Problem Of Indeterminacy Research Articles

Indeterminacy and the Role of the Archive: The Eight Extensions of Piaget’s Sociological Studies

What a text means in translation is accepted, canonically, to be indeterminate. Authors can provide additional constraints to interpretation by taking care to explain some of the original context. But this requires making judgments about what counts, and readers can’t generally do that of sources except in retrospect. So the solution to the problem is taken to be “to become bilingual,” and basically do the translation work oneself. This means immersing in that foreign culture for long enough that its ways of being, and ways of meaning, become one’s own. When the subject of one’s interest is the undiscovered country, however, this goal remains forever inaccessible. That’s just not somewhere you can go and report back from. The true meanings of deceased authors are therefore forever inscrutable. Except, of course, in cases where historical traces can stand in their stead. Interactions with archival sources are thus offered as a new solution to the problems of indeterminacy and inscrutability: archives provide anchors to stabilize the received meaning of historical texts by offering evidence of what those involved in their production intended them to mean. Here, that is demonstrated with reference to (1) the difficulty of translating Jean Piaget’s (1896–1980) collection of essays entitled Sociological Studies and (2) the broader misunderstanding of Piaget’s sociality in relation to the popularity of its critique by Lev Vygotsky (1896–1934). We then find, in the process, new ways to consider a consistently thorny question: what is the means by which one attains truth? Here, we therefore articulate and illustrate the “Interpretation Game” by providing access to a curated selection of archival texts drawn from several collections never before considered in relation to the question of the meaning of “Piaget” as a holophrastic utterance. The result is then also a new look at Cold War-era developmental psychology, social psychology, educational theory, and genetic epistemology (the study of the construction of knowledge).

Pompeiu-Hausdorff Fuzzy <i>b</i>-metric Spaces Are Associated with a Common Fixed Point and Multivalued Mappings

The notion of fuzzy logic was introduced by Zadeh. Unlike traditional logic theory, where an element either belongs to the set or does not, in fuzzy logic, the affiliation of the element to the set is expressed as a number from the interval [0, 1]. The study of the theory of fuzzy sets was prompted by the presence of uncertainty as an essential part of real-world problems, leading Zadeh to address the problem of indeterminacy. The theory of a fixed point in fuzzy metric spaces can be viewed in different ways, one of which involves the use of fuzzy logic. Fuzzy metric spaces, which are specific types of topological spaces with pleasing ”geometric” characteristics, possess a number of appealing properties and are commonly used in both pure and applied sciences. Metric spaces and their various generalizations frequently occur in computer science applications. For this reason, a new space called a Pompeiu-Hausdorff fuzzy <i>b</i>-metric space is constructed in this paper. In this space, some new fixed point results are also formulated and proven. Additionally, a general common fixed point theorem for a pair of multi-valued mappings in Pompeiu-Hausdorff fuzzy <i>b</i>-metric spaces is investigated. The findings obtained in fuzzy metric spaces, such as those discussed in Remark 3.1, are generalized by the results in this paper, and additional specific findings are produced and supported by examples. The study of denotational semantics and their applications in control theory using fuzzy <i>b</i>-metric spaces and Pompeiu-Hausdorff fuzzy <i>b</i>-metric spaces will be an important next step.

Living with semantic indeterminacy: The teleosemanticist's guide

Teleosemantics has an indeterminacy problem. In an earlier publication, I argued that teleosemanticists may afford to be realists about indeterminacy, pointing to the phenomenon of vagueness as a case of really‐existing semantic indeterminacy. Here, I continue that project by proposing two criteria of adequacy that a semantically indeterminate theory should meet: a criterion of theoretical adequacy and a criterion of extensional adequacy. I present reasons to think that indeterminate versions of teleosemantics can meet these criteria. I end by discussing vagueness, concluding that it most likely is not the same kind of phenomenon as the semantic indeterminacy afflicting teleosemantics.

The metaphysics of puns

In this paper, I aim to discuss what puns, metaphysically, are. I argue that the type-token view of words leads to an indeterminacy problem when we consider puns. I then outline an alternative account of puns, based on recent nominalist views of words, that does not suffer from this indeterminacy.

Banning oil and gas activities under international investment law: a problem of indeterminacy

Banning oil and gas activities under international investment law: a problem of indeterminacy

Thermodynamics of black holes charged with a conformally invariant electrodynamics in (n+1)-dimensional scalar-tensor theory

The Jordan frame (JF) field equations of scalar-tensor (ST) theory are strongly coupled and, the exact solutions cannot be obtained easily. By using the conformal transformation (CT), the ST action has been translated to the Einstein frame (EF) where the theory is known as the Einstein-dilaton (Ed) gravity. Also, an [Formula: see text]-dimensional electromagnetic Lagrangian has been introduced which remains invariant under CT. The Ed-conformal-invariant field equations, which are confronted with the mathematical indeterminacy problem, have been solved by use of a power-law ansatz function. We have introduced two classes of black holes (BHs) which are asymptotically non-flat and non-AdS. The Ed exact solutions can produce BHs with three, two, one and without horizons. By calculating the thermodynamic quantities, and making use of the Smarr mass relation it has been shown that the thermodynamical first law is valid in the EF. Thermal stability of Ed BHs has been analyzed by considering specific heats, thermodynamic Ricci scalars and Gibbs free energies, separately. Then using the inverse CTs, the ST exact solutions have been obtained which show two classes of horizonless, one-horizon, two-horizon and three-horizon BHs. We found that CTs preserve thermodynamic quantities and, thermodynamic properties of the ST BHs are just like those of Ed ones.

Beyond the factor indeterminacy problem using genome-wide association data.

Latent factors, such as general intelligence, depression and risk tolerance, are invoked in nearly all social science research where a construct is measured via aggregation of symptoms, question responses or other measurements. Because latent factors cannot be directly observed, they are inferred by fitting a specific model to empirical patterns of correlations among measured variables. A long-standing critique of latent factor theories is that the correlations used to infer latent factors can be produced by alternative data-generating mechanisms that do not include latent factors. This is referred to as the factor indeterminacy problem. Researchers have recently begun to overcome this problem by using information on the associations between individual genetic variants and measured variables. We review historical work on the factor indeterminacy problem and describe recent efforts in genomics to rigorously test the validity of latent factors, advancing the understanding of behavioural science constructs.

Different types of approximation operators on Gn-CAS via ideals

A mathematical approach to dealing with the problems of ambiguity and indeterminacy in knowledge is called a rough set theory. It begins by using an equivalence relation to divide the universe into parts. Numerous generalized rough set models have been developed and investigated to increase their adaptability and extend their range of applications. In this context, we introduce new generalized rough set models that are inspired by covering-based rough sets and ideals. In this paper, lower and upper approximations of new types of covering rough sets based on j-neighborhoods, complementary j-neighborhoods, and j-adhesions are defined via ideals. The main features of these approximations are examined. The relationships among them are given by various examples and propositions. Some comparisons between our methods and others? methods such as Abd El-Monsef et al.?s method [2] and Nawar et al.?s method [22] are given. A practical example is given to illustrate one of our methods is more precise.

The ambiguous beginning of life and the binary pattern – a phenomenological analysis of intersexual experience

In my paper, I attempt a phenomenological analysis of the lived experience of intersexuality, which I view from the perspective of the problem of indeterminacy concerning the horizon of the givenness of homeworld founded on the broader basis of the pre-givenness of lifeworld. These horizons define the structure of the sedimentation of subjective experience, as well as the layers of cultural meanings sedimented in the lifeworld. The sedimented layers of self-experience and of the shared lifeworld function as a sphere of indeterminacy, that is the horizons of constituted phenomena. In this sense all intentional acts have the nature of horizontal indeterminacy, the layers of which are revealed in the genetic question (Rückfrage) directed toward them. Horizontal indeterminacy also accounts for the distinction between homeworld and alienworld, which appears as something unobvious and unexpected against the obviousness of the homeworld, at the same time thematizing the latter. One of the elements of the sedimented conceptual system, functioning as the horizon of indeterminacy of both self-experience and the pre-reflective life-world, is the notion of human corporeality as given in the binary sexuality/gender. A unique opportunity for phenomenological insight into the constitution of the phenomenon of sex/gender is provided by Hida Viloria's lived experience of intersexuality. Her lived body, originally experienced pre-reflectively as a transparent medium and a perfectly handy tool of undisturbed intentionality, unproblematized also in the sexual activities, gradually undergoes alienation under the objectifying gaze determined by the binary pattern of sexuality. Becoming an alienated object, her body loses its transparency. Viloria begins to experience her corporeality and identity in a way determined by the sedimented "ideology" of sex and gender, trying on the "constructs" of masculine and feminine identities, eventually overcoming alienation and, in a process of secondary self-identification, reclaiming her lived body in its intersexuality and her identity in its non-binary gender fluidity.

Uncertainty of the conceptual and categorical apparatus in the field of integrity of judges

This scientific article presents a study of the problem of indeterminacy of the conceptual and categorical apparatus in the field of the judge's integrity in the modern legal system.
 It is noted that in the modern legal understanding, the integrity of judges is a fundamental ethical and normative aspect that determines the high standard of professional behavior of judges in the context of the exercise of judicial power. This principle includes not only the dispassion (impartiality) and objectivity of the judge in the decisions made, but also his ability for self-reflection, ethical awareness and independence from the influence of external factors.
 The conceptual-categorical apparatus is the main component of the legal technique, which contributes to the precise and clear expression of legal norms and ensures their effective implementation in society. In the praxeological aspect, questions of integrity of judges arose in many cases when competent authorities did not confirm the appropriate level of integrity of a judge or a candidate for this position. This is due to the essential problems of the imperfection of the legislation, since the concept of «honesty» in the legislation is not clear. The legal system and the legislation system must possess and operate in clear and unambiguous terms to avoid misunderstandings and ambiguous interpretations or recommendations regarding the interpretation of norms.
 The main signs (characteristics) of the integrity of judges include, in our opinion, the following: impartiality and objectivity, the independence of a judge, which is a fundamental principle of judicial activity, which ensures his dedication to the use of the law and the result of the influence of external factors that can reveal objective consideration affairs; honesty and integrity; high level of knowledge and competence; appropriate level of professional ethics; the opportunity to bear public, legal and moral responsibility.

Thermodynamics of higher-dimensional Brans-Dicke black holes in the presence of a conformal-invariant field inspired by power-Maxwell electrodynamics

Abstract By use of the conformal transformations, in addition to translating the Brans-Dicke (BD) action to the Einstein frame (EF), we introduce an electromagnetic Lagrangian which preserves conformal invariance. We solve the EF field equations, which mathematically are confronted with the problem of indeterminacy, by use of an exponential ansatz function. When the self-interacting potential is absent or is taken constant in the BD action, the exact solution of this theory is just that of Einstein-conformal-invariant theory with a trivial scalar field. This is higher-dimensional (HD) analogues of the same considered in [1]. The EF general solution admits two classes of black holes (BHs) with non-flat and non-AdS asymptotic behavior which can produce extreme and multi-horizon ones. We obtain the exact solutions of BD-conformal-invariant theory, by applying inverse conformal transformations, which show two classes of extreme and multi-horizon BHs too. Based on the fact that thermodynamic quantities remain unchanged under conformal transformations, we show that the first law of BH thermodynamics is valid in the Jordan frame (JF). We analyze thermal stability of the HD BD-conformal-invariant BHs by use of the canonical ensemble method.

3-Dimensional Quartic Bézier Curve Approximation Model by Using Neutrosophic Approach


 In a 3-dimensional data collection process, there exists noise data that cannot be included to visualize the process. Therefore, it is difficult to deal with since fuzzy set and intuitionistic fuzzy set theories did not consider the indeterminacy problem. However, using a neutrosophic approach with three memberships: truth, false, and indeterminacy membership function, the error data will be treated as uncertain data by using the indeterminacy degree. Thus, this study will visualize the 3-dimensional quartic Bézier curve model by using neutrosophic set theory. To construct the model, the neutrosophic quartic control point must first be introduced to approximate the neutrosophic quartic Bézier curve. Next, the Bernstein basis function as the methodology of this study will be blended with the neutrosophic fundamental notion. At the end of this paper, a numerical example of the 3-dimensional neutrosophic quartic Bézier curve will be visualized by using the approximation method as the finding of this study. Finally, this study provides significant contributions to making it easier for data collectors to visualize all data, which means that no data will be eliminated since the uncertainty data will also be used.

Data feminism and border ethics: power, invisibility and indeterminacy

ABSTRACT Human activities are being increasingly regulated by means of technologies. Smart borders regulating human movement are no exception. I argue that the process of digitization – including through AI, Big Data and algorithmic processing – falls short of respecting (fundamental) rights to the extent to which it ignores what I term to be the problem of indeterminacy. While adopting a data feminist approach in this paper, assuming that data is the ‘new oil’, that is power, I begin theorizing indeterminacy from the imminent risks of datafication as a new instrument of oppression perpetuating injustice and widening inequality gaps. I conclude that technologies regulating human activities must stand ethical scrutiny, especially if they can and do result in (human) rights violations. Unlike the oil being extracted from the ground, data is de facto extracted from people endowed with agency, autonomy, rights and contexts – all which ought to be respected and protected.

Algorithms for computing basins of attraction associated with a rational self-map of the Hopf fibration based on Lyapunov exponents

The objective of this work is twofold. One, we develop a theory of iteration for complex rational functions so that the problems of overflow and indeterminacy caused by null, or almost null, denominators can be avoided when developing implementations. Second, we present easily implementable methods that allow the calculation of attracting cycles as well as the graphical representation of their basins of attraction.In order to deal with our first goal we work with homogeneous complex coordinates and we take the complex projective line as a model, which is expressed as a quotient of the 3-sphere through the Hopf fibration. An irreducible representation of a rational function can now be presented as a Hopf fibration endomorphism. As well as our second goal is concerned, we use Lyapunov functions and exponents to calculate the cycles associated with endomorphisms and to graphically represent the corresponding basins of attraction. We point out that our algorithms are based on the calculation of a finite set of non-negative real constants and their calculation does not depend on the previous determination of the fixed points or attracting cycles.

Constraint-matrix-based method for reaction and driving forces uniqueness analysis in overconstrained or overactuated multibody systems

Redundantly constrained mechanisms have – in general – non-uniquely calculated reactions when modeled as rigid multibody systems (MBSs). However, some of the reactions may be unique. An analogous problem of indeterminacy is also present in overactuated MBSs. This paper discusses the constraint-matrix-based method for the uniqueness analysis of the reactions and driving forces (torques) for MBSs with nonholonomic constraints. Four approaches are studied: The rank comparison, SVD, QR, and nullspace methods. The uniqueness criteria are written in a new way. The equivalence of the SVD, QR, and nullspace methods is shown. It is also presented how to check the uniqueness of the selected elements (reactions, driving forces, or more complex combinations) and their individual components. Subsequently, the impact of the driving constraints on the uniqueness of the joint reactions is discussed. Next, the uniqueness analysis using these three methods is extended to perform a newly proposed body-wise analysis instead of the usual constraint-wise analysis. Two examples of spatial systems (one with nonholonomic constraints) are considered to illustrate the approach. Moreover, the computational efficiency of selected methods is analyzed.

Registration of L‐74X nonshattering basin wildrye × creeping wildrye germplasm

AbstractBasin wildrye [Leymus cinereus (Scribn. & Merr.) Á. Löve] is somewhat indeterminate and shatters its seed. To avoid shattering losses, growers tend to harvest basin wildrye seed prior to maximal physiological maturity. To resolve the intersecting problems of floral indeterminacy and seed shattering, USDA‐ARS released the L‐74X basin wildrye × creeping wildrye [L. triticoides (Buckl.) Pilger] germplasm (Reg. no. GP‐106, PI 701909) on August 26, 2021. While L‐74X has a narrow genetic base due to a biparental cross in its history, it can be used to introgress the nonshattering recessive sh6 allele of creeping wildrye (2n = 4x = 28) into 4x basin wildrye and closely related 4x Leymus species. L‐74X originated with hybridization between 4x populations of basin wildrye and creeping wildrye, followed by eight generations of recombination and natural selection that restored fertility to the interspecific hybrid. Intentional selection led to fixation of the sh6 allele. Averaged across 2 years, shattering genotypes (Sh6/sh6) averaged 19.4% greater (P < 0.05) seed yield per spike 23 days after pollination (DAP), but by 95 DAP, nonshattering genotypes (sh6/sh6) averaged 167% greater (P < 0.05) seed yield per spike. Germination increased from 72.1% at 23 DAP to 86.4% at 95 DAP. The sh6 allele allows seed growers to delay seed harvest until seed is fully ripe, concomitantly reducing shattering losses and improving physiological seed quality.

Thermodynamics of dilaton black holes charged with a higher-dimensional Coulomb-like field

AbstractThe field equations are written explicitly in the framework of higher-dimensional Einstein-dilaton gravity theory, which is coupled to non-linear electrodynamics. It is proved that this theory is confronted with the problem of indeterminacy. By this we mean that the number of unknowns is one more than the unique differential equations. Analytical solutions are obtained by the use of power-law and exponential ansatz functions, separately. It is found that this theory in the presence of a Coulomb-like electric field, inspired by non-linear electrodynamics, admits two novel classes of black hole solutions for each of the ansatz functions. Under the influence of the dilaton field, the asymptotic behavior of the solutions is neither flat nor anti-de Sitter. Through comparison of the results it is shown that, under some simple conditions, both of the ansatz functions lead to the same results. It is illustrated that our exact solutions can produce two-horizon, one-horizon, and horizonless black holes. The validity of the first law of black hole thermodynamics is investigated by use of a Smarr-type mass formula. The thermal stability of the black holes is analyzed by making use of the canonical ensemble and geometrical methods, separately. The results of these two alternative approaches are compared by the use of plots.

Making Law Possible

Making Law Possible

Determination of the Spherical Couple-Stress in Polar Linear Isotropic Elasticity

It is well known that the conventional couple-stress theory leaves the spherical part of the couple-stress indeterminate. This indeterminacy problem is recently resolved for fibrous composites subjected to either small or large deformations and containing a single family of fibres resistant in bending (Soldatos in Math. Mech. Solids, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1177/10812865211061595). However, the problem remains still unsolved in simpler cases where the implied preference material direction is not related to fibre bending resistance, and even in the simplest possible case where the polar material of interest is linearly elastic and isotropic. This communication aims (i) to show that a relevant virtual spin concept employed (Soldatos in Math. Mech. Solids, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1177/10812865211061595) is further applicable in the latter case of polar linear isotropic elasticity, (ii) to demonstrate the process in which that concept thus leads to determination of the spherical part of the couple-stress, (iii) to exemplify this process by providing a couple of simple illustrative examples, (iv) to specify and discuss the reason that the outlined method meets a hurdle in cases of linear anisotropic elasticity that is due to one or more preferential material directions, and, hence, (v) to further discuss the manner in which that newly identified difficulty is currently confronted, and may thus be handled successfully.

Breaking Our Silence on Factor Score Indeterminacy

Although many textbooks on multivariate statistics discuss the common factor analysis model, few of these books mention the problem of factor score indeterminacy (FSI). Thus, many students and contemporary researchers are unaware of an important fact. Namely, for any common factor model with known (or estimated) model parameters, infinite sets of factor scores can be constructed to fit the model. Because all sets are mathematically exchangeable, factor scores are indeterminate. Our professional silence on this topic is difficult to explain given that FSI was first noted almost 100 years ago by E. B. Wilson, the 24th president (1929) of the American Statistical Association. To help disseminate Wilson’s insights, we demonstrate the underlying mathematics of FSI using the language of finite-dimensional vector spaces and well-known ideas of regression theory. We then illustrate the numerical implications of FSI by describing new and easily implemented methods for transforming factor scores into alternative sets of factor scores. An online supplement (and the fungible R library) includes R functions for illustrating FSI.