Probe-fed Microstrip Patch Antenna Research Articles

Orthogonal Printed Microstrip Antenna Arrays for 5G Millimeter-Wave Applications.

This article presents the design of a planar MIMO (Multiple Inputs Multiple Outputs) antenna comprised of two sets orthogonally placed 1 × 12 linear antenna arrays for 5G millimeter wave (mmWave) applications. The arrays are made of probe-fed microstrip patch antenna elements on a 90 × 160 mm2 Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 grounded dielectric substrate. The antenna demonstrates S11 = −10 dB impedance bandwidth in the following 5G frequency band: 24.25–27.50 GHz. The scattering parameters of the antenna were computed by electromagnetic simulation tools, Ansys HFSS and CST Microwave Studio, and were further verified by the measured results of a fabricated prototype. To achieve a gain of 12 dBi or better over a scanning range of +/−45° from broadside, the Dolph-Tschebyscheff excitation weighting and optimum spacing are used. Different antenna parameters, such as correlation coefficient, port isolation, and 2D and 3D radiation patterns, are investigated to determine the effectiveness of this antenna for MIMO operation, which will be very useful for mmWave cellphone applications in 5G bands.

Removal of scan blindness of phased array antenna using fourth-order Hilbert curved EBG structure

ABSTRACT It has been shown that the Hilbert curved electromagnetic band gap (HC-EBG) structure effectively reduces the surface wave excitation in the substrate. This paper investigates the performance of HC-EBG structure for probe-fed microstrip patch phased array antenna. The results show that not only the mutual coupling between two elements is reduced about 20 dB, but also the blind angle is removed. Based on the proposed method, a probe-fed microstrip patch antenna phased array 9 × 7 elements are designed and simulated that shows the blind angle has been eliminated without increasing the dimensions of the antenna. Simulation results show improvement in the active reflection coefficient of center element and gain of the array.

ANALYSIS OF A MODIFIED GROUND PLANE MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA USING CO-AXIAL FEED

A wandered probe-fed rectangular microstrip patch antenna (RMPA) with rectangular slots on a finite ground plane with dielectric material substrate (4.4) is proposed in this paper. The proposed antenna finite ground plane dimension is only 18mm x 21mm. The simulated result shows two distinct resonant frequencies at 4.5 and 9.5 GHz. A 10-dB wide-impedance bandwidth of 1000 MHz and 4100 MHz ranging from 3.8-4.8 GHz and 5.9–10 GHz is achieved. The proposed antennas have achieved wider bandwidth (51.3%) with reasonable gain (4 dBi).

Estimating air-substrate microstrip patch antenna input impedance with characteristic mode theory

The theory of characteristic modes (TCM) for PEC bodies is showing great promise and application in the analysis, design, and placement of antennas. Its use for input impedance estimation, however, is still largely dependent on the idealized delta-gap model. Because TCM depends on all conductors, even feed structures, care must be taken for certain classes of antennas if estimating input impedance; probe-fed microstrip patch antennas (MSAs) are one example. In this paper, two different coaxial probe feed models are developed to estimate the input impedance of thin, arbitrarily shaped, air-dielectric MSAs using TCM. Their accuracy is compared with experimental results for a case study of an L-shaped MSA. Results show the importance of including all metal structures, including feeds, in TCM analyses.

Understanding and optimizing microstrip patch antenna cross polarization radiation on element level for demanding phased array antennas in weather radar applications

Abstract. The antenna cross polarization suppression (CPS) is of significant importance for the accurate calculation of polarimetric weather radar moments. State-of-the-art reflector antennas fulfill these requirements, but phased array antennas are changing their CPS during the main beam shift, off-broadside direction. Since the cross polarization (x-pol) of the array pattern is affected by the x-pol element factor, the single antenna element should be designed for maximum CPS, not only at broadside, but also for the complete angular electronic scan (e-scan) range of the phased array antenna main beam positions. Different methods for reducing the x-pol radiation from microstrip patch antenna elements, available from literature sources, are discussed and summarized. The potential x-pol sources from probe fed microstrip patch antennas are investigated. Due to the lack of literature references, circular and square shaped X-Band radiators are compared in their x-pol performance and the microstrip patch antenna size variation was analyzed for improved x-pol pattern. Furthermore, the most promising technique for the reduction of x-pol radiation, namely "differential feeding with two RF signals 180° out of phase", is compared to single fed patch antennas and thoroughly investigated for phased array applications with simulation results from CST MICROWAVE STUDIO (CST MWS). A new explanation for the excellent port isolation of dual linear polarized and differential fed patch antennas is given graphically. The antenna radiation pattern from single fed and differential fed microstrip patch antennas are analyzed and the shapes of the x-pol patterns are discussed with the well-known cavity model. Moreover, two new visual based electromagnetic approaches for the explanation of the x-pol generation will be given: the field line approach and the surface current distribution approach provide new insight in understanding the generation of x-pol component in microstrip patch antenna radiation patterns.

Radiation Characteristics of a Probe-Fed Microstrip Patch Antenna on a Finite Grounded High Permittivity Substrate

Radiation characteristics of a probe-fed rectangular microstrip patch antenna printed on a finite grounded high permittivity substrate are investigated systematically for various square grounded dielectric substrate sizes with several thicknesses and dielectric constants by experiment and full wave simulation. The effect of the substrate size on the radiation characteristics of a rectangular patch antenna is mainly determined by the effective dielectric constant of surface waves on a grounded dielectric substrate. As the effective dielectric constant of surface waves increases, the substrate sizes for the maximum broadside gain and the required onset for a large magnitude of squint angle decrease, while the variations of the broadside gain, the front-to-back ratio, and the magnitude of squint angle versus the substrate size increase due to the increase of the power of the surface wave.

? Shape Slotted Wearable Microstrip Patch Antenna for Dual Band

his paper presents a Ψ shape slotted wearable probe fed microstrip patch antenna for dual band. In this paper a new design of antenna that resonates at 3.39 GHz with the bandwidth of 139 MHz and also resonates at 4.87 GHz with the bandwidth of 251 MHz is presented. The simulated results along with the different parameters like radiation pattern, VSWR etc. are presented and discussed in this letter. The design and performance of antennas are carried out using HFSS 14.0 software. Main objective of this paper is to achieve the multiple resonances within the same antenna at desired frequencies so that this could be applicable in S and C band applications using polyester cloth as a substrate.

Analysis of the Effect of Ground Plane Size on the Performance of a Probe-fed Cavity Resonator Microstrip Antenna

In this paper, a probe-fed rectangular microstrip patch antenna with partially reflective superstrate at terahertz frequency (600 GHz) has been analyzed and simulated. The analysis of the partially reflective surface shows the highly reflective property of the surface over the wideband of the frequencies. The analysis of a specific configuration (rectangular patch) of partially reflective surface predicts the directivity of antenna to be the order of 24 dBi and subsequently it has been validated with the simulation. The proposed antenna has been simulated by using commercially available CST Microwave Studio simulator based on finite integral technique. Next to this, the application scenario of this kind of the antenna in the terahertz regime of the electromagnetic spectrum has been discussed and it has been obtained that this antenna is capable to establish 9 m long communication link.

Analysis and design of ring-resonator integrated hemi-elliptical lens antenna at terahertz frequency

In this paper, a novel lens integrated ring-resonator microstrip antenna is analyzed and simulated at 600GHz. A mathematical model to compute the directivity of this kind of the antenna has been developed and the directivity of the antenna has been computed which is 18dBi. The proposed model has been simulated by using CST Microwave Studio a commercially available simulator based on finite integral technique and similar result has been obtained. Further, the directivity of the antenna has also been computed by using the techniques reported in the literature and in this case also we have obtained the similar result. Later, a probe-fed patch integrated lens antenna has also been investigated to validate the correctness of the numerical method. To find the potential advantages of this kind of the structure, the −10dB impedance bandwidth of the antenna has been compared to a lens-integrated probe-fed microstrip patch antenna and a significant enhancement in the bandwidth has been observed.

Investigation Into the Effects of the Patch-Type FSS Superstrate on the High-Gain Cavity Resonance Antenna Design

Results of modeling, design, simulation and fabrication are presented for a high-gain cavity resonance antenna (CRA), employing highly-reflective patch-type superstrates. In order to determine the resonant conditions, the antenna is first analyzed using the transverse equivalent network (TEN) model, as well as the well known simple ray-tracing method. Prior to that, a highly-reflective patch-type frequency selective surface (FSS) is designed in order to be employed as the superstrate layer of the CRA. Next, a 2.5-D full-wave analysis software package, based on the method of moments (ANSOFT Designer v4.0), is utilized to analyze the antenna structure. Using this full-wave analyzer, the input impedance properties of an actual antenna are investigated as well. Then, a 3-D full-wave analyzer, based on the finite element method (ANSOFT HFSS), is used to extract the directivity and radiation patterns of the CRA, taking into account the finiteness of the substrate, superstrate and ground plane. Some previously unaddressed issues, such as the effects of the FSS superstrate on the input impedance characteristics of the probe-fed microstrip patch antenna, acting as the excitation source of the CRA are also studied. The effects of the highly-reflective FSS superstrate size on the CRA directivity, and explicitly its aperture efficiency, are investigated as well. A comparative study is also performed between CRAs with patch-type FSS and high permittivity dielectric superstrates. Measurement results are provided to support the modelings and simulations.

Novel Design of Dual-Polarization Broad-Band and Dual-Band Printed L-Shaped Probe-Fed Microstrip Patch Antennas

A novel design of printed L-shaped probe-fed microstrip patch antenna is presented in this paper. Because of using crossed printed L-shaped probe and air substrate, these kinds of antennas have the advantages of simple structure, easy fabrication and low cost. The details of simulated and measured results for the proposed design are presented and discussed. These antennas can be designed for broad-band dual-band wireless communications applications.

A Novel Single-Layer Single-Patch Wide-Band Probe-Feed Crescentlike-Shaped Microstrip Antenna

A new single-layer single-patch wide-band probe-feed microstrip patch antenna is investigated in this paper. The patch has a crescentlike shape in configuration. The proposed crescentlike microstrip antenna operating over 7.8 GHz ∼ 13.5 GHz is able to achieve a measured impedance bandwidth of 53% for VSWR < 3. And the patch is only single layer, in which it can be used for applications such as conformal microstrip antennas. Measurements on a prototype of the proposed patch antenna confirm good performance in terms of both impedance matching and gain.

Design of a compact broadband microstrip patch antenna with probe feeding for wireless applications

In this paper the design and development of a compact broadband probe-fed Microstrip patch antenna for bandwidth improvement and antenna size reduction in a single design is proposed. The well-known technique of effective substrate thickness increment is performed to improve the impedance bandwidth, whereas for size reduction the electrical length of the conducting patch has been increased. A compact probe-fed inverted U-shaped microstrip patch antenna with a W-shaped ground plane has been designed and the experimental results are presented.

Reconfigurable microstrip antenna with polarisation diversity

A single probe-fed reconfigurable microstrip patch antenna with symmetric cross slots is proposed. By controlling four pin diodes on the patch slots, the proposed antenna has right hand circular polarisation, left hand circular polarisation or linear polarisation.

Probe-fed microstrip antennas loaded with very high-permittivity ceramics

This article reports the feasibility study of miniaturizing probe-fed microstrip patch antennas by dielectric loading. The loading materials are barium tetratitanate ceramics of very high dielectric constant (εr = 38, 80). It is shown that, simply through loading, the antenna sizes are greatly reduced; however, the antenna performances are deteriorated. For instance, the antenna gain becomes lower. Then enhancement of the antenna performances follows. A substrate–superstrate structure is used to recover the gain. Both the experiments and the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations demonstrate that the gain and impedance bandwidth can be retrieved such that they are comparable to those of conventional microstrip antennas loaded with low permittivity materials (εr < 3). © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2006.

Comparison of Several Novel Annular-Ring Microstrip Patch Antennas for Circular Polarization

Several novel compact circularly-polarized probe-fed annular-ring microstrip patch antennas are examined experimentally and numerically. In order to reduce the antenna size and provide a suitable input impedance match, two techniques are employed; the insertion of strips into the annular ring and placing a cross-slot into the ground plane. The proposed annular-ring patch with a cross-slotted ground plane yields a much smaller size for a given frequency. This novel patch antenna can effectively be reduced by about 55 percent in size compared to conventional annular-ring patch antennas. The antenna displays wide bandwidth and good circular polarization characteristics. The results of a parametric study for three novel strip-loaded annular-ring patch antennas and for the compact circular patch antenna augmented by a narrow annular ring with a cross-slotted ground plane are discussed in this paper.

Quasi axis-symmetric integrated lens antennas: Design rules and experimental/manufacturing trade-offs at millimeter-wave frequencies

Integrated lens antennas (ILAs) are of paramount importance for millimeter-wave shaped-beam applications. Although the design techniques of electrically-large shaped ILAs are rather well established, very little data are available in the academic literature about the influence of all the key parameters involved in their design procedure, namely, from the early lens synthesis based on geometrical optics (GO) principles, to the final characterization of the prototype. These issues are discussed throughout this paper for the V-band, by considering an ILA excited by a probe-fed microstrip-patch antenna array. The lens shape is designed to transform the primary feed pattern into a circularly symmetric Gaussian power template. The synthesized lens shape is nearly axis-symmetric because of the slight dissymmetry of the feed pattern. The design rules are based on the implementation of the conventional GO synthesis method of axis-symmetric ILAs. This technique is applied independently in several vertical cut-planes in order to generate the 3D lens shape. The synthesis algorithm is briefly described. We also investigate theoretically and experimentally at 58.5 GHz the influence of the synthesis parameters (initial lens contour, lens dielectric constant), as well as the effects of the manufacturing and assembly parameters (accuracy in the fabrication of the lens body and primary source, misalignment between the feed and the lens), on the radiation performance of the lens prototype. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 20–29, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21251

Entire-Domain Versus Subdomain Attachment Modes for the Spectral-Domain Method of Moments Analysis of Probe-Fed Microstrip Patch Antennas

Two different attachment modes that are widely used within the spectral-domain method of moments (MoM) analysis of probe-fed microstrip patch antennas are investigated and compared. Either of these attachment modes, the one being an entire-domain mode and the other a subdomain mode, is required for the accurate analysis of probe-to-patch junctions when used together with the MoM. In this paper, more light is shed on the ability of either approach in modeling microstrip patches of various sizes, residing on planar multilayered substrates, ranging from quite thin to relatively thick. Through a comprehensive comparison between numerical and experimental results, it turns out that the subdomain approach is somewhat more versatile than the entire-domain approach.

Reduced size, dual-polarized microstrip patch antenna for wireless communications

A novel, compact, probe-fed microstrip patch antenna for operation in dual-polarization mode is proposed. The novel design is achieved by etching out a symmetric pattern of crossed slots from the surface of a square probe-fed patch. Reduction in patch size of up to 51% with respect to a traditional dual-polarized square patch operating at the same frequency is obtained. Results show linear polarizations in the +45 and -45/spl deg/ with a high isolation of 38 dB between the two ports. Moreover, the 50-/spl Omega/ feed position can be achieved by moving the feed point along the diagonal of the square patch, leading to ease in fabrication.

Center-fed microstrip patch antenna

A novel feeding scheme for microstrip patch antennas is presented, which consists of a coaxial probe and shorting pin separated by a narrow slot centrally cut at the radiating patch. The impedance and radiation characteristics of a conventional probe-fed microstrip patch antenna and the proposed microstrip patch antenna are experimentally examined and compared. The effects of the slot length on the antenna operation are also discussed.