ABSTRACTThis study aimed to investigate the individual and combined effects of the multi‐strain probiotic VSL#3 and curcumin on glycemic control, insulin resistance, and oxidative stress (OS) in a rat model of T2DM induced by a high‐fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ). Forty male Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into five groups: negative control, positive control (PC) induced with HFD and STZ, VSL#3 probiotic (PRO) (2.5 × 1010 CFU/day VSL#3), curcumin (CUR) (200 mg/kg/day curcumin), and combination of VSL#3 and curcumin (PRO+CUR) (2.5 × 1010 CFU/day VSL#3 + 200 mg/kg/day curcumin). At the end of 8 weeks, the study assessed the effects of these interventions on body weight, food intake, fasting blood glucose, and insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR). Additionally, serum and pancreatic tissue antioxidant parameters, were measured, including TAC, SOD, CAT, GPx, and MDA. VSL#3 and curcumin individually improved body weight, fasting blood glucose, and antioxidant enzyme activities. The PRO+CUR group showed the highest body weight gain and lower fasting blood glucose (353.83 ± 39.48 mg/dL) compared to the PC group (p < 0.05). However, the PRO+CUR combination did not yield the expected synergistic effects, likely due to curcumin's low bioavailability and prooxidant effects. Serum TAC was highest in the CUR group (0.78 ± 0.05 U/ng), whereas the PRO+CUR group showed reduced TAC (0.16 ± 0.02 U/ng). HOMA‐IR values increased in the PRO and CUR groups, but no significant change was observed in the PRO+CUR group. This study demonstrates the therapeutic potential of probiotics and curcumin in T2DM. Probiotics enhanced antioxidant defenses and reduced OS, but the combination with curcumin showed no synergistic effects, likely due to curcumin's bioavailability.

Gut microbiota and its derived metabolites affect brain physiology through several pathways. Dysfunction of gut-microbiota is involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Introduced the pleiotropic effect of probiotics (PBT) in the function of the central nervous system, can delay the disease progression through microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA). PD is characterized by aggregated alpha-synuclein (α-syn), oxidative stress and neuroinflammation leading to depletion of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain region. Our study designed to assess the neuroprotective effect of PBT Bacillus coagulans (B. coagulans) against rotenone (ROT) induced PD rats. To eliminate hormone-based errors associated with estrous cycle, we only used male rats in this experiment. ROT (50mg/kg/day) caused perturbation of intestinal barrier leading to gut microbiome disturbances along with accumulation of α-syn in intestine and brain with motor deficits. qPCR of gut homogenate interpreted that treatment with B. coagulans alter the gut microbial composition in experimental PD through MGBA. This formulation claims as a supportive agent to restore the progression and aid in the therapeutic management of PD.

Attenuation of rotenone-induced neurodegeneration by Bacillus coagulans supplementation in zebrafish.

Probiotics and postbiotics have emerged as promising adjunctive therapies in managing periodontal disease. Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019 has shown antimicrobial and immunomodulatory effects in both experimental and clinical settings when administered orally. However, the systemic impact of this strain, independent of local oral effects, remains unclear. To evaluate the systemic effects of live and heat-killed B. animalis subsp. lactis HN019 in a rat model of ligature-induced periodontitis, excluding direct contact with the oral cavity. A total of 32 Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups (n=8): control (C), periodontitis only (EP), periodontitis + probiotic (PRO), and periodontitis + postbiotic (POS). Periodontitis was induced by placing a cotton ligature around the cervical region of the lower right first molar, inserted into the gingival sulcus. Treatments were administered via oral gavage for 30 days before and 15 days after periodontitis induction. Alveolar bone loss and periodontal parameters were assessed using micro-computed tomography (microCT) and histomorphometric analysis. MicroCT revealed that ligature effectively induced periodontitis, reducing BV/TV and Tb.N and increasing Tb.Sp and Po.Tot. Probiotic and postbiotic treatments did not improve outcomes. Bone loss was lowest in the control group, with no differences between EP, PRO, and POS. Systemic administration of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019 or its derived postbiotic resulted in no significant improvements in periodontal outcomes in this experimental model. Further investigations using integrative approaches are needed to better characterize the systemic effects of probiotics and postbiotics.

The present study was designed to investigate the role of PERK in CVD risk associated with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) in experimental rat model, and the therapeutic benefits of probiotics. Eight-weeks-old female Wistar rats were assigned into four groups (n=6): Control (CTRL), Probiotics (PROB), Letrozole (PCOS), and PCOS+PROB. Daily administration of letrozole (1 mg/kg) for 21 days was used to induce PCOS; thereafter, probiotics (3 × 109 CFU) was administered daily for 6 weeks. Biochemical parameters and histological evaluations were performed with appropriate techniques. The present findings revealed that animals with PCOS were characterized with phenotypic features such as hyperandrogenemia and multiple cysts in the ovaries. In addition, PCOS rats manifested insulin resistance and increase in glucose regulatory protein (GRP78), together with increased levels of circulating corticosterone, cardiac triglyceride, inflammatory mediators (NF-κB and TNF-α), TGF-β1, Caspase-6, and HDAC2, while a decrease in HIF-1α and NrF2 was observed when compared with control animals. These were accompanied by elevated level of PERK. However, treatment with probiotics reversed these systemic, endocrine, metabolic, and cardiac anomalies. The present study suggests that probiotics attenuates CVD risk profile in experimental PCOS rat model by suppression of PERK/HDAC2-dependent pathway.

Abstract Fermented feed is a gut microbiota-targeting diet containing live probiotics and their metabolites, which benefit the gut and overall health of the host. With growing evidence that maternal gut microbiota directly shapes offspring microbial colonization and metabolic programming, nutritional interventions during lactation have emerged as a strategic approach to break the cycle of intergenerational dysbiosis. In this study, we investigated the effects of probiotic fermented feed with Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecium supplementation in lactating sows on offspring performance. Sixty sows were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments from 7 days prepartum until weaning: control (CON) group (control diet, n = 20), MFD group (basal diet + 10% fermented feed, n = 20), and probiotic (PROB) group (basal diet + equal amounts of B. subtilis and E. faecalis, n = 20). For the PROB group, drinking water was supplemented with 3.4 g/kg B. subtilis powder and 1.3 g/kg E. faecium powder. Sow and piglet feces were obtained on days 0, 7, 14 and 21 (with the count beginning 7 days before parturition). MFD supplementation significantly increased sows’ average daily feed intake (P=0.01) and milk yield (P&amp;lt; 0.05). Piglets in the MFD group exhibited significantly greater weaning weight gain (P&amp;lt; 0.05) and reduced diarrhea incidence (P=0.01) compared to CON. Gut microbial α-diversity in piglets progressively increased, with MFD demonstrating significantly higher diversity than both CON and PROB at days 14 and 21. Microbial community analysis revealed a distinct separation between sow and piglet microbiota, with greater similarity among sow microbiomes than piglet microbiomes, suggesting MFD exerts differential modulatory effects. Further analyses of intestinal differential bacteria taxa, short-chain fatty acid (SCFAs) profiles, and serum indexes at day 21 showed notable findings. LEfSe analysis identified significant enrichment of Lactobacillus in both sows and piglets from the MFD group. Targeted metabolomics confirmed the elevated level of SCFAs in MFD compared to other groups. In vitro anaerobic fermentation technology was used to assess dietary fiber utilization capacity. The results showed that the fiber utilization ability of both sows and piglets in the MFD group was significantly enhanced, indicating that MFD may improve the maturity of gut microbes and thus facilitate fiber utilization. Furthermore, MFD significantly increased serum prolactin, IgG, IgM, and IL-10 (P &amp;lt; 0.05), and decreased TNF-α of sows (P &amp;lt; 0.05). MFD also increased offspring serum growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor concentrations, and reduced serum diamine oxidase and endotoxin levels versus CON (P&amp;lt; 0.05). The comprehensive beneficial effects were more pronounced in MFD than in PROB. Therefore, these findings collectively demonstrate that maternal microbial-fermented diet supplementation drives neonatal gut microbiota development and promotes intestinal health.

Diabetes-related wound care is still a major issue due to chronic and non-healing ulcers that are prone to infection and ultimately amputation. In recent years, cellular therapy (CT) products such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), platelet-rich plasma (PRP), and stromal vascular fraction (SVF) have been widely used. A combined cellular therapy (CCT) has not yet been tested as a triple combination, although its use alone and in dual combinations has been investigated. Probiotics (PB) accelerate healing by altering the intestinal microbiota. This study aims to examine the role of PB in enhancing the effects of CCT on diabetic wound healing. A 1×1 cm2 full-thickness cutaneous wound was created after administering 40 mg/kg streptozotocin intraperitoneally (STZ i.p.) to induce a diabetic (DB) animal model. Animals were divided into four groups: DB, DB+PB, DB+CCT, and DB+CCT+PB, each with six adult Albino rats. The wound edges were treated with a total of 300 µL of solution, consisting of 30 µL each of 100 µL 1×106 MSC, 100 µL SVF, and 100 µL PRP as CCT. PB was administered orally at a dose of approximately 200 mg daily. Histochemical analyses were performed using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and Masson's trichrome (MT). Immunohistochemical analyses were conducted for endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), Caspase-3, interleukin-10 (IL-10), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and Collagen I. The intestinal microbiome was examined through metagenomic analyses of taxonomic structure. Combined cellular therapy provided more effective and faster healing in DB animals. It was discovered that PB further accelerated this process, leading to greater improvement. CCT was observed to reverse high eNOS, Caspase-3, and IL-10 expression, as well as low VEGF and Collagen I levels. Moreover, PB therapy significantly enhanced the positive effects of CCT. CCT in combination with PB significantly improved wound healing by preventing oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation, while promoting vascularization and collagen organization. Probiotic support was considered important for diabetic wound healing and was suggested to improve patients' quality of life.

BackgroundWeaning stress represents a considerable challenge in global swine production. While probiotics and Chinese herbal medicine have been extensively studied as individual interventions, their combined application as alternative feed additives in swine production requires further investigation.MethodsForty-five weaned piglets (35 ± 3 days old) were randomly allocated to five treatment groups (n = 9 per group) for a 28-day feeding trial: control (CON), antibiotic (A), probiotic (PRO), Chinese herbal medicine (CHM), and probiotic plus Chinese herbal medicine (PROC). Growth performance, serum antioxidant levels, and immune parameters were assessed alongside 16S rRNA microbiome sequencing and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolomics analysis.ResultsThe PROC group significantly improved growth performance compared to controls (p < 0.05), showing 8.91% higher final body weight, significantly increased average daily gain, and the most efficient feed conversion ratio (1.55) among treatments. Serum analysis indicated a significant increase in total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in the PROC group relative to the other groups. The probiotic (PRO) and PROC groups enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities, while reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (p < 0.05). Pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-2 and IL-6 were significantly reduced in the PRO and PROC groups, while immunoglobulins IgA and IgG levels were increased (p < 0.05). Microbiota analysis revealed increased α-diversity (Shannon and Chao1 indices) and altered community structure in the PROC group. Metabolomic profiling identified 5,090 metabolites with distinct profiles between groups based on OPLS-DA. KEGG pathway analysis indicated that the PRO group exhibited enrichment in nucleotide and purine metabolism, whereas the PROC group activated supplementary pathways, including purine and lipid metabolism.ConclusionThese findings suggest that combined probiotic and Chinese herbal medicine supplementation may serve as an effective feed strategy for promoting intestinal health and alleviating weaning stress, providing valuable insights for developing antibiotic alternatives in swine production.

Assessing the effect of the probiotic in the effectiveness of the Newcastle disease vaccine in specific pathogen-free chickens

Weizmannia-based probiotics (formerly allocated to Bacillus) have been studied for their benefits on intestinal health in monogastric animals, but their effects on calf rearing and diarrhoea-related intestinal challenges remain unclear. This is the first study evaluating the effect of Weizmannia faecalis DSM 32016 (WF-32016) on immunity and gut microbiota in female Italian Holstein Friesian calves. The trial was based on 20 female Italian Holstein Friesian calves, monitored from birth to ensure only healthy animals were included. Calves were randomly assigned to control (CTR) or probiotic (PRO) groups, with PRO receiving WF-32016 (109 CFU/kg feed), individually housed until nine weeks, and received a diet of colostrum, milk replacer, and starter feed. Colostrum samples, collected from dams at 6 h and 12 h post-birth to assess immunoglobulins G content, showed IgG levels above 50 g/l. At end of trial (day 56), probiotic-fed calves showed significantly greater body weight (PRO: 75.55 ± 4.55 kg; CTR: 67.90 ± 6.09 kg; p ≤ 0.05), and improved faecal scores in the first two weeks (PRO: 0.49 ± 0.84; CTR: 1.06 ± 1.14; p ≤ 0.01). Blood analysis indicated significantly higher IgG levels (p < 0.01) and antioxidant capacity (p < 0.01) in probiotic-fed calves at day 56. 16S rRNA analysis revealed significant beta-diversity differences (p < 0.05) and shifts in Lactobacillaceae, Streptococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and key genera (p < 0.05). Functional predictions indicated a significant increase in the pentose phosphate pathway in PRO samples (p < 0.05). WF-32016 supplementation enhanced growth, gut health, and immunity, supporting its potential as a natural alternative to reduce antibiotic dependence.

The gross benefit of feeding multi-species probiotics has been reported, but the effect on the gut microbiota in pre-weaned dairy calves has not been elucidated. To address this gap, a randomized controlled trial was conducted in California, USA, to investigate the effect of feeding probiotics on the fecal microbiota of pre-weaned dairy calves. A total of 30 neonatal calves were randomly assigned to either the probiotic (PRO) or control (CON) treatment. Fecal samples were collected at four age timepoints: days 7, 14, 21, and 42. Fecal bacterial population was analyzed using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Differential abundance analysis was conducted to investigate the difference between the PRO and CON treatments, and diarrheic and non-diarrheic calves in each PRO and CON group. The PRO group had decreased Clostridium perfringens and Fusobacterium varium compared to the CON at 7 days of age. At 7 days of age, diarrheic calves in CON had more abundant F. varium compared to non-diarrheic calves, but there was no difference between diarrheic and non-diarrheic calves in the PRO group. In conclusion, probiotics administration decreased the population of pathogenic bacteria in feces from pre-weaned dairy calves on Day 7 of age. However, the treatment did not have an impact on bacterial diversity. These results suggest that the administration of probiotics has the potential to control gastrointestinal pathogens.

To evaluate the effect of a calf fecal-origin probiotic on the metabolic and immune functions under experimental colitis conditions, 48 weaned Wistar rats were randomly divided into four equal groups in a 42-day study. Rats were fed a basal diet either alone (CON) or supplemented with the calf-origin Ligilactobacillus salivarius strain CPN60 (PRO) under healthy conditions or the same dietary treatments, respectively, with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis conditions, CONc and PROc. The serum levels of glucose, urea, and uric acid were reduced (P < 0.001) in the PRO compared to other groups. Serum triglyceride and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) were reduced (P < 0.05) in all groups compared to CON. Reduced glutathione level and glutathione-S-transferase activity in blood were increased (P < 0.001) with colitis (CONc and PROc), while catalase activity was increased (P < 0.05) in PRO. The intestinal absorptive area was greater (P < 0.05) with the probiotic (PRO) supplementation. The probiotic supplementation induced an augmented delayed-type hypersensitivity response to phytohemagglutinin-P besides showing greater (P < 0.05) in vitro lymphocyte proliferation and antibody response against chicken egg white lysozyme. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were lower and those of anti-inflammatory cytokines were higher in both the probiotic-supplemented groups. The healthy rats of the CON and PRO groups showed a reduced MUC1 expression concomitant to increased MUC2 immunostaining in the intestinal tissues, with an opposite trend in the colitis (CONc and PROc) rats. Likewise, the mRNA expression of SOD genes was also positively impacted by probiotic supplementation. In conclusion, the calf fecal-origin Ligilactobacillus salivarius strain CPN60 improved the immune status and gut health in rats with colitis through altered gene expression in the gut tissues and improved attributes in the gut tissue anatomy.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with prebiotic (fructooligosaccharide) and probiotic (Lactobacillus rhamnosus NCDC 298) on broiler chickens' growth performance and gut health.A total of 216 Ven Cobb 400 day old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to four dietary groups: basal diet (control), antibiotic at 500 g/ton feed (AGP), prebiotic (PRE), and probiotic (PRO) @ 1 mL/day/bird in drinking water.Body weight, feed intake, and feed conversion ratios were monitored weekly for 42 days.Blood biochemistry and immune response were assessed at specific time points.Carcass traits, gut microbiome, and gut morphology were examined at the end of the trial.The results showed that probiotic and prebiotic supplementation significantly increased final body weight and average daily gain compared to the control group.The probiotic group also had an improved feed conversion ratio.Feed intake, carcass traits, blood biochemistry, and antibody titers for infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were not affected by the treatments.Total E. coli counts were lower in the probiotic and prebiotic groups, while total Salmonella counts were lower and Lactobacillus counts were higher in the probiotic group.Crypt depth in the duodenum was lower in the probiotic group, while the villi height to crypt depth ratio was higher.In conclusion, probiotic and prebiotic supplementation could be a promising alternative to antimicrobials in broiler production.

Abstract The prohibition of antibiotics in animal feed has increased interest in alternative feed additives, such as probiotics (PRO), synbiotics (SYO), and enzyme cocktails (EC). This study aimed to investigate the effects of PRO, SYO, and EC on growth performance, immunity, and fecal microbiota of broilers. A total of 105 one-day-old male broilers (Arbor Acres) were divided into 5 treatments with 7 broilers per cage and 3 replicates per treatment. The treatments included: 1) Control: Commercial feed, 2) Treatment A: Commercial feed + 0.05% PRO), 3) Treatment B: Commercial feed + 0.1% SYO containing one strain, 4) Treatment C: Commercial feed + 0.1% SYO containing two strains, and 5) Treatment D: Commercial feed + 0.1% EC. The experimental period was 35 days. All broilers had ad libitum access to feed and water, and environmental conditions were maintained according to the Arbor Acres handbook. Feed intake was recorded daily, and average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F ratio) were calculated. At the end of the experiment, 2 broilers per replicate were selected, euthanized, and blood and cecum samples were collected. The blood samples were centrifuged to separate serum, which was analyzed for liver and kidney health indicators using the Cobas 6000 system. Fecal samples were analyzed using the 16S sequencing standard workflow with QIIME2 to assess alpha- and beta-diversity. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS (GLM procedure) and QIIME2 (PERMANOVA) to determine treatment effects. Statistically significant differences were defined as p&amp;lt; 0.05, with tendencies indicated at 0.05&amp;lt; p≤0.1. The results indicated that SYO significantly improved average daily feed intake (ADFI) during weeks 2-5 (p &amp;lt; 0.01). However, no significant differences were observed in body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), or gain-to-feed ratio (G:F ratio). Immune parameters, including Aspartate aminotransferase (ALT), Alanine aminotransferase (AST), uric acid, creatine, and the heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (H:L ratio), showed no significant differences between treatments. Fecal microbiota analysis revealed significant differences in beta-diversity, with notable changes observed in the Jaccard and Bray-Curtis indices for most treatments (p &amp;lt; 0.01, p&amp;lt; 0.01)., except for the SYO treatment. These findings suggest that while the addition of SYO to broiler diets may enhance feed intake, other growth and immune parameters were not significantly affected. The results on gut microbiota diversity indicate that dietary interventions with feed additives could influence microbial populations, with potential implications for broiler health

Probiotics comprise various strains that offer numerous health benefits. Researchers have recently focused on the relationship between probiotic consumption and improved gut microbiota function, enhanced digestion, increased nutrient absorption, and enhanced sports performance. Therefore, the present study investigated the effects of pre-sleep casein intake, coupled with probiotic strains, on soccer players' anaerobic power, lower-body-specific strength, and power performance. A randomized, double-blinded, and placebo-controlled study was conducted with forty-four male soccer players (Age: 22.81 ± 2.76 years, Height: 177.90 ± 6.75 cm, Weight: 67.42 ± 8.44 kg). The participants underwent the isokinetic strength, Wall-squat, and running-based anaerobic sprint (RAST) tests initially; then, they were randomly divided into four groups: probiotics (PRO), casein (CAS), probiotics with casein (PRO+CAS), and placebo (PLA). The PRO groups were given one probiotic capsule (containing eight bacterial strains: Lactiplantibacillus plantarum BP06, Lacticaseibacillus casei BP07, Lactobacillus acidophilus BA05, Lactobacillus bulgaricus BD08, Bifidobacterium infantis BI04, Bifidobacterium longum BL03, Bifidobacterium breve BB02, and Streptococcus thermophilus BT01, with a total dose of 4.5 × 1011 CFU) during dinner, while the CAS groups consumed 20 grams of casein powder 45 minutes before bed. The PRO+CAS group was given one probiotic capsule during dinner and 20 grams of casein powder 45 minutes before bed. The participants in the PLA group were given one red capsule (containing 5 grams of starch) during dinner. All participants were instructed to take the supplements only on training days, three times a week for four weeks. Additionally, isokinetic strength parameters, including absolute peak torque (APT) and average rate of force development (AvRFD), were measured for the knee extensors (ext) and flexors (flx) muscles (concentric phase at angular velocities of 60°/s and 180°/s, using the dominant leg). One-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) or Quade tests with a significance level of p < 0.05 was used to analyze the collected data. The current study's findings indicated that APT-180°/s (ext) significantly increased in CAS (p = 0.008) and PRO+CAS (p = 0.003) compared to PLA. Additionally, the AvRFD-180°/s (ext) increased significantly in the PRO compared to the PLA (p = 0.007). Also, the AvRFD-60°/s (flx) increased significantly in the PRO+CAS group compared to the PLA (p = 0.014), CAS (p = 0.001), and PRO (p = 0.007). Furthermore, the AvRFD-180°/s (flx) increased significantly in the PRO+CAS compared to the CAS (p = 0.010). Moreover, the RAST average power increased dramatically in PRO+CAS compared to PLA (p = 0.003) and CAS (p = 0.02). Additionally, the Wall-squat test demonstrated a significant increase in PRO+CAS compared to PLA (p = 0.001) and PRO (p = 0.001). However, there were no significant differences in the APT-60°/s (ext&flx), APT-180°/s (flx), and AvRFD-60°/s (ext) between groups (p > 0.05). The simultaneous consumption of casein and probiotics significantly improved anaerobic power, isokinetic strength, and lower-body muscular endurance in male soccer players. These enhancements were more pronounced than those observed with casein or probiotics alone, as supported by statistical significance and effect sizes. The findings suggest a synergistic benefit of combined supplementation for athletic performance.

Nutritional strategies are critical for optimizing soccer players' performance and body composition. Spirulina, a protein-rich plant-based supplement, and probiotics offer individual benefits. However, their combined effects remain underexplored. This study investigated the effects of co-supplementation with spirulina and probiotics on body composition, isokinetic, isometric strength, and performance metrics in male soccer players. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, forty soccer players were randomly assigned to four groups: placebo (PLA), probiotics (PRO), spirulina (SPI), and combined probiotics-spirulina (PRO + SPI). The PRO group received two probiotic capsules (a total dose of 4.5 × 1011CFU) daily, with breakfast and dinner. The SPI group consumed two 1-g spirulina tablets twice daily (2g total), with breakfast and dinner. The PRO + SPI group received both supplements in the same dosing regimen, while the PLA group consumed starch-based placebo capsules. Over eight weeks, participants followed identical training regimens. Pre- and post-intervention assessments included body composition (weight, BMI, fat percentage, fat weight, muscle weight), performance metrics (vertical jump, agility, speed, anaerobic sprint tests), and isokinetic and isometric knee strength tests. Statistical analyses utilized repeated measures and Bonferroni post-hoc tests. The PRO + SPI group demonstrated more significant reductions in weight (P = 0.012) and fat weight (P = 0.001) compared to the PLA group, while the SPI group showed a significant reduction in fat percentage (P = 0.034). Agility scores improved significantly in the PRO + SPI group compared to the PLA (P = 0.001) and SPI (P = 0.004) groups. Isokinetic performance metrics, including average power during knee extension at 60°/s and 180°/s, improved significantly in the PRO + SPI group compared to the PLA group (P = 0.018 and P = 0.009, respectively). Similarly, the PRO and SPI groups outperformed the PLA group in isokinetic measures such as absolute peak torque at 60°/s (P = 0.032) and 180°/s (P = 0.006). Also, maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) improved significantly in the PRO and SPI groups compared to the PLA group (P = 0.001 for both). From gut to skeletal muscle, spirulina, and probiotic co-supplementation significantly enhanced body composition, reduced weight and fat mass, and improved agility and isokinetic strength compared to placebo or individual supplementation. These results emphasize the synergistic potential of this nutritional strategy for optimizing athletic performance and recovery, warranting further investigation across diverse athletic populations.

Local Rooster is potentially to be developed, because it has adaptive characteristics and is easy to raise. Giving probiotics to local rooster is considered important to increase endurance and decrease mortality in livestock. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of single-strain or multistrain probiotic supplementation, namely Lactobacillus sp. and Bacillus subtilis. This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatments and five replications, namely P0: Feed + 0% Probiotic; P1: Feed + 1% Single Probiotic Bacillus subtilis; P2: Feed + 1% Single Probiotic Lactobacillus sp.; P3: Feed + 1% Multi Probiotic Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus sp. The blood profiles observed were hemoglobin, erythrocytes, hematocrit, erythrocyte indices consisting of Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH), and Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC), leukocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and platelets. Data was analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and continued using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The study results showed a significant effect between treatments (p&lt;0.05) in the MHC content in the blood of local roosters. However, all treatments had no effect on other blood parameters. It can be concluded that supplementation of a single probiotic of B. Subtilis and Lactobacillus sp. could reduce the MCH value of the Local Rooster then improve the body's immune system. However, it did not affect the number of hemoglobin, erythrocytes, hematocrit, MCH, MCHC, leukocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, and thrombocytes. Key words: Bacillus subtilis, blood profile, Lactobacillus sp., local roosters, probiotic

Background and Aim:Heat stress (HS) significantly compromises broiler performance, intestinal health, and immune responses, posing a growing threat under climate change. Probiotics (PROs) have been proposed as a nutritional intervention to mitigate HS effects, yet their efficacy through drinking water remains understudied. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of water-supplemented PROs on growth performance, physiological responses, intestinal morphology, and inflammatory biomarkers in broiler chickens under thermo-neutral (TN) and HS conditions.Materials and Methods:A total of 192 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly allocated to four treatment groups (6 replicates/group): TN with control (CON) water, TN with PRO-supplemented water, HS with CON water, and HS with PRO-supplemented water. PROs (Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus pumilus) were administered in drinking water at 50 mg/L from day 1 to 35. Birds in the HS groups were subjected to 3 h daily heat exposure (33°C ± 2°C) from days 31 to 35. Growth performance, physiological indicators, intestinal histomorphology, and blood biomarkers were assessed.Results:HS significantly increased rectal temperature (Tr) (1.6°C; p < 0.01) and respiratory rate (57 breaths/min; p < 0.01). PRO supplementation reduced Tr by 0.17°C (p = 0.01) but did not affect performance metrics (feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio). HS reduced villus height (VH) and surface area in the jejunum and ileum (p < 0.05), while PROs partially ameliorated VH under HS. No significant effects of PROs were observed on serum amyloid A or tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels. However, PROs tended to reduce diamine oxidase levels (24%; p = 0.09). HS also decreased albumin and glucose levels (p ≤ 0.02).Conclusion:HS adversely affected intestinal integrity and selected blood metabolites. Although PRO supplementation had limited effects on performance and inflammatory biomarkers, it conferred modest thermoregulatory benefits and tended to improve intestinal permeability. Further research is warranted to optimize PRO formulation and assess synergistic strategies for HS mitigation in poultry.

Probiotics (PBT) have been extensively studied as an adjunct therapy for various inflammatory conditions. This is because inflammation often leads to dysbiosis, a microbial imbalance that can be corrected using PBT. Most research has focused on Lactobacillus, with limited data on Bacillus PBT for alleviating CFA-induced arthritis in animal models. While most studies focus on the chronic aspect of CFA-induced arthritis, our current research aims to evaluate the effects of pre-treatment, concurrent treatment, and post-treatment with Bacillus subtilis (NMCC-path-14) against the acute phase of arthritis induced by CFA in the mice model. Arthritis was produced by administering CFA into the subplantar region of the mouse's right hind paw. Pain-related behavioral parameters, antioxidant capacity, histological and radiological parameters, expression of essential cytokines, and DNA damage were assessed during the acute phase. B. subtilis treatment significantly reduced the paw edema and improved the arthritic index. The nocifensive threshold was also raised, and muscle coordination improved considerably after B. subtilis treatment on days 7 and 14. The antioxidant capacity and histological and radiological parameters were also enhanced. We demonstrated that B. subtilis therapy preserved the DNA during the acute phase of arthritis using the Comet assay. Comparing results to the arthritic control, a significant reduction was observed in the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). In contrast, the level of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) was enhanced. During the acute phase of the disease, B. subtilis displayed a potent anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic action against CFA-induced arthritis.

Supplementation of probiotic strains can enhance the absorption of amino acids from protein in the gut. The purpose of this study was to assess if supplementation of a multi-strain probiotic or a postbiotic, consisting of the same strains, would alter the absorption of individual and total amino acids following ingestion of a plant-based meal. Sixteen male participants consumed either probiotic (PRO) or postbiotic (cells inactivated by γ-irradiation; POST), both consisting of L. paracasei LP-DG® (CNCM I-1572) plus L. paracasei LPC-S01 (DSM 26760), or a placebo (PLA) for 2weeks in a randomized, double-blind, crossover design study separated by a 4-week washout period. During the testing session, blood samples were taken at baseline, 30-, 60-, 120-, and 180-min post-ingestion of a plant-based vegan burger patty. Plasma amino acid levels were analyzed, and percent changes from baseline were assessed using linear mixed-effects models, with the PLA condition as the reference group. There was statistically significant POST condition-by-time interactions for percent changes in alanine, asparagine, citrulline, cystine, glycine, methionine, proline, and total amino acids (p < 0.05, for all). Additionally, there was a statistically significant condition (PRO) by time interactions for cystine (p = 0.02). Two weeks of POST supplementation resulted in significant improvements in amino acid absorption profiles for various individual amino acids and total amino acids compared to PLA. This is the first study to report improved amino acid absorption from a mixed macronutrient meal following a period of postbiotic supplementation.