Problem Of Trust Research Articles

A Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Blockchain Framework for Improving Vehicular Internet of Things Cybersecurity

The Vehicular Internet of Things (VIoT) is a novel idea in the field of connected transportation systems that defines a new paradigm. Nevertheless, even the most modern and complex system will require additional and more powerful layers to protect the conversation from interception and the data from leakage. The centralized models have problems like trust problems and that there might be vulnerabilities and that is why there are attempts to integrate decentralization in operation. The first challenge in the VIoT networks is that the security and openness of such a connection and data transfer are still not well developed. Another issue is the security and dependability of the interaction between the vehicles and the infrastructure, although this issue is magnified by the size of the VIoT network. This research is a blockchain and game theory base research that uses Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) to improve the security and efficiency of the VIoT ecosystem. The technology of blockchain gives a distributed ledger where data cannot be altered or erased. Moreover, the MARL architecture allows for the realisation of better decisions for each of the members of the network. To this, the set that was made up of the smart contracts, Vehicle Units (VUs) and the decentralized servers that form the proposed architecture would be added to allow for the right flow and processing of the data. The blockchain’s decentralized nature provides a guarantee for all secure, immutable data transfers and transparent transactions throughout the network of the VIoT. MARL enables agents to learn and acquire the best strategies as they pass through time, which leads to secure and effective communication among entities. Besides, the implementation of lightweight cryptography techniques and strategic selections according to game theory help to protect and improve the performance of the security system of the VIoT ecosystem.

Sosialisasi Peningkatan Pengetahuan Keamanan Dalam Jual Beli Online

The increasing number of internet users makes Indonesia a very potential market for e-commerce. The growth of the middle class and the literacy rate of online buyers and sellers is also growing. E-commerce itself is not new, but its rise marks a new milestone for this industry in the country. Although it is growing quite rapidly, there is still one major problem that is preventing e-commerce in Indonesia from taking off, namely the problem of consumer trust in e-commerce sites. Consumers still do not trust the sales system with a non-physical buying and selling process, do not trust to provide credit card numbers to e-commerce services and are still afraid of fraud. However, this crisis of trust can actually be solved. One of the many ways is to use a payment service that has guaranteed security. Not all e-commerce can provide their own payment system, now there are many services that provide a secure payment system and are especially easy to apply to online stores. E-commerce players can use this payment system easily, quickly and which can improve the performance process in their online stores. However, the selection of services that provide a payment system must also be considered carefully. A secure payment system provider will provide a sense of security to prospective buyers, meaning that consumer trust must be built by e-commerce service providers so that consumers can be comfortable and do not encounter problems in making purchases and paying for products in the online stores provided.Security is important, the use of credit cards is widely highlighted because there are still many unpleasant incidents or fraud that occur due to the use of credit cards. Education on this security needs to be carried out continuously, because it will be related to consumer behavior.

The paradigm logic of blockchain governance

Blockchain technology is mainly composed of public-key cryptography, hash algorithms and consensus mechanisms. Blockchain solves the two trust problems inherent in human interaction: the Byzantine Generals Problem and the Prisoner's Dilemma, which allows blockchain to replace the function of public power as a centre of trust to a certain extent, and also enables it to become a kind of decentralised large-scale collaborative infrastructure for human beings. Blockchain itself has a strong escape from public power, and the blockchain order is also non-rational. Its emergence has impacted the traditional constructivist-rationalism governance paradigm. Current research exploring blockchain governance issues at the level of governance paradigms is still limited. This study mainly adopts a normative analysis methodology, firstly outlining the decentralised technology model of blockchain and the economic ecosystem model built on top of this technology model. Secondly, this study explores the ontology of blockchain technology and its economic model on a philosophical level as well as the philosophical roots of the limitations of the traditional governance paradigm when confronted with blockchain governance. On this basis, this study further proposes ideas for shifting the blockchain governance paradigm. Specifically, it includes that a judicature-based governance paradigm should be established while the executive power should shift to focus on the issue of equality on the blockchain, and in the context of weakly centralised legislation, soft law governance should be allowed to play more of a role. Considering the popularity and development of blockchain technology, this study provides insights into the theoretical level of blockchain governance.

LEVELS OF SELF-ACTUALİZATİON WİTH MANİFESTATİONS OF VİOLENCE İN STUDENTS STUDY OF THE RELATİONSHİP BETWEEN

It is devoted to the study of the relationship between the manifestations of violence and the levels of self-actualization in students. In the study, the methodology of studying the effects of violence and Shostrom’s SAT methodology and the questionnaire prepared by the author were used. The study included 140 undergraduate students. It was determined that there is a negative correlation between the level of self-actualization of demands and the violence suffered. It became clear that the relationship between the primitive level of self-actualization and the verbal and non-verbal types of violence is bidirectional. At the same time, the relationship between different types of enjoyment and self-actualization is two-way. It can be concluded that as the levels of self-actualization increase, the likelihood of being bullied decreases. It was found that the relationship between the adequate level of self-actualization and the types of violence is positive. The research showed that the phenomenon of verbal and non-verbal violence in childhood causes quite a variety of psychological effects, such as trauma, trust problems, loss of personal self-confidence, self-loathing and the formation of a fearful/anxious personality, and it is very important to eliminate them. It can be concluded that students in order to eliminate the manifestations of violence, it is necessary to increase the personality qualities, including the opportunities for self-realization, and to create a favorable educational environment for this.

Trust Evaluation Techniques for 6G Networks: A Comprehensive Survey with Fuzzy Algorithm Approach

Sixth-generation (6G) networks are poised to support an array of advanced technologies and promising high-quality and secure services. However, ensuring robust security, privacy protection, operational efficiency, and superior service delivery poses significant challenges. In this context, trust emerges as a foundational element that is critical for addressing the multifaceted challenges inherent in 6G networks. This review article comprehensively examines trust concepts, methodologies, and techniques that are vital for establishing and maintaining a secure and reliable 6G ecosystem. Beginning with an overview of the trust problem in 6G networks, this study underscores their pivotal role in navigating the network’s complexities. It proceeds to explore the conceptual frameworks underpinning trust and discuss various trust models tailored to the unique demands of 6G networks. Moreover, this article surveys a range of scholarly works presenting diverse techniques for evaluating trust by using the fuzzy logic algorithm, which is essential for ensuring the integrity and resilience of 6G networks. Through a meticulous analysis of these techniques, this study elucidates their technical nuances, advantages, and limitations. By offering a comprehensive assessment of trust evaluation methodologies, this review facilitates informed decision making in the design and implementation of secure and trustworthy 6G networks.

Toward a contemporary understanding of organizational trust in socio‐economic systems: Connecting theoretical perspectives of the management and business ethics literature

AbstractThis paper provides a comprehensive overview of the evolution of 30 years of academic research on organizational trust in socio‐economic practice in the management and business ethics literature. A systematic review of 160 papers published in leading management and business ethics academic journals reveals two interpretations—one based on a transactional, cause‐and‐effect idea of the benefit of trust within relationships (or utilitarian trust), and one based on personal, sincere, and virtuous attributes of character allowing the participant to engage in trusting (or virtuous trust). Our review contributes an analysis of the state of prior research and the literature's intertextual coherence which allows problematization of the current theory and identification of opportunities for further contributions. Future work could be based on the interconnections among these two research traditions, ways to expand the current understanding of utilitarian trust, and proposals for a basic moral framework to support virtuous trust from the perspective of an understanding of trust in the socio‐economic practice in which contemporary trust problems arise. Our reinforcement of the theoretical underpinnings of trust also offers practical guidance as it sheds light on trust's nuanced dimensions in complex organizational and socio‐economic environments.

Blockchain empowered access control for digital twin system with attribute-based encryption

Digital twin is a pivotal and burgeoning technique that plays a crucial role in the realms of digital transformation and intelligent advancement. To bolster diverse applications and realize digital transformation, it is imperative to share the generated device data among multiple stakeholders involved in the digital twin system product life cycle. Since the device data contains sensitive and secret information, strict access control is required. Attribute-based encryption (ABE) is commonly employed for the construction of a cryptographic-enforced data access control scheme. ABE enables data confidentiality and one-to-many fine-grained access control due to its flexibility and high scalability. Unfortunately, traditional ABE schemes adopted in digital twin system has been hindered by the single point of failure and trust problems. Blockchain is a secure distributed ledger technology with decentralization and tamper-proofing properties. In this article, we present a blockchain-empowered data access control scheme for digital twin system with attribute-based encryption. Firstly, blockchain is employed to construct a complete, tamper-resistant, and efficient architecture for digital twin system to address challenges of access control. Subsequently, to ensure the confidentiality of digital twin data, we employ ciphertext-policy ABE (CP-ABE) to achieve fine-grained and one-to-many access control. Finally, we combine blockchain-based architecture with the interplanetary file system (IPFS) to propose a data storage scheme to release storage pressure on the blockchain and improve system efficiency. Security analysis and performance evaluation exhibit that the proposed access control scheme can effectively protect the data security of digital twin system with efficient storage.

Государство как ценность: репрезентация образа будущего в речах российских парламентариев

The article is devoted to studying the representation of state as value in the speeches of the deputies of the State Duma from the viewpoint of the image of Russia’s future. As a starting point, the authors used the pentabasis model, where the image of the future is presented in the form of five elements, one of which is the state, interpreted via trust in political institutions. The theoretical basis of the study was the concept of Stein Rokkan and his followers, according to which the state formation involves building socio-cultural boundaries that indicate belonging to a political community. The empirical basis was the transcripts of speeches of deputies on current socio-economic, political and other issues at the plenary sessions of the State Duma of VII— VIII convocations. The research was carried out by the method of discourse analysis. The obtained results clearly demonstrate that national parliamentarians are deeply concerned about the problem of trust. Although decisions on the most fundamental issues are made via consensus, deputies feel a lack of trust among certain groups of the population, which requires them to exert additional efforts to justify their initiatives. The topics they most often turn to include welfare state, center-regions relations, and economic development. At the same time, they rarely directly touch upon the prospects of domestic political institutions, as well as the topic of the image of the future in general, which may be explained by both a shortage of strategic ideas and external restrictions on parliamentary discourse.

Detection of malicious nodes based on consortium blockchain.

With the development of technology, more and more devices are connected to the Internet. According to statistics, Internet of Things (IoT) devices have reached tens of billions of units, which forms a massive Internet of Things system. Social Internet of Things (SIoT) is an essential extension of the IoT system. Because of the heterogeneity present in the SIoT system and the limited resources available, it is facing increasing security issues, which hinders the interaction of SIoT information. Consortium chain combined with the trust problem in SIoT systems has gradually become an important goal to improve the security of SIoT data interaction. Detection of malicious nodes is one of the key points to solve the trust problem. In this article, we focus on the consortium chain network. According to the information characteristics of nodes on the consortium chain, it can be analyzed that the SIoT malicious node detection combined with the consortium chain network should have the privacy protection, subjectivity, uncertainty, lightweight, dynamic timeliness and so on. In response to the features above and the concerns of existing malicious node detection methods, we propose an algorithm based on inter-block delay. We employ unsupervised clustering algorithms, including K-means and DBSCAN, to analyze and compare the data set intercepted from the consortium chain. The results indicate that DBSCAN exhibits the best clustering performance. Finally, we transmit the acquired data onto the chain. We conclude that the proposed algorithm is highly effective in detecting malicious nodes on the combination of SIoT and consortium chain networks.

Trust in socialization institutions as a necessary social condition for effective integration of disabled children into society

The article is devoted to the analysis of the problem of trust in the institutions of socialization of children with disabilities. The role of such institutions of socialization of disabled children as family, education, healthcare, public organizations, and the media is analyzed. The analysis was based on the results of a sociological study conducted in May-June 2023 among family members raising disabled children (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Belgorod, Kursk). The study revealed significant differences in respondents' assessments of their trust in socialization institutions. It has been established that the media has become an outsider of trust. In the course of the analysis, the authors concluded that it is necessary to apply an integrated approach to the activities of institutions for the socialization of children with disabilities, which should be based on interdepartmental interaction «family - NGOs - authorities - healthcare, education - media - business». The proposed approach, according to the authors, ensures the effectiveness, targeting and transparency of activities.

Algorithmic Decision-Making, Agency Costs, and Institution-Based Trust

Algorithm Decision Making (ADM) systems designed to augment or automate human decision-making have the potential to produce better decisions while also freeing up human time and attention for other pursuits. For this potential to be realised, however, algorithmic decisions must be sufficiently aligned with human goals and interests. We take a Principal-Agent (P-A) approach to the questions of ADM alignment and trust. In a broad sense, ADM is beneficial if and only if human principals can trust algorithmic agents to act faithfully on their behalf. This mirrors the challenge of facilitating P-A relationships among humans, but the peculiar nature of human-machine interaction also raises unique issues. The problem of asymmetric information is omnipresent but takes a different form in the context of ADM. Although the decision-making machinery of an algorithmic agent can in principle be laid bare for all to see, the sheer complexity of ADM systems based on deep learning models prevents straightforward monitoring. We draw on literature from economics and political science to argue that the problem of trust in ADM systems should be addressed at the level of institutions. Although the dyadic relationship between human principals and algorithmic agents is our ultimate concern, cooperation at this level must rest against an institutional environment which allows humans to effectively evaluate and choose among algorithmic alternatives.

Journalists Gaining Trust Through Silencing of the Self

Abstract Journalists depend on two vectors of trust: the trust invested in them by their sources, and the trust invested in them by their end-users. For many years, trust has become a key issue in the articulation of the journalistic profession. This paper distinguishes between two traditional approaches to earn public trust: either through an emphasis on the ideal of objectivity, or by a sort of showing one’s cards: an explicit declaration of one’s subjectivity. Through a reading of Løgstrup, Derrida, and Deleuze, we argue that both positions are inadequate solutions to the problem of trust. In as much as subjectivity is continuously negotiated in interaction with the unknown and the uncontrollable, the poles of objectivity and subjectivity cannot define the narrative event without each supplementing the other. To escape from this impasse, we suggest a third approach: a hospitable journalism characterized by a hospitable attitude towards the uncontrollable and the strange, or unknown, which operates to make the individual more aware of herself and her place in the world. This invitation happens through a silencing of the self.

The financialisation of Crypto: Designing an international regulatory consensus

Bitcoin was presented in 2008 as a technology-driven alternative to the weaknesses of the traditional monetary, payment and financial systems dramatically highlighted by the Global Financial Crisis of 2008. The underlying technology – blockchain and distributed ledger technology – was posed as a technological solution to the problems of trust, confidence, transparency and behaviour traditionally addressed in finance through a framework of law, regulation and institutions (including markets and the state). Cryptocurrencies, blockchain, distributed ledger technology and decentralised finance were designed to address the weaknesses and risks in traditional finance. Yet fifteen years of evolution culminating in the Crypto Winter of 2022–23 have demonstrated that crypto is neither special nor immune and has come to feature all the classic problems of traditional finance. As the crypto ecosystem has evolved, the market failures and externalities of traditional finance have emerged – a process we term the ‘financialisation’ of crypto. These include conflicts of interests, information asymmetries, centralisation and interconnections, over-enthusiastic market participants, plus agency, operational and financial risks. We argue that (a) in order to develop successfully going forward, the crypto ecosystem needs to assimilate the centuries of experience of underpinning traditional finance with law and regulation, and (b) in the aftermath of the Crypto Winter, an international consensus is crystalising in respect of the regulation of the crypto ecosystem. We argue regulatory systems are now being instituted to ensure the proper functioning of crypto and its interconnections with traditional finance. The lessons of the financialisation of crypto also apply more broadly: appropriately designed regulatory systems are central to financial market functioning and development.

Spirituality in organizational leaders – Ways to Inner, Ways to Wisdom

PurposeWork is central to human life. It requires high mental and emotional involvement from organizational leaders, whose decisions have far-reaching impacts. Currently, industrial and technological societies struggle with growing problems of trust in leadership, mental health, feelings of emptiness and the search for relevant meaning, which highlights the importance of attending to spirituality at work. This study aims to fill two main gaps: the need for empirical research on spirituality in organizational leaders, and access to the meanings and experiences of leaders themselves.Design/methodology/approachQualitative data from 25 Portuguese organizational leaders were collected through in-depth interviews. We followed a phenomenological approach to reveal participants' own meanings and experiences of spirituality. Content analysis was performed to identify emergent categories and a framework of spirituality development.FindingsThe results suggest the participant’s plural views and spirituality practices, which generate common achievements – Ways to Inner. Relations of leaders’ spirituality with their development and integration at work are also evidenced – Ways to Wisdom. A spirituality development framework is presented with aspects revealed in leaders’ ways, from deepening individual issues to the orientation for existential impacts.Originality/valueThis study proposes a framework of spirituality development based on empirical data, with the potential for adaptation to various professional contexts. Spirituality is approached as a human dimension in leaders, as whole beings and a decisive dimension of present organizational change towards a holistic work paradigm.

Blockchain-based secure communication of internet of things in space–air–ground integrated network

Under the Internet of Things (IoT) era, the cooperation of multiple service providers has facilitated the development of large-scale distributed IoT with a strong demand for reliable and real-time communications. The Space–Air–Ground Integration Network (SAGIN) can be seen as an extension of the traditional terrestrial network with open and ubiquitous connectivity that can be used to support the future IoT in the 6G era. However, the deployment of SAGIN is fraught with numerous challenges, particularly in terms of security. As an emerging technology, blockchain has received academic attention in mitigating the trust problem of SAGIN communication systems. In this paper, we introduce a decentralized data transmission framework that combines the characteristics of SAGIN and blockchain. This framework leverages the increasing computational and communication capabilities of low Earth orbit satellites. Subsequently, we provide an overview of the three-layer structure of this framework and detail the four working steps of the transmission mechanism. Simulation results show that our proposed scheme has excellent performance in terms of latency and throughput while ensuring the security of data transmission.

Task-Offloading Strategy of Mobile Edge Computing for WBANs

In recent years, mobile edge computing has become one of the popular methods to provide computing resources for the body area network, but existing research only considers the problem of minimizing the cost of offloading when solving the optimization problem of task-offloading, ignoring the trust problem of edge computing nodes, and offloading tasks on edge nodes may cause user information disclosure and reduce the quality of user experience. In response to this situation, this study aims to minimize the average user cost and designs a task-offloading strategy based on the D3QN (dueling double deep Q-network) algorithm in conjunction with the blockchain information security storage model. This strategy uses deep reinforcement learning algorithms to obtain the minimum average offloading cost of the system while considering user latency, energy consumption, and data protection conditions. The experimental simulation results show that compared to traditional schemes and other reinforcement learning-based schemes, this scheme can more effectively reduce the average cost of the system, and the average cost is reduced by 31.25% when reaching convergence. In addition, as the complexity of the model increases, this scheme can provide users with better experience quality, with 53.7% of the 1000 users having a very good experience quality.

Privacy Risk and Correction Mechanism of Higher Education Mooc Based on Blockchain Technology in the Era of Big Data

The emergence of Massive Online Open Course (MOOC) has sparked a digital tsunami globally, bringing a huge impact on higher education. The open curriculum format of MOOC has achieved the optimal transmission of top teaching resources and personalized teaching based on different groups, which is different from traditional teaching models. At the same time, in the process of implementing educational activities, the MOOC platform based on big data mining will bring a certain degree of privacy risk due to improper data collection, storage, or processing. The traditional MOOC have not achieved as much as they should. The main problem is that fully centralized online education cannot solve the trust problem. The emergence of blockchain technology solves the problem of lack of trust, but the open and transparent mechanism of blockchain also introduces a new problem, that is, the privacy of user data can not be reasonably protected.

Research on Blockchain-driven Agricultural Products E-commerce Supply Chain Innovation under Game Perspective

With the arrival of the big data era, digital technology has achieved an unprecedented development speed, and blockchain, as a representative of digital technology, solves the problem of mutual trust between multiple transaction subjects in different scenarios with the technological advantages of decentralisation, timestamping and non-tampering. Currently, in the agricultural products e-commerce supply chain scenario, there is the problem of credit risk of agricultural products producers and sellers. Aiming at the pain points of agricultural products e-commerce supply chain, this paper analyses from the perspective of game, through blockchain incentive mechanism, and puts forward blockchain-driven agricultural products e-commerce supply chain innovation suggestions.

The Political Economy of Ethnic Politics in Nigeria

Ethnicity is not evil; neither is ethnic politics generally bad, but it possesses elements that can hinder development in states with low national integration and political bias. This paper examined the impact of ethnic politics on the Nigerian political economy, considering the practices of ethnic interest that have tended to relegate the national interest to sub-ethnic interest, thus hindering the Nigerian state's growth and development. The Marxian political economy theory was adopted to understand the political economy of the ethnic political game playing out as a class of the politicians and the masses. The qualitative research method was used, and data were analysed using the content analysis method based on secondary data. The finding showed that what gave rise to and fueled ethnic bias politics in Nigeria are imbalanced structure and absence of good governance. This further created polarisation and problems of trust among ethnic groups. The paper recommended inclusiveness and fairness in formulating policies and allocating political cum economic values/resources among ethnic groups in Nigeria.

The Quality of Service in Processing Passports of Indonesian Citizens at the Immigration Office Class I TPI Denpasar

This study aims to determine the quality of service as well as the supporting and inhibiting factors in passport processing at the Immigration Office Class I TPI Denpasar. Service quality is a dynamic perspective that becomes a public problem of trust and confidence in public service providers. The number of informants in this study were 11 people. This type of research uses descriptive qualitative. Data collection techniques using observation, interview, and documentation methods. The results showed that it has not been achieved optimally seen through the Reliability aspect where when there is a system or network disruption that causes the service process to be inefficient, while the service officer is not reliable and depends on one officer, so that the handling of the problem is gradually over a long period of time, seen from other aspects such as Tangible, Responsiveness, Assurance and Attention (Empathy) has been achieved optimally. At the Immigration Office Class I TPI Denpsar, the supporting factor in service quality is infrastructure facilities, while the inhibiting factor in achieving excellent service is the lack of public awareness.