Shelter Problem Research Articles

Co-Benefits of China's Carbon Emissions Trading Scheme: Impact Mechanism and Spillover Effect.

Based on the panel data of 281 prefecture-level cities in China, from 2007 to 2017, we empirically explore the co-benefits of the carbon emissions trading scheme. We found that the carbon emissions trading scheme effectively achieved the coordinated control of carbon dioxide and air pollutants, by improving the green production level of the pilot areas, reducing the regional industrial output, and promoting the upgrading of the industrial structure. In terms of heterogeneity, the emissions trading scheme shows obvious urban location and level heterogeneity, in terms of coordinated control. The synergistic emission reduction effects of eastern and central cities are significantly better than those of cities in central and western regions and non-central cities. It has also had positive spillover effects on the surrounding cities of the pilot areas, but pollution levels in farther areas may have increased due to possible "pollution shelter problems".

Performance optimization design of lightweight composite thermal insulation structure for vehicle shelter

Aiming at the thermal insulation problem of vehicle shelter in high heat and cold environment, with polyurethane foam as the base material, vacuum insulation board and aerogel with low thermal conductivity as the core material, a new composite insulation structure called dual-core cladding thermal insulation structure suitable for vehicle shelter is proposed. Based on the secondary development of ANSYS, the batch CFD simulation of the sample points of the dual-core cladding thermal insulation structure is realized, and it is concluded that its surface density increases linearly and effective thermal conductivity decreases nonlinearly with the increasing of thickness of the core material. Comparing with aerogel, the thickness of the vacuum insulation board has a more obvious influence on the performance of the insulation structure. The proxy model and the second-generation non-inferior ranking genetic algorithm are used to perform the multi-objective optimization of performance of the dual-core cladding thermal insulation structure. After optimization, the effective thermal conductivity of the thermal insulation structure reduced by 55.56%, and the thermal insulation effect is better than that of the single-core thermal insulation structure. The new dual-core cladding thermal insulation structure was applied to the middle roof of a vehicle shelter, the analysis results showed that the heat transfer coefficient of the middle roof reduced by 15.76% under the requirement of surface density, which improved significantly the heat insulation performance of the vehicle shelter slab.

Impact of boko haram insurgency on the nutritional status of two communities in Gulani Local Government Area, Yobe State, Nigeria

The Boko Haram insurgency has consistently posed a threat to the lives of residents in the North-East and national security in general. The insurgency has led to increased incidence of diseases, food insecurity, unemployment, violation of human rights, displacements and shelter problems among others. The study was designed to investigate the impact of boko haram insurgency on the nutritional status of two communities in Gulani Local Government Area, Yobe State, Nigeria. The study was a descriptive cross sectional study conducted among 391 respondents utilizing a simple random sampling technique. A questionnaire was administered to obtain information from respondents while anthropometric measurements of height and weight were carried out with the appropriate instruments. The analysed data was presented in descriptive of frequency, Tables and charts. Majority of the respondents were males 269(68.8%) and most 185(47.3%) were farmers. The mean height, weight and body mass index (BMI) were 1.61±0.87, 62.60±14.93 and 22.39±4.70 respectively. The BMI classification shows that 50.5% of the respondents had normal weight, 25.4% had overweight and 19.2% were underweight. Similarly, majority of the respondents 227(70.8%) affirmed that the insurgency has affected the availability and quantity of staple foods, affected their ability of going to farms 169(61.0%) and led to increase in food prices 305(78.0%). Meanwhile, 142(36.3%) affirmed that they harvest 10-20 quantity (bags) of grains before the insurgency, which slightly decreased to 5-10 quantity (bags) of grains as affirmed by 135 (34.5%) of the respondents during the insurgency. The study shows the boko haram insurgency continues to pose serious challenges to farming activities, which has led to increased food prices as well as poor nutritional status of residents of the affected areas. Hence adequate measures must be put in place to mitigate the impact of the insurgency on residents of the affected areas.

17-18 Temmuz 2019 Akçakoca ve Cumayeri (Düzce) Sel Afeti Sonuçları ve Müdahale Çalışmaları

Dünyada doğal afetler etkisini artırarak görülmeye devam etmektedir. İnsan nüfusunun artması ile birlikte plansız yapılaşma, ormanların tahrip edilmesi vb nedenler ile birlikte afetlerin etkileri de artmaktadır. Afetler beraberinde çevre sorunlarının yanı sıra can ve ekonomik kayıplara neden olmaktadır. Doğal afetlerden sel felaketi son zamanlarda sıklıkla dünyanın farklı bölgelerinde yaşandığı gibi ülkemizde de özellikle Karadeniz Bölgesinde sıklıkla yaşanmaktadır. Ani yağışlar, derelerin taşması gibi farklı nedenlere bağlı olarak seller meydana gelmektedir. Batı Karadeniz Bölgesinde bulunan Düzce genelinde 17 Temmuz 2019 günü başlayan yoğun yağmur yağışı 18 Temmuz 2019 günü de devam ederek sele neden olmuş, Düzce’nin Akçakoca ve Cumayeri ilçelerini zarar verecek boyutta etkilemiştir. Selden kaynaklı can kayıpları ve ekonomik kayıplar yaşanmıştır. Özellikle Akçakoca ilçesi selden en çok etkilenen yerlerden biri olmuştur. Akçakoca merkez ve köylerin hemen içerisinden geçen Melen nehri üzerinde meydana gelen taşkınlar sonrası kayıplar daha da artmıştır. Bu taşkınların oluşmasında yoğun yağmur sularının ormanlık alanlardan getirdiği ağaç, toprak, taş vb nehrin debisini düşürerek taşkınlara neden olmuştur. Çalışmada Düzce İli Akçakoca ve Cumayeri ilçelerinde sel felaketinin neden olduğu kayıplar ve Düzce İl AFAD Müdürlüğü’nün TAMP (Türkiye Afet Müdahale Planı) kapsamında müdahale çalışmaları tüm boyutları ile ele alınmıştır. Düzce İl AFAD müdürü ve görev yapan teknik personeller ile görüşmeler yapılarak ve sel ile ilgili raporlar incelenerek sel felaketinde yapılan müdahale çalışmaları hakkında detaylı bilgiler edinilmiştir. Çalışmada sel felaketi kapsamında yapılan müdahalelerin zamanında, yeterli ekip ve ekipmanlar ile yapıldığı, tahliyelerin ve barınma sorunlarının çabuk bir şekilde çözüldüğü tespit edilmiştir.

A creative solution to “The problem of shelter”: photographs of a university campus on an air base 1948–1969

ABSTRACT Universities exert effort and expense in designing buildings to fit the current ontology and meet the perceived needs of society. This is not new – historically, entire campuses were designed to manifest pedagogical and social ideals, like the “academical village” (Coulson, Roberts and Taylor, 2015) of Thomas Jefferson’s imagination. 1 1 Jonathan Coulson, Paul Roberts, and Isabelle Taylor, University Planning and Architecture: The Search for Perfection (Routledge: Abingdon, 2015), 16. Yet many campuses evolve through less deliberate means, repurposing existing sites and structures. This paper analyses one such site: a campus formed post-war when a disused air force base was adapted to house an expanding School of Engineering 1948–1969. The article takes an image-led approach, analysing a series of photographs found in an institutional archive which capture the final years of this temporary, repurposed university campus. Visual sources like these encourage reflection on material and spatial dimensions of institutional histories, enlarging our understanding of the relationship between place and knowledge, things and ideas. The images of this campus also make a case for “making do” in the university – highlighting the creative possibilities for transient sites and repurposing existing built structures.

Refugee Family Voices: Shelter Needs in Iraqi Kurdistan

AbstractThe shelter needs of refugees in Iraqi Kurdistan were documented by local government and humanitarian organizations. However, official narratives do not include the “voices” of those directly affected by inadequate shelter: the refugee families themselves. This study uses a mixed‐methods approach to understand the shelter issues experienced by 53 refugee families in Iraqi Kurdistan. Refugee families disclosed seven common shelter problems: water infiltration, lack of public services and schools, inadequate access to water, poor roads, extreme temperatures, need for larger living space and erratic electricity. These families faced an average of three shelter issues, with some dealing with up to five problems at the same time. Families with the highest concentration of shelter issues had higher occurrences of water infiltration, inadequate access to water, extreme temperatures and need for larger living space. The evidence suggests that refugee families are living in worse conditions than those outlined in official narratives.

To Identify The Different Parameter Feasible For Application Of Ppp In Real Estate For Private Construction Firm

In developing India, we faced with the problems of infrastructure and shelter to due to increasing migration rate from rural India to urban India. As per government data more than 2 million low cost houses required for peoples, but for this very huge fund required which is not possible for government, so Public-Private Partnership (PPP) is right approach to address this problem.PPP is very broadly use for infrastructure project but this concept is not use in private housing project. Private Private Partnership have now become a preferred approach for inter firm business relations. As there are good business and accounting reasons to create Private Privat Partnership with a company that has complementary capabilities and resources

Factors Affecting the Shortage and or Provision of Sustainable Affordable Housing in Developing Countries - A Case-Study of Cross River State, Nigeria

The problem of shelter in Cross River State, Nigeria is the shortage of affordable housing especially for the urban poor. This housing shortage exposes the citizens to live in inadequate housing conditions. This study presents evidence of the factors affecting the shortage and or provision of sustainable affordable housing in Cross River State, Nigeria. The study provides evidence from a descriptive cross-sectional survey. Primary data was collected from semi-structured interviews and unobtrusive observations. This data was then analysed using descriptive statistics (frequency counts and simple percentages). The findings of this study reveal that, many interviewees identified rural-urban migration 98% (n=48), and lack of planning, maintenance and management 90% (n=45) as the main factors leading to the shortage of affordable housing. Similarly, the interviewees identified the poor implementation of government housing policies 84% (n=42), difficulty in purchasing land 94% (n=47), the high cost of building materials 96% (n=48), and lack of finance and access to credit facilities 80% (n=40), as significant problems facing sustainable affordable housing provision. The research provides recommendations that affordable housing shortage and or provision can be minimised and enhanced by encouraging building developments that are flexible and smart with minimal usage of non-renewable energy, availability of housing for the target population and a switch to a more sustainable way of planning, design, construction and maintenance of buildings. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sace.22.1.20573

Rural Road Extraction from High-Resolution Remote Sensing Images Based on Geometric Feature Inference

Road information as a type of basic geographic information is very important for services such as city planning and traffic navigation, as such there is an urgent need for updating road information in a timely manner. Scholars have proposed various methods of extracting roads from remote sensing images, but most of them are not applicable to rural roads with diverse materials, large curvature changes, and a severe shelter problem. In view of these problems, we propose a road extraction method based on geometric feature inference. In this method, we make full use of the linear characteristics of roads, and construct a geometric knowledge base of rural roads using information on selected sample road segments. Based on the knowledge base, we identify the parallel line pairs in images, and further conduct grouping and connection instructed by knowledge reasoning, and finally obtain complete rural roads. The case study in Xiangtan City of China’s Hunan Province validates the performance of the proposed method.

Darshini Mahadevia, Shelter Security in Urban India Pathways, Barriers and Outcomes

This book is a collection of articles on problems of shelter in urban India. Different authors have covered different aspects. Chapter 1 by Darshini Mahadevia reviews the situation of slums in Indian cities. It brings out the effectiveness of policies and programmes in the post- 1990s, particularly after UN-HABITAT conference and reports.

Quality of Life and Hopelessness among Adolescent Rag Pickers of Delhi, India

Rag pickers are marginalized section of our society. India grappling the problem of shelter particularly in the urban societies besides other socio economic problems likes other Asian countries. Children living and working on streets are bound to adopt substandard life style due to lack of basic facilities. As results their quality of life includes physical health, social and psychological functioning severely destabilized and tends to develop sense of insecurity, hopelessness, depression, anxiety etc. Therefore, the study was conducted on the adolescents engaged in rag picking on the streets of Delhi to measure their quality of life and its impact on future perspective thinking. For that purpose sixty rag pickers were taken incidentally from different localities of Delhi. The participants of were male and between the age range of 12 - 18 engaged in rag picking. Sixty adolescents not engaged in rag picking and living with the parents were also taken from the same locality. WHOQOL-BREF and Beck hopelessness scales (BHS) were administered on both the groups of participants to assess their quality of life and sense of hopelessness. The finding suggested that rag picker adolescents were found suffering from significantly poor quality of life as well as higher degree of hopelessness. Findings further indicated negative relationship between quality of life and sense of hopelessness. The living conditions and quality of life of such population appear to be miserable as they usually tolerate constant hunger and suffers from malnourishment, which make them vulnerable to health related problems. For the sake of survival, adolescents working on street and perform variety of jobs including the collection of plastic, aluminium, paper, and anything else that can be resold. Sometime they are also found to be engaged in begging. Their poor quality of life expose them too many health related risk and derive them to be involved in illegal activities like drug trafficking, organ trades, prostitution and slavery especially in metropolitan cities. Such type of situations makes their life complex which in turn develops many psychological problems such as anxiety, psychological trauma, alienation, and feeling of hopelessness as a result they become psychologically vulnerable as well. Psychologically, these children are deprived of love, affection and family's sympathy. As far as quality of life is concerned it is defined in many ways and its measurement and incorporation into scientific study is not steady or easy. The World Health Organization defines Quality of Life as 'The individual's perception of his or her position in life, within the cultural context and value system he/she lives in, and in relation to his or her goals, expectations parameters and social relations. Every culture has different factors affecting quality of life and measures psychological, physical, social as well as economic well-being of the individuals. The general concept of quality of life was basically overlapping with the traditional concepts of health and functional status. An ideal health assessment, therefore, would include a measure of the person's physical health, a measure of physical, social and psychological functioning, and a measure of quality of life. Poverty is one of the most serious social concerns across the world today. Among the poor, the most vulnerable section of the society is people living on the streets. Whether they are gangs of street youth or panhandling drifters, no society is unaffected by the social problem of homelessness. The existing literature on street children or adolescents strongly suggests that there are many problems associated with life without a home. Studies have shown that homelessness is also associated with behaviour problem in

Modelos de estratégia de busca: será o passeio de Lévy a solução?

In nature, many organisms must cope with the problem of finding mates, food and shelter. The strategy of search that drives an organism can reveal important aspects of its behavior; models have been proposed to address this problem. Levy walk is the most discussed model and it has some empirical support. Our aim was to compare straight line displacements against Levy walk and Brownian motion in terms of survival and probability of reward. Our results show that straight line displacements have better performance in all environments we created. We discuss that straight line movements should be considered more probable as a search strategy considering the arguments that support Levy walk, however, it is not seen like a strategy.

King’s College London Student Clinical Ethics Committee case discussion: Should a homeless, potentially suicidal man, be admitted to hospital overnight for the purpose of addressing a short-term shelter problem?

Members of the Student Clinical Ethics Committee discussed the ethical issues arising in a case referred for consideration – a homeless man presenting to the emergency department of a busy London hospital with recent self-reported suicide attempts. Should he be admitted overnight in order to address a short-term shelter problem? The case study summarises the reflections of the Committee and focusses on the doctor’s duty of care and patient responsibility, benefits of admission and resource considerations.

Social movements and the struggle for shelter: A case study of eThekwini (Durban)

The needs of informal settlement dwellers across towns and cities in the global South are acute. While much emphasis has been placed on income poverty, for urban dwellers affordable access to improved secured accommodation and basic services such as water and sanitation is essential for well-being. In part due to the lack of such access, urban citizens organize in multiple ways to address these needs and to press for state investment and redistribution. South Africa, despite relatively high levels of income and a state with redistributive capacity, is no exception. Indeed, this country is particularly interesting for those seeking to understand effective approaches to addressing housing need because of the efforts that have been made and the resultant scale of state investment in the housing sector. This paper draws on the experiences of urban social movement organizations in South Africa to understand better how shelter needs can be addressed. We reflect on their goals, strategies and activities and explore what this means for themes discussed within the social movement literature. The research has a specific focus on the city of eThekwini/Durban primarily because of the scale of social movement activities there.The paper describes the core concerns with respect to shelter as elaborated by social movement activists, staff of other civil society agencies and officials. While there is a broad consensus about the shelter problems, there is less agreement about solutions. The discussion summarises the shelter objectives and core strategies used by the social movement activists, and considers the success they have had. This includes reviewing their understanding of what success is and how success is achieved. Movement organisations have been able to secure access to the housing subsidy scheme for their members. However, their progress has been limited. The paper concludes that there is a primary focus on what is offered through state programmes and policies despite evident shortcomings. While there is an awareness of the misfit between available programmes, the needs of movement members and more general shelter needs, no fundamental challenge is being made to the dominant approach. A second finding is that while movement members and leaders have an explicit focus on material improvements, underlying their motivations and some of their strategies and actions is the more fundamental goal to be treated as equal citizens. In this dimension, movement organizations seek both recognition of their citizenship as well as the redistribution of state resources. Third, we argue that while social movement progress is related to the political opportunity structures, it also depends on the ability of movement organizations to manage the emerging opportunities, particularly their relationships with the state, professional support organizations and other movement organizations. Relations shift between contention and collaboration to improve negotiating positions, secure access to shelter and achieve greater political inclusion.

Corporate Tax Reform, Finally, After 100 Years

Future increases to the top income tax rates for individuals and reductions to the corporate tax rate will invite the widespread use of C corporations as tax shelter vehicles, an old problem that has never been addressed successfully. The changes could even resurrect the need for the collapsible-corporation provision, described by the ALI as “characterized by a pathological degree of complexity, vagueness and uncertainty.” This short essay, to be included with a group of submissions for the Volcker Tax Reform panel, urges that the corporate tax be limited to public firms, with all non-public firms taxed under a passthrough tax system. In addition to preventing the tax shelter problem, the change would improve equity and efficiency by taxing the owners of all closely held firms in a more similar fashion, and allow for simplification and reform of the corporate tax. The proposed change would reverse a policy decision made exactly 100 years ago when the income taxation of the owners of corporations was impermissible. Although Congress may soon be forced to adopt income tax rates reminiscent of years prior to 1986, it need not and should not bring with that change the same impenetrable problems and failed solutions of that bygone era.

Extreme Thinking About Slums and Slum Dwellers: A Critique

This article confronts two sets of recent thinking about slums and slum dwellers. The first is broadly too optimistic and believes that the problem of inadequate shelter can somehow be resolved, at least in the not so distant future. The second is too pessimistic and warns of some kind of apocalypse in the near or not so distant future. Neither line of thought is entirely wrong. The growth of festering slums is not inevitable providing that appropriate policies are undertaken. But, in places, the failure to apply appropriate policies will produce awful shelter conditions and probably major threats to health, to welfare and, even, to political stability. The boring truth is that even in a globalising world much and perhaps most of what happens is determined locally. At heart, the paper is a warning against over-generalisation; something to which most journalists are prone, but increasingly academics too. The paper will implicitly contest current lines of fashionable thinking about the proliferation of slums, access to land by the poor, infrastructure policies, social and residential segregation, privatization, property rights and slumlords. The paper will also denounce the recent resuscitation of the pejorative word ‘slum’ with all of its negative connotations for the people who live in low-income areas.

Shelter finance strategies for the poor: Philippines

In the Philippines, rapid urbanization casts a serious challenge to providing the urban poor with access to decent shelter. The urban poor lack access not only to appropriate housing but also to affordable, tenured, serviced land, shelter financing, targeted and sustainable subsidies and the means to provide their own shelter. This paper focuses on shelter finance strategies for the poor because it is a key instrument for addressing their shelter problem. The paper critiques the current shelter finance innovations that have been developed in the Philippines to provide for poor households, especially those in the informal sector, and identifies possible areas of improvement in shelter finance for them.

Reparations, Social Reconciliation, and the Significance of Place: A Legal and Philosophical Examination of Indigenous Cases in the United States and Their Global Implications

During genocide, populations are frequently displaced from their homelands. In the process of reparations, displacement is often viewed as a problem of shelter, food, and safety. In this framework, land is treated as an economic commodity—any given piece of land is interchangeable with another or for money. This approach is a product of Enlightenment thinking, which emphasizes the rights of the individual over communal rights to land, and conceptualizes land and social identity as strongly separated. This Enlightenment framework of rights, and the accompanying de-emphasis of place, is particularly strong in the United States. Because American legal principles have played a substantial role in the development of human rights laws internationally, there are global implications for how American courts understand land and displacement. By examining Native American claims for land and sovereignty, this essay explores the philosophical and legal understandings of land and culture that are endorsed by American courts. The themes found in American litigation of indigenous land claims are likely to permeate American foreign policy and our involvement in reparations issues internationally. If the American de-emphasis of land continues internationally, effective reparations are unlikely. Homelands are not an interchangeable economic commodity precisely because social identity is not separate from land, but rather rooted firmly in a particular place. When victims of genocide are able to reclaim homelands, there is the possibility of truly effective reparations, particularly achieving the goal of stabilizing and repairing social identity.

The Tax Shelter Problem

This article offers a definition and examples of the modern tax shelter and summarizes the anti–tax shelter weapons in the government's arsenal. Particular attention is given to the economic substance doctrine, which allows the government to attack transactions that comply with the literal language of the law. The battle between taxpayers and the government is described as a multi–player, multi–period game. Recent moves by the government have greatly reduced the payoff to shelters set up by high net–worth individuals. The corporate shelter market is more robust, as taxpayers have been able to exploit flaws in the economic substance doctrine. One attractive policy option is to follow the lead of California and increase the cost of shelters by increasing the penalties.

TRANSFORMATION TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE IN SELF BUILT HOUSING – A CASE STUDY FROM ANKARA TURKEY

INTRODUCTION Rapid urbanisation, which had become a problem for most parts of the developed world before the 1950's, still prevails in Turkey with a high rural to urban migration rate. With the rise in demand for work force by manufacturing and service sectors and the need for better quality of life, people migrate from rural to urban areas. Ankara, the capital city of Turkey, also underwent this rapid increase in population, which it was not yet ready to house. The central as well as local governments have not been able to tackle this problem. Thus, the immigrants-the newcomers to Ankara-have tried to solve their own shelter problem by using building methods derived from their own local traditional building characteristics. This low–income housing form, mentioned in the text as selfbuilt houses, is called “gecekondu” which literally means ‘to settle on by night’. This is a new form of house, built by using traditional layouts and elements in a new context. Immigrants moving from the same locality develop a collective consciousness. This consciousness embodies both collective production and a model for maintenance. During recent years a case study was initiated in the Şentepe district of Yenimahalle Municipality in Ankara by Gazi University and the municipality. Two settlements, namely Pamuklar and Barıştepe quarters were selected for study. The objectives were to identify causes and effects of the transformation that took place in these areas and to make ways for housing project with the participation of the local people. Surveys carried out in both of the quarters, demonstrated that the Figures of these self-built houses reflect the transformation of traditional architecture in Turkey. We term this transformation as the first generation in selfbuilt housing. By the time this study concluded, these quarters faced a new Plan lay out due to the emergence of city blocks and high rise buildings. This article, has two purposes. First, to study reasons and consequences of the transformation process, and secondly, to promote more humane and livable solutions in opposition to the tower blocks as the only apparent answer for self built housing problems whenever they may evolve.