Problem In Germany Research Articles

Saxon Epidemiological Study in General Practice-6 (SESAM-6): protocol of a cross-sectional study

IntroductionGeneral practitioners (GPs) are mostly the first point of contact for patients with health problems in Germany. There is only a limited epidemiological overview data that describe the GP consultation...

Individuals with Nazi and Nazi-Sympathizer Family History: Psychotherapeutic Issues.

This article presents the findings of an ongoing supervision group (founded in 1999) researching the after-effects of the Nazi period on people in psychotherapy in Germany today. The unacknowledged collective shadow hidden behind half-truths, prevarications, and silence itself prevents a genuine working through of the Nazi past. Patients' lack of knowledge concerning their families' own past leads to unconscious guilt, which often then leads to psychosomatic disturbances. But this is not only a problem in Germany. Unacknowledged collective shadows are prevalent in many countries worldwide. Psychological difficulties on the individual and societal levels result.

Analysis of the state of the art of modern e-learning in higher education in Germany

E-learning as a part of blended learning and a means for implementing distance learning, as well as an independent phenomenon of the modern information society, has been introduced and studied by researchers for several decades. In various countries, the relevance of e-learning and the use of e-learning tools in higher education have increased during the coronavirus pandemic. Different countries have their own approach and experience in using e-learning tools. Therefore, it is advisable to study it both for each country separately and in comparison. In the course of the research, the analysis of scientific publications on the topic of e-learning in higher education in Germany over the last 10 years has been made, which has shown certain changes in the interest in this issue of German scientists. The survey of students and teachers of the University of Konstanz (Germany) has been conducted regarding the use of e-learning tools and their attitude to e-learning. Despite the fact that the results of the analysis of the scientific works of German scientists show a drop in interest in e-learning problems in Germany and a slight rise during the coronavirus pandemic, the results of the survey indicate an unequivocal interest in e-learning tools of teachers. In general, it is possible to state the positive attitude on the part of teachers and uncertainty on the part of students.

Public debt, current account, and economic growth in Germany: Evidence from a nonlinear ARDL model

This paper investigated the public debt-growth nexus in Germany using a Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) model. We first review a history of the public debt problem in Germany from colonial times to the present. Since Germany had trading relationship with the rest of the world, the impact of such a relationship on economic growth is examined by including the current account (CA) as another explanatory variable in addition to public debt. We find that public debt and CA both have asymmetric impacts on the economic growth of Germany. Specifically, an increase in the level of public debt reduces economic growth while a decrease in public debt has no impact. In contrast, an increase in CA raises GDP by more than the increase in public debt-to-GDP ratio reduces GDP growth.

Die Kindergrundsicherung – eine gute Investition in die nachwachsende Generation

Abstract Child poverty is a structural problem in Germany. More than one child in five is at risk of poverty. The introduction of a basic child benefit is therefore an effective measure to prevent poverty. To this end, it must cover the age-related needs of children, be effective above all at the lower end of the income scale in order to support in particular those children who grow up in poverty. It must also be transparent and unbureaucratic, making it is as easy as possible for families to claim this benefit.. Simulations show the effects of a basic child benefit in terms of poverty prevention and the labour market, as well as the costs involved. Studies provide evidence that parents use the money for their children and that cash benefits to combat poverty pay off for the state in the long run. In the interest of the next generation, the introduction of a basic child benefit should therefore be a priority.

Die Aktienrente der Bundesregierung: Zielsetzung, Konzept, Gestaltungsfragen und Würdigungen

Abstract The statutory pension insurance in Germany is facing a massive financing problem. The background are demographic developments with a clearly aging population and the concept of „current income financing” – meaning that a decreasing number of people of working age have to pay the pension for an increasing number of people of retirement age with their social security premiums. Likewise the federal government set “stop bars” as political objectives, according to which premiums shall not rise above a certain level, pensions not fall below a certain level and the retirement age not be increased. With this in mind, in order to stabilize the statutory pension insurance, the government is planning to introduce partial capital cover. Hence, the federal government is to provide credit-financed “generational capital” of initially EUR 10 billion, which is to be gradually increased in the following years in order to invest it in the global stock market. The revenues and surplusses are intended to dampen future increases in premiums or to reduce the annual federal grants – currently in triple digit billions of Euros – to the statutory pension insurance. The article briefly presents the background to the pension problem in Germany and the basic points of the new concept of “stock pension”. Subsequently, open design issues are addressed, and ultimately a critical appraisal of the government’s concept of pension support, based on so-called “generational capital”, is made.

Positionspapier der DGMKG zur Berufstätigkeit von MKG-Chirurginnen in der Schwangerschaft

An increasing number of women are partaking in specialist training to become oral and maxillofacial surgeons. For continuation of surgical activities while pregnancy, the absence of uniform regulations and federal structures represent typical problems in Germany. Pregnant surgeons as well as employers or supervisors experience a profound uncertainty regarding regulatory framework while implementing this process. Owing to concerns regarding employment prohibition, many female surgeons still delay disclosing their pregnancy. The position paper “Operating while pregnant” of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie (DGOU) thoroughly summarizes the most important legal aspects and medical safeguards which must be adhered to. It represents the basis for the present position paper with additional consideration of the newest legislative update. For oral and maxillofacial surgery, a detailed checklist, description of procedures, and a positive list were constructed based on the update, with the aim of providing a guide for pregnant surgeons as well as employers and supervisors. This will enable the project “Operating while pregnant” to be approached together in a structured manner, and implemented and experienced with a positive outcome all both sides.

독일 베를린주 임대차 규제에 관한 공법적 검토

Criticism has been raised over the legislative process to the extent that the revised legislation on the so-called Three Rent Acts in 2020 is called legislative dictatorship. The rent law is the subject of civil law, but from public law perspective, it can be regarded as one of regulatory legislations as part of a kind of housing policy. It can be said that it is a very important element of evaluation of the regulatory legislation whether it has undergone an appropriate process of deliberation based on our economic reality. This study deals with the regulation on the rent control in Berlin, which has recently become a problem in Germany, and the decision on unconstitutionality of the German Federal Constitutional Court. The Berlin’s rent cap is a very radical legislative attempt comparable to our Three Rent Acts. But, it is difficult to compare them in that German civil law as a whole, because of regulations that are not in Korean civil law. The above decision has a simple logical structure that the Act that introduced the Berlin’s rent cap is unconstitutional because the federation used competitive legislative authority completely. However, by devoting very long pages to explaining the German legislative history on social rent law, it warns that the rationality and prudence of legislation are important. Through the discussion on German rent regulations, the level of avoiding ideological discussions shown by German law, the systematic and balanced German civil law system, and the importance of a step-by-step and unified response to housing rent regulation can be seen. The level of Korean law has already well developed for a long time, and it is exceeding the level of simply translating foreign law. Therefore, it is silly to imitate German legislation without analyzing or deliberating on our economic situation.

Screening and diagnosis of hemoglobinopathies in Germany: Current state and future perspectives

This monocentric study conducted at the Pediatric and Adult Hemoglobinopathy Outpatient Units of the University Hospital of Essen summarizes the results of hemoglobinopathies diagnosed between August 2018 and September 2021, prior to the introduction of a general newborn screening (NBS) for SCD in Germany (October 2021). In total, 339 patients (pts.), 182 pediatric [50.5% males (92/182)] and 157 adult pts. [75.8% females (119/157)] were diagnosed by molecular analysis. The most common (parental) descent among affected pts. were the Middle Eastern and North African/Turkey (Turkey: 19.8%, Syria: 11.8%, and Iraq: 5.9%), and the sub-Saharan African region (21.3%). Median age at diagnosis in pediatric carriers [N = 157; 54.1% males (85/157)] was 6.2 yrs. (range 1 (months) mos.–17.8 yrs.) and 31 yrs. (range 18–65 yrs.) in adults [N = 53; 75.2% females (115/153)]. Median age at diagnosis of homozygous or compound-heterozygous disease in pediatric pts. (72% (18/25) females) was 3.7 yrs., range 4 mos.–17 yrs. (HbSS (N = 13): 2.5 yrs., range 5 mos.–7.8 yrs.; HbS/C disease (N = 5): 8 yrs., range 1–8 yrs.; homozygous/compound heterozygous β-thalassemia (N = 5): 8 yrs., range 3–13 yrs.), in contrast to HbH disease (N = 5): 18 yrs. (median), range 12–40 yrs. Hemoglobinopathies represent a relevant health problem in Germany due to immigration and late diagnosis of second/third generation migrants. SCD-NBS will accelerate diagnosis and might result in reduction of disease-associated morbidity. However, diagnosis of carriers and/or disease-states (i.e. thalassemic syndromes) in newly immigrated and undiagnosed patients will further be delayed. A first major step has been taken, but further steps are required.

Well-Informed and Willing, but Breastfeeding Does Not Work: A Qualitative Study on Perceived Support from Health Professionals among German Mothers with Breastfeeding Problems.

Although exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for the first six months of life, a large number of women worldwide do not practice it successfully. Our study aimed to investigate the perceived support from health professionals for women who experienced difficulties in breastfeeding. Furthermore, we examined women’s knowledge about breastfeeding and motivation to breastfeed. We conducted a qualitative exploratory study (June to October 2019) among 15 women who had experienced breastfeeding problems in Germany. Semi-structured interviews were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using qualitative content analysis following Mayring’s approach. Prior to giving birth, the women’s motivation to breastfeed and theoretical knowledge were high, and breastfeeding problems were not anticipated. Difficulties in breastfeeding after giving birth created a highly demanding situation for the mothers. Health professionals were either perceived as very supportive, for example, by providing helpful technical advice or being emotional assistance, or they could be perceived as nonhelpful, thereby worsening the situation, for example, by pressuring the women to breastfeed or making improper remarks. Adequate support for young mothers in childbed consists of the provision of useful and realistic information concerning breastfeeding and a sensitive treatment when breastfeeding problems occur. Paying attention to this specific group of women who are experiencing difficulties in breastfeeding may improve maternal and child well-being and potentially enable breastfeeding.

The Role of Plotinus in the Romantic Philosophy of Novalis

Abstract Novalis was a central figure in early German Romantic philosophy. Whilst the importance of both Fichte and Spinoza for the development of Romanticism is well established, the vital influence of the Platonic tradition in allowing the Romantics to synthesise these divergent philosophies merits closer attention. Essential to the development of Novalis’ thought was his exposure to Plotinus. This examination first sets out the religious and philosophical problems in Germany at the close of the eighteenth century and situates Novalis in relation to this intellectual environment. Following this, a brief survey of Plotinus-scholarship at the close of the eighteenth century in Germany frames how Novalis came into contact with Plotinus through Dieterich Tiedemann. The examination proceeds to consider how Tiedemann shaped Novalis reception of Plotinus and allowed him to develop a synthesis of Spinoza and Fichte. Finally, it briefly examines the poetic realisation of this synthesis through Novalis’ late poetic work.

Ursachen der Verbraucherverschuldung

AbstractOver-indebtedness of private households has been a problem in Germany for decades. Over-indebtedness depends on both the economic and financial vulnerability of people and their resilience potential. Social, economic and individual causes and triggers overlap in the process of over-indebtedness. Therefore, for the systematic analysis of over-indebtedness, a differentiation of the causes, reasons and triggers is essential. The article also presents examples.

Germany's migration policy and its significance for national border services

The scientific article analyzes migration processes and approaches to solving migration problems in Germany, as well as uses the experience of German migration policy in the activities of national border services. This process involves the study of the experience of neighboring countries, in particular Germany, where the intensity of migration processes is higher than in Ukraine, and accumulated more thorough and larger material for scientific analysis. The purpose of the study is to study the policy of Germany through the prism of the significance of these processes for the national border services of Ukraine. The outlined goal led to the formulation and solution of the following tasks: substantiate the main directions and theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of migration processes; to investigate the legal framework of state immigration policy; to evaluate the effectiveness of the adoption of the German migration policy by the national border services of Ukraine. The research methodology is based on the principles of systematization and scientificity. The scientific novelty of the obtained results is determined by the relevance of the researched topic, as well as the attempt to analyze the process of changes in approaches and directions of German migration policy, evaluate it at the present stage and explore prospects for its further development. As a result of the studyGermany's experience in shaping and improving the principles of migration policy can serve as an example for Ukraine, a country of origin, transit and destination of migrants.

Фильм Фрица Ланга «М» (1931) в контексте научной, социальной и культурной жизни Германии в 20-30-е годы ХХ века

The article deals with the specifics of the social, political and cultural life in the Weimar Republic at time of the making of Fritz Lang's movie “M”. While showing the connection between the historic events of the time and the ideas conveyed in the movie, the author rejects the traditional interpretation of “M” as a pamphlet reflecting the problems in Germany before the national socialists came to power. The cooperation of the police and the criminal elements making attempts to catch the maniac is considered to be a logical continuation of the spiritual unity of the upper and lower classes shown in Lang's “Metropolis” four years before. The movie was banned by the Nazis in 1934, which can be explained by the inappropriateness of such ideas in the society where criminal behaviour is associated with biological deficiency - the question of criminal liability of the mentally deficient raised in “M” loses its relevance for the same reason. © С.Н. Роман, 2022 In the first place the movie is analyzed from the perspective of the artistic evolution of the detective genre, caused by the gradual strengthening of the realistic tendencies in cinema and the weakening of the influence of expressionism on the artistic life in general and Lang's style in particular. A criminal act is no longer shown by Lang - as opposed to his earlier works - to be an act provoked by unexplainable mystical forces; now it receives psychological explanation. The rejection of romantic traditions typical of the German cinema of the twenties, the appeal to pseudo-documentary filming, the arrival of sound in cinema - all this leads to the simplification of visual imagery, later on a characteristic feature of the movies of the thirties. A special focus is made on Lang's application of suspense, which is the key to understanding the whole composition of the artwork and becomes an integral part of detective movies made popular by Alfred Hitchcock for dozens of years to come.

Soil Characteristics and Hydromorphological Patterns Control Denitrification at the Floodplain Scale

Nitrate pollution in aquatic ecosystems is still a major problem in Germany. There is a great potential to permanently remove nitrate from aquatic systems through denitrification as a relevant ecosystem function. However, the controlling factors and the dimension of the denitrification potential are still not fully understood due to the high complexity of the process. This study presents the combined assessment of potential soil denitrification rates, physical and chemical soil parameters, and hydrological parameters from six floodplains of four large German rivers, namely the Rhine, the Elbe, the Weser, and the Main. Based on multivariate statistics, results show that the denitrification potential of soil was almost solely controlled by soil pH. The lab assays showed mean soil denitrification potentials of 6.4–11.4 mg N m−2h−1(pH < 7) and 23.0–30.5 mg N m−2h−1(pH > 7). We contend that when upscaling these estimates to annual rates of potential denitrification, the duration of average inundation should be incorporated, as this accounts for water saturation and nutrient supply − the major controlling variables for denitrification. Results provide evidence that the denitrification potential can only be fully exploited in frequently inundated floodplains. Thus, despite favorable soil conditions for denitrification, floodplains that have suffered from anthropogenic impacts, lose their importance in nitrate removal for the river system. We conclude that pH and lateral hydrological connectivity are likely to be key factors that should be considered when estimating denitrification as an ecosystem function.

Narcissism in independent and interdependent cultures

Narcissism can manifest in a grandiose form – admiration-seeking, exhibitionism, and dominance – or a vulnerable form – anxiety, withdrawal, and hypersensitivity. While grandiose narcissism is conceptually in line with an independent self-construal, as prevalent in Western countries, the vulnerable form can be assumed to relate more to an interdependent self-construal, as prevalent in Eastern countries. We studied both forms of narcissism in Germany and Japan (Ns = 258, 280), which differ fundamentally in their independent and interdependent self-construal, yet are similar regarding global developmental standards. We tested whether (1) mean differences in both narcissism forms would conform to the predominant self-construal, (2) self-construal would explain variance in narcissism beyond broad personality traits, and (3) there would be stronger mental health tradeoffs for culturally incongruent forms of narcissism. Our results largely confirm these expectations for vulnerable narcissism, which is (1) more prevalent in Japan than Germany, (2) related to self-construal beyond broad traits, and, (3) more strongly related to mental health problems in Germany than Japan. For grandiose narcissism, data analyses indicated that construct equivalence can only be assumed for the entitlement factor, and internal structure and nomological networks differ substantially between cultural contexts.

The Standard Portfolio Choice Problem in Germany

AbstractWe study an investment experiment with a representative sample of German households. Respondents invest in a safe asset and a risky asset whose return is tied to the German stock market. Experimental investments correlate with beliefs about stock market returns and exhibit desirable external validity at least in one respect: they predict real-life stock market participation. But many households are unresponsive to an exogenous increase in the risky asset’s return. The data analysis and a series of additional laboratory experiments suggest that task complexity decreases the responsiveness to incentives. Modifying the safe asset’s return has a larger effect on behaviour than modifying the risky asset’s return.

From home treatment to psychiatric ward-equivalent treatment (StäB) - A systematic review of outpatient treatment in Germany

From home treatment to psychiatric ward-equivalent treatment (StäB) - A systematic review of outpatient treatment in Germany Abstract. Objective: In the past, home treatment was not available in Germany for children and adolescents with mental health problems. However, enactment of the PsychVVG law on 1 January 2017 has changed this, so that intensive home treatment (stationsäquivalente Behandlung, StäB) can now be offered as an alternative to inpatient treatment. This literature review a) analyzes existing German home treatment studies for effectiveness, b) determines from international reviews criteria for effective home treatment, and c) aligns these with the standardized StäB criteria. Method: We performed a systematic literature search in PubMed, Scopus, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Library referencing "hometreatment AND children" as well as "hometreatment AND adolesc*. Results: Flexibility, mobility, multiprofessionality, a wide spectrum of possible interventions, the option of inpatient admission, 24/7 availability as well as daily treatment sessions have been found to be factors for effective home treatment. In German studies, home treatment was shown to enhance psychosocial functioning, parental competences, long-term effectiveness, and acceptance by the families. The highest effect for home treatment was demonstrated in children and adolescents with externalizing disorders. Conclusion: Intensive home treatment (StäB) meets the criteria identified in the literature and is a good addition to existing treatment options for children and adolescents with mental health problems in Germany.

Smart decisions in rhythmology : What should we know? What should be do? What do we still have to learn?

Heart rhythm disorders are one of the most common cardiac problems in Germany. Every year, about 95,000 ablation procedures, 42,000 implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICD) and 102,000 pacemaker implantations are performed with the annual numbers continuing to increase. Besides technological innovations in the field of therapeutic devices (e.g., ablation tools), there are fundamental changes in the diagnostic workup for arrhythmias since smartwatches and wearable devices are increasingly available on the market. In this article, an overview on the latest developments in the field of invasive electrophysiology and rhythmology is provided. The following are explained: why electrocardiograms (ECGs) from smartwatches/wearables are usually of good quality and can be used for screening or confirmation of a diagnosis; why we should consider re-establishment of sinus rhythm in patients with atrial fibrillation or limited left ventricular function; to what extent investigator and center experience influence patient safety; how we can induce a physiological contraction pattern in about 70% of AV block patients by direct stimulation of the specific conduction system, why the benefit of an implantable ICD is questionable in nonischemic cardiomyopathy and ejection fraction (EF) <35 %; and finally, why cardiomyopathies induced by ventricular extrasystoles (VES) are so difficult to predict.

The power of green defaults: the impact of regional variation of opt-out tariffs on green energy demand in Germany

The present paper focuses on green defaults as demand-side policies supporting the uptake of renewable energy in Germany. It sets out to gain a better understanding of whether and for whom green electricity defaults work. The present study is one of the first to use a large-scale data set to investigate this question. We combine micro-level data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP) covering private households (including a wealth of individual information) with macro-level information such as population density of a region and proportion of energy suppliers in a given region that use a green opt-out tariff within their basic supply. We show that in Germany, green defaults, automatically enrolling customers in renewable energy sources, tend to stick, especially but not only among those who are concerned about the problem of climate change. This finding, based on real-world rather than experimental evidence, attests to the power of automatic enrollment in addressing environmental problems in Germany and potentially beyond, including climate change, and also adds to the growing literature on the substantial effects of shifting from opt-in to opt-out strategies.