Solid Waste Problem Research Articles

OPTIMIZATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT IN SUMBAWA DISTRICT USING A DYNAMIC SYSTEM MODEL

The main problem that occurs in society today apart from basic needs is the problem of waste. This waste problem certainly needs a solution in good, effective, sustainable and long-term management. The waste issue not only occur in big cities but also in developing areas. Sumbawa Regency as one of the regions that continues to develop and grow requires optimum and long-term planning of solid waste management and systems. In 2021, the waste handled in Sumbawa Regency will only be around 17.5% of the total waste. This shows that the waste management system in Sumbawa Regency is not optimal. Optimal waste management can be achieved by taking an academic approach through model development. One such model is the dynamic system model. This can describe the causal relationship between variables that affect solid waste problems and to provide an overview of the waste management system through simulations based on the factors that influence the processing model. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an optimization model for waste management specifically in Sumbawa Regency using a dynamic systems approach. The purpose of this study is to describe waste management in the form of an optimization model for waste management in Sumbawa Regency with a dynamic system. Optimization results show that the optimistic model yields a total of 127.01 tons/day, the moderate model yields a total of 98.23 tons/day and the pessimistic model produces 62.5 tons/day

A Review on the Recycling Waste Materials for Green Concrete

This has increased the generation of solid waste, creating environmental and economic problems on an international scale. The construction industry, one of the major environmental degrading and resource-consuming industries, plays a major role. This study examines how waste material is used in green concrete as a sustainable solution to minimize environmental burdens and save natural resources. Utilizing waste material such as silica fume, fly ash, recycled aggregates, and ground-granulated slag from blast furnaces (GGBFS), recycled plastic, and biopolymers, green concrete minimizes carbon emissions as well as reduces the need for virgin materials. In this paper, it is discussed how the application of such waste products in green concrete minimizes the carbon footprint and saves natural resources, whereas on the other hand, it also saves material and construction costs. Life cycle assessment studies and sustainability analysis give a valuable comparison in overall sustainability between green concrete and conventional concrete. Challenges and future directions in this field elucidate the uniformity of waste material quality, regulatory support, and public acceptance. The scope of further research lies in the development of material characterization, long-term durability studies, and technological advancement, which promise to deliver desired performance and applications of green concrete.

Разработка критериев оценки эффективности методов обращения с твердыми коммунальными отходами

One of the most socially significant environmental problems is the problem of solid municipal waste (SMW) management. In Russia, the most common method of waste management is waste disposal, i.e., landfilling depositing. However, waste disposal in such a way prevents the use of their resource potential, and also, harms the environment. Along with this method, such methods as recycling, incineration, anaerobic digestion, and thermal destruction are used. The choice of a particular waste management method depends on many factors, for example the morphological composition of the waste, the cost of its implementation, the total impact on the environment, etc. Thus, development of a comprehensive criterion that allows evaluating the effectiveness of a specific waste management method under specified conditions is relevant. The substantiation of the most effective method of waste management, as well as the development of a comprehensive criterion for evaluating efficiency, is carried out using the method of analyzing hierarchies by T. Saati. Six criteria have been developed to assess the reduction of waste volume, the impact of the SMW recycling process on the environment, volume of greenhouse gas emissions, and the energy and economic attractiveness of various waste management methods. A comprehensive criterion has been proposed. The use of this criterion with the expert assessments makes it possible to choose a method for the disposal of SMW. As a result of the analysis of the results obtained, it is found that the most effective method of waste management is thermal destruction, and waste disposal is less preferable. A method has been developed to compare and select a method for the disposal of SMW of a given composition based on a comprehensive account of energy, environmental and economic factors.

Understanding consumers’ acceptance of edible food packaging: The role of consumer innovativeness

Edible food packaging helps address the problem of solid waste generated by conventional packaging, but consumers' acceptance of this novel practice remains uncertain. To understand the factors influencing consumers’ purchase behaviors, this research explored the effects of consumer innovativeness, attitudinal ambivalence, perceived behavioral control, subjective norms, and attitudes through an online survey. The results identified the impact of consumer innovativeness on perceptions of buying foods with edible packaging and the moderating role of attitudinal ambivalence. The findings extend the use of diffusion of innovation, planned behavior, and ambivalence theories, offering valuable recommendations for practitioners in the foodservice industries.

Comprehensive review of solid waste management strategies and disposal approaches

Solid waste management is a worldwide concern with substantial environmental, social, and economic ramifications. This review provides a complete assessment of solid waste management from an Indian viewpoint. It presents an overview of the current state, difficulties, and prospects in solid waste management, focusing on environmental sustainability and public health. The goal is to give a comprehensive overview of many approaches utilized to manage and reduce the expanding problem of solid waste. It examines a variety of waste management techniques, such as landfill disposal, recycling, composting, waste-to-energy practices, and waste elimination and minimizing. Many municipalities across the country prefer landfilling for the removal of solid waste. In landfills, waste is transformed through chemical, biological, and physical processes, functioning as an environmental furnace. Therefore, soil cover thickness, barriers, leachate collecting, landfill gas recovery, and flaring facilities are essential for sustainable landfilling. The benefits of composting and anaerobic breakdown for decreasing the environmental effect of biological waste are examined in this review. Hazardous chemicals in landfills can have severe ecological and public health consequences. It looks into the benefits of effective dangerous waste disposal, such as pollution control and resource recovery. Mining and reusing landfills for diverse uses, such as renewable energy generation and recreational areas, have the potential to be beneficial. The article discusses upcoming solid waste management trends and technologies such as intelligent garbage collection mechanisms, reuse and recycling concepts, and sustainable packaging solutions. It emphasizes the potential of these advances to improve overall waste management effectiveness and sustainability.

Formulation of Novel Microbial Consortia for Rapid Composting of Biodegradable Municipal Solid Waste: An Approach in the Circular Economy

Urbanization and rapid industrialization have led to the escalation of municipal solid waste generation and accumulation. Composting is widely recognized as a sustainable solution for solid waste management. However, its long-term investment is considered a disadvantage. The present research study discusses the rapid biotransformation of solid waste into valorized compost. Bacteria were isolated from soil, solid waste, and leachate samples from open dump sites. From the 18 different bacterial consortia created using potential isolates, the five most promising consortia were selected based on concurrent different enzyme production. These selected consortia were incorporated into typical compost bins with Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). Daily monitoring of enzymatic activity, pH, conductivity, bulk density, moisture, and temperature, along with other composting parameters, was conducted. The study’s results demonstrated that consortium No. 5, comprising Bacillus haynesii, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, and Bacillus safensis, exhibited significant (p<0.05) enzyme activity of cellulase, amylase, lipase and proteinase enzymes during composting compared to the control and other treatment setups. Consortium No. 5 also facilitated rapid and successful composting, as evidenced by significant alterations of composting parameters by exhibiting a shorter average composting time, reducing it from 110±10 days to 20±3 days, showcasing the potential applicability of formulated bacterial consortium as a sustainable and greener approach to the global solid waste problem. The novelty of this study lies in the isolation of local bacterial strains from open dump sites soil, MSW, and MSW leachate samples, which were then utilized in the composting organic fraction of MSW, enhancing the potential for effective waste management.

Correlation between waste generation, population and GDP of cities in Sergipe, Brazil

The problem of solid waste (garbage or rubble) is a global problem that affects the environment, public health, and the quality of life of people all over the world. In this work, a literature review and quantitative research were carried out on the websites of the Institute of Water and Sanitation and Dataviva of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, to collect the data needed to verify whether or not there is a correlation between population size, waste generation and gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. This work used the correlation coefficient, which is widely used to measure the relationships between variables and what they represent, and is important for drawing up overviews in studies with many related variables so that it is possible to understand how the variability of one affects the other. The results show that population size and per capita waste generation showed a weak positive correlation and GDP per capita and per capita waste generation showed a very weak negative correlation. It can be concluded that economic and population aspects can influence the total volume of waste generated, but that they did not emerge as determining factors in isolation, showing that different populations (in terms of age structure, household arrangement structure, and cultural habits, among others) practice different consumption patterns, generating different amounts of solid waste.

Microplastic profile in the sediment of Jakarta Bay estuary, Indonesia: Characterization based on size fraction and the potential risk to the ecosystem

Jakarta Metropolitan is known as the most populated and busiest city in Indonesia and among the top urban areas in the world with a common problem of solid and liquid waste. The present study aimed to assess the occurrence of microplastic (MP) pollution in sediment from the downstream rivers and coastal water of Jakarta Bay and estimate the potential risk to the ecosystem. Two composite sediment samples (river and coastal) were collected from the Jakarta Bay estuary. Distribution of sediment size showed that the medium size (100–500 µm) was the most dominant in river and coastal samples. Our finding demonstrated the highest MP concentration reported from the estuary ecosystem, i.e., 1184–1337 particles/100 g of river sediment and 804–1055 particles/100 g of coastal sediment. Classification based on size category revealed that the medium size (100–500 µm) was the most dominant MP in river sediment, while the smaller one (50–100 µm) was the most dominant MP in the coastal sediment. The present study indicates that terrestrial origin contributes to the MP pollution of Jakarta Bay. Polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were the most dominant polymers in the river and coastal sediments. The risk assessment of MP pollution in Jakarta Bay estuary potentially exhibits a very high risk to the ecosystem, primarily related to polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polyurethane (PU) polymers and the MP sizes.

Understanding the determinants of households’ intention to practise solid waste segregation-at-source: Theoretical framework development

Purpose: The level of the environment is gradually declining, especially with regard to the serious problem of solid waste. Solid waste segregation-at-source is seen as the most essential approach to helping the natural environment minimize the amount of waste generated before being transferred to waste disposal sites and landfills in many rapidly growing towns and cities in developing countries. However, a number of previous environmental-based research have focused only on the general scope of recycling, sustainable development, and the purchase intention for sustainable food products. This situation has led to useful and relevant information on the research scope of households’ intention to segregate solid waste at source, which remains largely unanswered. The aim of this paper is, therefore, to provide a literature review to develop a novel theoretical framework in understanding the determinants of households’ intention to practise solid waste segregation-at-source. Theoretical framework: The study provides a detailed explanation of the application of the Theory of Reasoned Action, the Fietkau-Kessel Model, the Focus Theory of Normative Conduct, and the Value-Basis Theory to predict the relationship between attitude, subjective norms, environmental concerns, and environmental knowledge of households on intention to practise solid waste segregation-at-source. Design/methodology/approach: This research is descriptive in nature. Findings: A better understanding of the potential mediator and moderator is needed to contribute to the body of knowledge on the causal relationship between the studied variables. In conclusion, the researchers discuss how the framework can be used to address future research implications as more evidence emerges. Research, practical and social implications: The current study is expected to broaden previous research in order to improve general understanding of attitudes and subjective norms towards the specific research scope of solid waste segregation-at-source.

Addressing the issue of microparticle size Pyrolysis Carbon Black(PCB) by adding to the concrete mixture

MAX 250 words Tire waste is one of the world's major environmental solid waste problems. Used tires cannot be handled in landfills or burned because they create noxious vapors that are harmful. Therefore, a variety of methods for the treatment of used tires have been proposed. The most advantageous method for disposing of garbage is thought to be tire pyrolysis. By pyrolyzing waste tires, carbon black (PCB) is produced as a byproduct as well as gases, fuel oil, steel, and other materials. Another problem with solid waste is caused by PCB, which accounts for 30-35 weight percent of waste tire materials. In this experimental investigation, PCB inclusion in construction-grade concrete was attempted. The effect of black carbon particle size on concrete was examined in the current research. The compression test, which was performed in the testing, used six different PCB particle sizes. The results showed that the strength in the 28-day compression test could be organized in an increasing fashion, with the smallest particle size (75 m) yielding the highest compressive strength. The seven-day exam is also devoid of the usual arrangement.

On the issue of building an integrated waste management system: World practice and its application in the Russian Federation

The problem of municipal solid waste (MSW) in the world is increasing every year. According to the World Bank, more than 2 billion tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) are produced annually in the world. The paper shows that problem of waste management is growing all over the world. And if the developed countries have the opportunity to build an effective circulation system, then the developing countries, which are the majority, still solve this problem through open landfills and burial. It shows that only the presence of a balanced comprehensive program of the MSW management system will allow solving the problem of accelerated creation and effective functioning of the modern waste management industry.

Development of an industrial solid waste ecological analysis model in Shanghai, China.

Amid China's rapid economic expansion, the country's industrial solid waste (ISW) problem is escalating. As each sector generates distinct types of ISW, a multi-indicator assessment of each sector is essential to address China's New Solid Waste Policy. To investigate the ISW situation of each sector and perform a comprehensive assessment, we formulate an industrial solid waste ecological analysis framework based on ISW generation and ISW flow in the sector. Various indicators (i.e., solid waste utilization coefficient, solid waste threat coefficient, and solid waste threat intensity) are employed to assess the utilization of solid waste generated for each sector, as well as the threat of solid waste originating in each sector to society. Ecological network analysis probes the interrelationships between diverse sectors. Taking Shanghai in 2017 as an example, the study indicates that some sectors (e.g., production and supply of electric power and heat power (EH) and metal smelting and rolling processing sector (MS)) exhibit higher direct ISW generation and the direct industrial solid waste value-added coefficient (SVAC) for common industrial solid waste (CISW). Specifically, the direct CISW generation of EH and MS is 539.21Mt and 277.00Mt respectively. The direct SVAC of EH and MS is 157.06kg/103RMB and 126.27kg/103RMB respectively. These sectors should prioritize reducing emissions at the source. Additionally, the threats to society from various sectors are relatively insignificant for the CISW, while for the hazardous waste (HW), all sectors pose a considerable threat to Shanghai's society. Moreover, some sectors (e.g., mining industry) exhibit the highest mutualism relationships in the CISW and the HW. Enhancing mining sector technologies is a vital strategy for mitigating ISW sources. Specifically, MI has 9 pairs of mutualism relationships in the CISW and 8 pairs in the HW. These insights will provide empirical evidence for tackling the ISW problem in Shanghai.

ҚАТТЫ ТҰРМЫСТЫҚ ҚАЛДЫҚТАР ПОЛИГОНЫНЫҢ ҚОРШАҒАН ОРТАҒА ӘСЕРІН БАҒАЛАУ

Abstract. The most acute issue is the disposal of solid household waste in the territory of Taraz. The city does not have a developed and modern infrastructure for their processing and disposal. Almost all waste produced at the zhasyl-El Taraz and Aldi and K landfills is placed in landfills without processing, most of which do not meet the sanitary, hygienic and environmental requirements for the placement, arrangement and operation of such specialized facilities. To solve environmental pollution, it is necessary to create a suitable waste management system. For the disposal of solid household waste, there are no garbage processing plants and unauthorized landfills.In this regard, in the near future, it is necessary to create a special technology for mass cleaning of urban and rural areas, as well as land along unauthorized landfills, fields. Currently, one of the main factors of environmental pollution is the increase in urban economic activity, which, in turn, provokes an environmental crisis. In Kazakhstan, the problem of solid household waste is very important, because only 8-9% of garbage is recycled, and the remaining 90% is stored in landfills, which causes enormous damage to the environment. And in other countries, more than half of the waste is recycled, and they also earn significant income in this area. Such an acute environmental situation in our country is complicated by the lack of environmental capacity and the lack of a legal and technological solution associated with waste management of the system. So far, the vast majority of solid waste landfills remain technologically and technically imperfect, unproductive, environmentally dangerous, inefficient and legally unsecured.The problem of Kazakhstan's landfills is associated with the burning of garbage. Keywords: Solid Waste, Landfill, thermometer, fluorescent lamps, plastic.

Comparison Effect of Pyrolysis of Eucalyptus Pellita Bark and Empty Fruit Bunches of Oil Palm to Bio-Oil

The use of eucalyptus pelitta (EP) biomass waste and empty fruit bunch of oil palm(EFB) as raw materials for bio-oil is expected to overcome the existing solid waste problems, reduce pollution due to air pollution, and can produce gas and bio-oil which have potential. as new and renewable energy. This study aims to determine the effect of the type of raw material and temperature regulation on the results of pyrolysis products and the characteristics of the resulting bio-oil. The set temperatures used were 300°C, 350°C, 400°C, 450°C, and 500°C with the raw materials being Eucalyptus pellita (EP) bark biomass and empty fruit bunches of oil palm (EFB). Pyrolysis that occurs with the equipment configuration used a heating rate of 7-14°C/minute, where the main reaction of pyrolysis occurs at a temperature of 150°C to 270°C so that the set temperature does not have a large effect on the yield or characteristics of bio-oil. EP pyrolysis produced an average bio-oil yield of 41.64%, while EFB pyrolysis produced an average bio-oil yield of 46.72%. Bio-oil produced by pyrolysis of EP has a characteristic average value for density of 1.062362 gr/mL, viscosity of 2.1749 cP, and pH 2-3. Meanwhile, bio-oil produced by pyrolysis of EFB has a characteristic average value for density of 1.043146 gr/mL, viscosity of 1.3582 cP, and pH 3-4. EP bio-oil has a composition of C7-C10 carbon, while EFB bio-oil has a composition of C6-C19 carbon.

Solid waste composition and its management: A case study of Kirtipur Municipality-10

The world population is expanding in line with the general trend. The demand for goods is currently higher than it has ever been before. This has resulted in the production of more waste than ever before. The problem of waste management is not new for humans but the complexity of the issue has increased more in present days. The research was focused on composition of solid waste and its management in Kirtipur-10. The research was conducted in ward 10 of Kirtipur municipality to know the ground reality of solid waste in households. The research aimed to understand the solid waste situation, its composition, problems and finding possible solutions to the problems. Household survey, Focused group discussion were conducted during November month of 2022 to collect data. 75 household were taken as sample for research. Wastes, collected from all of the groups of households, were segregated and weighed. Household solid waste (HSW) was comprised of seven categories of waste with organic waste being the largest component (44 %), plastic (13 %), paper (11 %), Glass (10 %), rubber (9 %), others (7 %) and Hazardous waste (6 %). Municipal authorities are usually the responsible agencies for solid waste collection and disposal, but the magnitude of the problem is well beyond the ability of any municipal government to tackle. There is strong dissatisfaction among municipal resident on waste management by local government. Looking at the composition of waste produced, composting of waste at home level can bring a sustainable solution to the problem. The solid waste management system in Kirtipur has low efficiency and needs to be improved.

An assessment of the current situation and recommendation of management scenarios for municipal solid waste management in Ho Chi Minh city

Ho Chi Minh city (HCMC) is currently facing a critical problem of the uncontrollable municipal solid waste (MSW). The most common waste disposal practice in the city is landfilling, but this is not a sustainable solution. From 2010 to 2022, the amount of waste generated has increased annually, from 6,000 tons/day to 9,200 tons/day, with an average growth rate of 6-8% per year. This study calculated the average emission factor of various districts in the city such as districts 1, 3, etc. at 0.83 kg/capita/day and district Binh Chanh, Cu Chi, etc. at 0.73 kg/capita/day and forecasted that the amount of waste will reach approximately 16,100 tons/day by 2050. Currently, 80-90% of collected MSW is landfilled, while only 10% is recycled. Composting and energy recovery practices are rarely used. This paper reviewed the current solid waste practice in HCMC and proposed four management scenarios to develop a sustainable solid waste management system. The first scenario is landfilling, which involves non-segregated waste disposal at the source. The second scenario is recycling, which involves segregating waste at the source for recycling, reuse, and waste reduction. The third scenario is composting, which requires using a mechanical-biological treatment plant for sorting, composting, and producing fuel from waste. The fourth scenario is waste-to-energy, which uses a waste incineration plant to generate energy from waste.

Development of a Sustainable Community Environmental Management Model by Using the Process Engage Educational Institutions and Communities

Background and Aims: The amount of municipal solid waste generated tended to increase during the year 2017-2019 and there is more reuse of municipal solid waste, in which incorrect disposal tends to decrease, but with the situation of the spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 since the beginning of March 2020, and continued until a new wave of outbreaks in late 2020 and early 2021. The problem of solid waste is increasing, the Local authorities will collect and transport waste, which the municipality will do by itself, but some hire private companies to carry out the collection in the area for waste management problems that are mostly found as residual waste. Thus, this research was; (1) to study the problems and needs of sustainable community environmental management. (2) To find a model and develop a sustainable community environmental management model by using the participation process of educational institutions and communities. Materials and Methods: This research was a qualitative study in Kaeng Loengchan Sub-district, Mueang District, Maha Sarakham Province. The research tools were semi-structured, observational, and recording interviews with a target population of 30 participants. Use content analysis. Results: The results showed that; (1) The community environmental problem that is currently facing is the continuous increase of solid waste from consumption and household consumption which, if not properly managed, will cause chronic problems. (2) Sustainable community environmental management model found that (1) the implementation of the 5R principles in the household, (2) the establishment of a community waste bank, and (3) the use of an application system to help collect solid waste management data. Conclusion: The local government should develop further by incorporating them into local ordinances to develop and support the budget for expanding the results to other areas. And the development of a sustainable community environmental management model by using the participation process of educational institutions and communities.

Different Method to Handle Municipal Solid Wastes

Waste is a continually growing problem at global and regional as well as at local levels. Solid wastes arise from human and animal activities that are normally discarded as useless or unwanted. In other words, solid wastes may be defined as the organic and inorganic waste materials produced by various activities of the society and which have lost their value to the first user. As the result of rapid increase in production and consumption, urban society rejects and generates solid material regularly which leads to considerable increase in the volume of waste generated from several sources such as, domestic wastes, commercial wastes, institutional wastes and industrial wastes of most diverse categories. Management of solid waste may be defined as that discipline associated with the control of generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing, and disposal of solid wastes in a manner that is in accord with the best principles of public health, economics, engineering, conservation, aesthetics, and other environmental considerations. In its scope, solid waste management includes all administrative, financial, legal, planning, and engineering functions involved in the whole spectrum of solutions to problems of solid wastes thrust upon the community by its inhabitants. Solid wastes have the potential to pollute all the vital components of living environment (i.e., air, land and water) at local and at global levels.

Evaluation of integrated waste management by using of Waste Reduction Model (WARM)- (Case study of Amol-Noor region, Iran)

Lack of proper municipal solid management in the Northern provinces of Iran has led to damages to the natural resources, health, environment, social and economic conditions. Construction of solid waste processing plants such as compost and incineration, ignoring essential elements in waste management, cannot be as a successful strategy to solve the solid waste problems. Integrated management as a suitable and well-proved solution in many developed countries was proposed for Mazandaran province as a more reliable strategy to replace the existing conditions. In this paper, the results of study conducted for Amol and Noor region have been analyzed. Minimizing waste production, maximizing recycling and reuse, processing organic waste through digestion or composting process, producing refusing derived fuel (RDF) and using it in the waste incineration plants or Neka cement plant and finally disposing less than 10% of the waste in landfill is the proposed solution to improve the existing waste conditions. Implementing the proposed integrated management over a period of 20 years will lead to preventing from economic and environmental damages due to the loss of valuable natural resources and the release of various pollutants from landfills which is evaluated to be equivalent of about 28 billion dollars also, saving resources and energy estimated to be about 38 billion dollars.

Preparation of lightweight ceramsite from solid waste lithium slag and fly ash

Lithium slag and fly ash are two types of solid wastes generated in large quantities in current industrial activities, which are often treated by storage methods because they contain harmful substances that cannot be used directly. According to the properties of the two solid wastes, this paper provided a novel eco-friendly utilization method of preparing them into small balls and roasting them at high temperature to produce lightweight ceramsite, and the properties and preparation mechanism of ceramsite were investigated. The results of the optimum conditions were as follows: the ratio of lithium slag: fly ash: kaolinite: albite, 40: 40: 10: 10; drying temperature 105 °C for 1 h; preheating temperature 500 °C for 15 min; sintering temperature 1240 °C for 20 min. Under these conditions, the apparent and bulk densities of ceramsite were 0.86 and 0.46 kg/m3, respectively, with a compressive strength of 1.76 MPa and a water absorption of 0.96%. Microstructural and crystalline phase analyses revealed that at the appropriate roasting temperature, the liquid phase on the surface of ceramsite and the generated gas acted to swell and form uniformly sized pores inside, and anorthite and mullite crystalline phases were formed. Thus, the prepared ceramsite was characterized by light weight, high strength, and low toxic leaching. This research filled the gap in the application of solid lithium slag in construction materials and innovatively combined lithium slag with fly ash to produce a new type of lightweight ceramsite. The use of solid waste to produce lightweight ceramsite provided a feasible way for harmless utilization and is of great significance to truly solve the environmental and reuse problems of solid waste.