hospital as subjects by convenience sampling. Patients treated between August 2016 and January 2017 were set in control group, and patients from February to July 2017 were set in observation group, 42 cases in each group. Patients of control group were treated with routine nursing intervention. Observation group carried out problem-oriented nursing model. The intervention effects were evaluated with the Health Belief Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) and Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) . Results After intervention, the total score and dimension scores of Health Belief Scale of patients in observation group were higher than those in control group with statistical differences (P<0.01) . After intervention, the scores of HAMA and HAMD of patients in observation group were lower than those in control group with statistical differences (P<0.01) . Conclusions The problem-oriented nursing model can effectively help liver cancer patients with interventional therapy construct the health belief and relieve negative emotions which is worthy of clinical application. Key words: Liver neoplasms; Problem-oriented; Interventional therapy; Health belief; Negative emotion

An Alternative Paradigm for Evidence-Based Medicine: Revisiting Lawrence Weed, MD's Systems Approach.

Lawrence Weed, MD, is renowned for being the father of the Problem-Oriented Medical Record (POMR), the medical care standard for collecting, managing, and contextualizing patient data in medical records. What have been consistently overlooked are his teachings on knowledge coupling, which refers to matching patient data with associated medical knowledge. Together, the POMR standard and knowledge coupling are meant to form the basis of a systems approach that enables individualized evidence-based decision making within the context of multimorbidity and patient complexity.The POMR and knowledge coupling tools operationalize a problem-oriented model that reflects a sophisticated general systems theoretical approach to knowledge. This paradigm transcends reductionist approaches to knowledge by depicting how the meaning of specific entities (eg, disease constructs) and their associated probabilities can only be understood within their respective spatiotemporal and biopsychosocial relational contexts. Rigorous POMRs therefore require knowledge inputs from a network of interconnections among specific entities, which Dr Weed enabled through development of the Knowledge Net standard. The Knowledge Net's relational structure determines the applicability of knowledge within specific patient contexts. To enable the linkage of unique combinations of data in individual patient POMRs with existing medical knowledge structured in Knowledge Nets, Dr Weed developed the Knowledge Coupling standard.Dr Weed's standards for record keeping and knowledge coupling form the basis of a combinatorial approach to evidence-based medicine that fulfills Stange's call for a science of connectedness. Ensuing individualized processes of care become the dynamo powering a learning health care system that enables a co-construction of health premised on empowerment and intelligent human decision making, rather than promoting the artificial intelligence of tools. If the value of Engel's biopsychosocial model indeed relates to "guiding the parsimonious application of medical knowledge to the needs of each patient," Dr Weed's approach warrants serious consideration.

A proposal for a problem‐oriented pharmacobiochemistry course in dental education

Problem-oriented learning is an effective method of learning that increases students' learning motivation, improves the relationship amongst students and results in open-minded discussions. In this study, a new problem-oriented pharmacobiochemistry course related to 'oxidative metabolism of drugs by cytochrome P450 (CYP450) systems' was designed. Students were divided into seven groups. Three keywords related to drug interaction through CYP450 were provided to each group in order for them to conduct research on the information given. After 1month, the groups attended a session under the supervision of a tutor to solve a simulated problem case that was designed using the keywords. At the end of the integrated course, a multiple-choice examination was given. The success rate of 76 students who attended the course was found to be significantly higher than the success rate of the students who received the lecture-based course only (P<0.0001). A questionnaire containing 20 items (Cronbach's alpha: 0.92) was administered to the students to learn about their perception regarding this educational model. The questionnaire was evaluated using the Likert scale. Student feedback was very positive, with fourteen answers rated as 'agree' and the remaining six rated as 'strongly agree'. Students thought that the problem-oriented model was very enjoyable and useful in regard to dental education. Based on these results, we conclude that this course model may help achieve an integrated curriculum for dental school programmes.

Student evaluation of a problem‐oriented module of clinical medicine within a revised dental curriculum

As part of a revised dental curriculum, a 3(rd) year module on medical subjects was developed based on a mixture of self-study and problem-oriented approach using cases. Pairs of students had to select a specific medical problem and solve a paper patient case using a problem-solving cycle. Results were presented in working groups and by writing an essay. The quality of the presentations was assessed by colleague students and by the teacher supervisor; the expert teacher in the field graded the essay. The results contributed for 40% to the overall grade of the module. A questionnaire filled out by 94% of the participating students showed that 85% of the students agreed in preferring this way of handling medical problems as compared with conventional, lecture-based education. Almost all of them enjoyed the provided opportunity to give a case presentation. The problem-oriented model was assessed as useful by 73% of the students. Knowledge concerning the topic chosen turned out to be higher than knowledge of other topics. Although this study cannot prove that this mode of education actually results in a better ability to cope with medical problems, it may contribute in several ways to the final competences in the area of general medicine in the undergraduate dental curriculum.

Requirements for integrated wastewater models - driven by receiving water objectives

The design of efficient technical measures for the abatement of water pollution requires that wastewater discharge regulations are driven by receiving water objectives. However, such integrated water quality management is only possible when the impact to the aquatic ecosystem can be predicted quantitatively by means of integrated wastewater models. Typically, only a few types of wastewater discharge impacts are relevant for the state of the receiving water and, consequently, the structure of the model can be kept relatively simple when focusing on one of these impacts. The procedure of problem-oriented model selection is illustrated for three typical examples of acute water pollution, that is toxicity from un-ionized ammonia, hygienic hazard from pathogenic micro-organisms and oxygen depletion.

Requirements for integrated wastewater models — driven by receiving water objectives

The design of efficient technical measures for the abatement of water pollution requires that wastewater discharge regulations are driven by receiving water objectives. However, such integrated water quality management is only possible when the impact to the aquatic ecosystem can be predicted quantitatively by means of integrated wastewater models. Typically, only a few types of wastewater discharge impacts are relevant for the state of the receiving water and, consequently, the structure of the model can be kept relatively simple when focusing on one of these impacts. The procedure of problem-oriented model selection is illustrated for three typical examples of acute water pollution, that is toxicity from un-ionized ammonia, hygienic hazard from pathogenic micro-organisms and oxygen depletion.

Measurement of problem-oriented need for the primary health care services: need for exercise counseling as an example.

Based on several previous approaches, a new model for the measurement of needs for primary health care services is constructed and demonstrated. This fourfold model includes the concepts of diagnostic need, perceived need, client dependent demand and provider dependent demand. The empirical results concerning the need for exercise counseling in the primary health care indicated that the present approach is feasible and comprehensive enough to obtain valuable information about the health needs and how they are supplied. The model makes it possible to identify discrepancies, for example, between the experts' and clients' priority ratings and between the criterion-based prevalence of a problem and the practice of the care providers. It may also reveal barriers and inequalities in the use of services. For health administrators and decisionmakers the present problem-oriented model provides a systematic approach to assess needs for health care services and to develop the services provided.