Probability Of Working Research Articles

Employment of Graduates in the Fields of Teacher Education and Education Science in Vietnam

Using data from the Labour Force Survey in 2018, 2019, and 2020, this paper is the first to analyze the employment issues of workers with university degrees in the fields of teacher education and education science in Vietnam. The results show that about 90% of the workers employed in the public sector and about 85% doing the jobs matched their field of study. However, the proportion of workers with matched jobs is much lower for those without social insurance and without a formal labor contract. The percentage of workers having social insurance and formal labor contracts is higher for those with mismatched jobs (about 98%) than for those with matched jobs (about 90%). The results of probit regression reveal that age and job sectors have a significant impact on the probability of workers having social insurance and formal labor contracts, while job mismatch has a negligible effect on the probability of workers having formal labor contracts.

Риски нарушения здоровья машинистов горных машин от шумо-вибрационного воздействия

Application of heavy-duty mining equipment can change the labor conditions for the employees, the intensity of the existing factors of the working environment and the labor process. Hygienic studies to assess the impact of vibration and acoustic factors on the modified EKG-8 and EKG-10 mechanical shovels and the BELAZ dump trucks showed that the actual noise and vibration levels in the operator cabins are significantly lower than those of the previously produced same types of machines. The probability of workers' complaints of the lower back pain, the risk of developing initial and moderate manifestations of the vibration disease, as well as the early signs of hearing loss and risks of its deterioration among the workers who service upgraded mining machines were calculated using the existing methods based on the obtained spectral characteristics of noise and vibration of the investigated mechanical shovels, dozers, dump trucks. The calculations show that the probability of developing the vibration disease of the 1st degree for operators of mechanical shovels within 10 years of employment decreased from 5.04% to 1.82% at vibration acceleration of 0.19 ms-2, and from 8.68% to 4.41% within 25 years of service. The risk of hearing loss among the personnel operating the upgraded machines is significantly lower and the early signs are observed after 25 or more years of work experience.

Experimental analysis of semi-automatic drainage cleaner

Drainage system plays a vital role in all domestic and industrial applications in the proper disposal of sewage from domestic, industries and commercials are still a challenging task. Drainage pipes are used for disposal, and it is possible that human life may be lost when clearing blockages in the drainage system. This study focuses on residential and industrial drainage in a more stable, cost-effective, and efficient manner. The cleaning functions effectively during heavy rains when there is a bigger volume of flowing water containing trash and a higher velocity. The probability of workers having illnesses or becoming poisoned as a result of massive volumes of garbage and chemicals will be reduced. This project could be finished with a complete allocation of economic resources, machines, supplies, and cash, as well as adhering to the time moving study to the letter and making our project as cost-effective and efficient as feasible with the resources we had. The semi-automatic drainage cleaning system uses an automated cleaning system that allows fluids to flow through but collects large solid wastes such as bottles and plastic. So instead of cleaning the entire drainage surface, labourers can just clean these collecting bins installed at the locations. Each collecting teeth takes 12 s to lift each waste from the bottom to the top and the amount of waste collected in the collecting bin is around 8–9 kg. The time of collecting waste is minimum. This technique has been successfully designed, manufactured, and tested, and it performs effectively.

Subsidizing Domestic Services as a Tool to Fight Unemployment: Effectiveness and Hidden Costs

European countries have increasingly adopted wage subsidies for the sector of domestic services to reduce low-skilled unemployment. Yet, empirical evidence on their effectiveness is scarce. In this paper, we use Belgian administrative data to estimate how participation in the subsidized domestic services sector impacts the labour market outcomes of program participants. Our identification strategy rests on a dynamic event study difference-in-differences model combined with coarsened exact matching. Our findings indicate that such subsidies can be effective in reducing unemployment and inactivity, but only by increasing employment within the subsidized domestic services sector. We also find that program participation deteriorates physical health, thus increasing the worker's probability of claiming disability insurance benefits.

When Do Employees Choose to Be Represented on the Board of Directors? Empirical Analysis of Board‐Level Employee Representation in Denmark

AbstractDrawing on transaction costs economics and longitudinal data on Danish corporations, we analyse the distribution of board‐level employee representation (BLER) and the characteristics of employee directors in a context where workers have the possibility (but not also an obligation) to nominate representatives to the board of directors. We show that BLER is less likely instituted in firms with CEO or family‐related members on the board, but more likely observed in larger, older firms and in those with high firm‐specific human capital and union density. Firm‐specific human capital, qualifications and union membership also determine individual worker's probability to become a board member.

Human-Oriented Design of an Indoor Thermal Environment

In this study, an initial survey of clothing insulation and changes in the metabolic rate of individuals in office spaces was performed to establish the distribution of room temperatures at which individuals perceived a neutral thermal sensation. Subsequently, the indoor thermal environment in four offices was surveyed during the summer with different air-conditioning systems to determine the thermal environment stability in each case. The results revealed that for the required temperature, there was a noticeable difference between the average and most frequent values. Moreover, it was determined that the required temperature distribution is not normal, but rather, it is skewed to the low-temperature side. In addition, the radiant air-conditioning system was found to generate a narrow distribution of the equivalent temperature and hence, facilitated a more uniform thermal environment compared to a convective (multi-unit) air-conditioning system. Therefore, in buildings with convective air-conditioning systems, even if the planar average thermal environment is categorized as comfortable, it may be possible that workers who are sensitive to the cold or heat will complain of discomfort more frequently than those in buildings with radiant air-conditioning systems because the probability of workers sitting in cold- or hot-spot areas is higher in the former case.

Minimum wages and employment retention: A microeconometric study for Estonia

ABSTRACTThis paper assesses the effect of increases in the Estonian minimum wage in 2013–2016 on the probability of workers at different wage levels retaining employment. The effect is identified by comparing the probability of workers remaining employed after increases in the minimum wage in 2013–2016 with the probability of workers at comparable wage levels remaining employed in the 2009–2011 when the minimum wage was left unchanged. Estimations on data from the Estonian Labour Force Survey show that the increases in the minimum wage in 2013–2016 had no or small and imprecisely estimated effects on employment retention for the directly affected workers and similarly for those indirectly affected. These results are robust to the choice of control variables, to refinements of the treatment group and to changes in the time sample.

Prediction of Return-to-original-work after an Industrial Accident Using Machine Learning and Comparison of Techniques.

BackgroundMany studies have tried to develop predictors for return-to-work (RTW). However, since complex factors have been demonstrated to predict RTW, it is difficult to use them practically. This study investigated whether factors used in previous studies could predict whether an individual had returned to his/her original work by four years after termination of the worker's recovery period.MethodsAn initial logistic regression analysis of 1,567 participants of the fourth Panel Study of Worker's Compensation Insurance yielded odds ratios. The participants were divided into two subsets, a training dataset and a test dataset. Using the training dataset, logistic regression, decision tree, random forest, and support vector machine models were established, and important variables of each model were identified. The predictive abilities of the different models were compared.ResultsThe analysis showed that only earned income and company-related factors significantly affected return-to-original-work (RTOW). The random forest model showed the best accuracy among the tested machine learning models; however, the difference was not prominent.ConclusionIt is possible to predict a worker's probability of RTOW using machine learning techniques with moderate accuracy.

Do pensions reduce the incentive to work? Evidence from Egypt

In this study we investigate the impact of the receipt of contributory and social pensions on the labour supply of individuals in Egypt, using individual fixed-effect regressions and panel data from the Egypt Labour Market Panel Surveys in 2006 and 2012. The study compares the effect of social pensions and contributory pensions. We find that the receipt of contributory pensions reduces the probability of working as well as the probability of having a waged job of household members aged from 15. The receipt of social pensions has no significant effect on the probability of working for those aged 15-60. However, receiving social pensions can reduce both working and labour market participation of people aged over 60.

Atributos urbanos e condição de ocupação da população economicamente ativa de Minas Gerais: uma análise multinível

The present work aims to assess how the urban development level of productive structures of Minas Gerais micro regions affects the probability of an individual having an occupation in the labor market. In order to do so, based on Census data (2010), a two level hierarchical logistic model was estimated and used to verify how the probability of workers with similar characteristics have an occupation (level 1) varies, considering that they dwell in different micro regions (level 2). Results show that the probability of an individual having an occupation is larger if he is male, white, lives in rural areas, is older and more educated. Moreover, urban attributes of micro regions, like urbanization rate and modern services density, have a positive influence on the occupation status of the individuals, however, it is not representative when compared to individual attributes.

Work‐Related Training and the Probability of Transitioning from Non‐Permanent to Permanent Employment

AbstractIt is widely believed that work‐related training increases a worker's probability of moving up the job‐quality ladder. This is usually couched in terms of effects on wages, but it has also been argued that training increases the probability of moving from non‐permanent forms of employment to more permanent employment. This hypothesis is tested using nationally representative panel data for Australia, a country where the incidence of non‐permanent employment, and especially casual employment, is high by international standards. While a positive association between participation in work‐related training and the subsequent probability of moving from either casual or fixed‐term contract employment to permanent employment is observed among men, this is shown to be driven not by a causal impact of training on transitions but by differences between those who do and do not receive training, that is selection bias.

The impact of the economic crisis on occupational injuries

IntroductionThe potential influence of the current economic crisis on occupational accident rates and accident severity is studied in an analysis of all workplace accidents that occurred in Spain throughout the period 2000–2009. Method and resultsThe investigation confirms that occupational accidents in Spain are affected by the current economic crisis, which has provoked a sharp fall in both the number of accidents and the probability of having one. This may be justified by certain factors such as age, gender, length of service, size of the firm, and the employment stability of the injured worker. The influence of these factors is analyzed. Practical applicationsThe economic crises seems to provoke a sort of “natural selection” in the labor market and only the best adapted tend to remain (older workers, with more experience, a higher percentage of women, more workers in larger companies and permanent contracts), all of which means that the probability of workers having an injury is considerably reduced.

Workplace Deviance and Recession

We examine the relationship between the incidence of workplace deviance (on-the-job crime) and the state of the economy. A worker's probability of future employment depends on whether she has been deviant as well as on the availability of jobs. Using a two period model we show that the net impact on deviant behavior to changes in unemployment can go either way depending upon the nature of the equilibrium. Two kinds of equilibria are possible. In one, a non-deviant's probability of being employed increases as expected market conditions improve which lowers the incentive to be a deviant. In contrast, in the other kind of equilibrium, the deviant's probability of being employed increases when market conditions improve which increases the incentive to be a deviant. In either case, there is a setup cost to deviant behavior and the attractiveness of incurring that increases with an increase in expected probability of future employment which unambiguously increases the incentive to be deviant. In the first kind of equilibrium, the two effects counteract each other, while in the second they reinforce each other. Finally, we show that an increase in optimism, i.e. a reduction in the probability of facing a recession unambiguously increases deviant behavior.

Do Employers Use Unemployment as a Sorting Criterion When Hiring? Evidence from a Field Experiment

In this paper, we use unique data from a field experiment in the Swedish labor market to investigate how past and contemporary unemployment affect a young worker's probability of being invited to a job interview. In contrast to studies using registry/survey data, we have complete control over the information available to the employers and there is no scope for unobserved heterogeneity. We find no evidence that recruiting employers use information about past unemployment to sort workers, but some evidence that they use contemporary unemployment to sort workers. The fact that employers do not seem to use past unemployment as a sorting criterion suggests that the scarring effects of unemployment may not be as severe as has been indicated by previous studies.

High School Clubs Participation and Future Supervisory Status

AbstractThis article examines the relationship between high school clubs participation and the probability that a worker will become a supervisor and the types of responsibility she will have, using the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth 1979 dataset. While other articles have tried to explain what affects a worker's probability of being a supervisor, this article focuses on the impact of participation in extracurricular activities during high school. Both probit and household fixed effects estimates show that clubs participation raises the probability that an individual will be a supervisor and have high‐level supervisory responsibilities.

High School Clubs Participation and Future Supervisory Status

This article examines the relationship between high school clubs participation and the probability that a worker will become a supervisor and the types of responsibility she will have, using the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth 1979 dataset. While other articles have tried to explain what affects a worker's probability of being a supervisor, this article focuses on the impact of participation in extracurricular activities during high school. Both probit and household fixed effects estimates show that clubs participation raises the probability that an individual will be a supervisor and have high‐level supervisory responsibilities.

Unemployment, Inequality, and Poverty in Urban China (review)

Reviewed by: Unemployment, Inequality, and Poverty in Urban China Yongshun Cai (bio) Li Shi and Hiroshi Sato, editors. Unemployment, Inequality, and Poverty in Urban China. London: Routledge2006. xi, 327 pp. Hardcover $35.00, ISBN 0-415-33872-7. This edited volume, which is based on a series of national surveys (mainly the one conducted in 1999), deals with a number of issues regarding unemployment, income inequality, poverty, and the labor market in urban China in the 1990s. The twelve chapters in the book were written mostly by economists in and outside China. The topics covered in this volume are comprehensive, which makes the book a good addition to the literature on inequality and poverty in urban contemporary China. Chapter 1 is the introduction, and the remaining eleven chapters of the book are divided into two parts. The first part (chapters 2-8) deals with unemployment, inequality, and poverty; the second part (chapters 9-13) focuses on issues related to the emerging labor market in China. In urban China today, a crucial factor that has caused unemployment, inequality, and poverty is the massive layoffs (or xiagang) due to the economic restructuring that occurred in the 1990s and early 2000s. Chapter 2 examines the determinants and consequences of the labor retrenchment based on the 1999 survey. The authors identify a number of factors that affected a worker's probability of being laid off. Some of the findings are in line with existing research (e.g., gender, educational level, size of SOEs, skill, types of ownership, sectors of industries); others are new (e.g., regional variation except the northeast, party membership). The authors estimate that in the late 1990s, 53 percent of the laid-off workers remained unemployed, which was much higher than what the government had reported (i.e., 40 percent). Chapters 3 and 4 address the issue of inequality against the background of the retrenchment. Chapter 3 finds that unemployment is one of the main factors [End Page 459] contributing to the rising income inequality and poverty in urban China. In this chapter, the authors suggest that the official unemployment rate had been seriously underreported; their estimate of the unemployment rate (e.g., 11.5 percent in 2000) (p. 50) is much higher than the official one. They also find that the poverty rate for households with unemployed people (19.9 percent) was much higher than that for households without unemployed people (5.1 percent). This is not surprising. But what is interesting is that poverty rate of migrant households is also high (14 percent), yet lower than that of households with unemployed people. But the authors also acknowledge that the number of migrant households included in the sample may be too small for a conclusive assessment. Chapter 4 compares income inequality in two periods (i.e., 1988-1995 and 1995-1999). It finds that the reasons for the increase in inequality in the two periods are different. An important finding is that in the first period, a major reason for the income inequality was the relatively stronger income growth at the top end of the distribution. In the second period, households at the top enjoyed significant income gains while those at the bottom experienced a decrease, mainly due to economic restructuring. An inevitable outcome was the increased gap between the rich and the poor. Chapter 5 shows that Chinese urban households are capable of smoothing their consumption and have a strong motivation for precautionary saving. But urban households are unable to smooth their educational expenditure. Policy implications are thus not only limited to what the author suggests (i.e., devoting the limited resources to support the most needy, namely, the disabled and the elderly). The government should extend more efforts to address the issue of education and health care. Chapter 6 shows that about 70 percent of workers received in-kind payments in the 1988 sample, whereas the percentage declined to 10 percent in the 1999 sample. The authors suggest that in-kind payments are a way through which firms evade government controls on wages. The decline in the payments is likely due to hard budget constraints and more serious financial disciplines. Chapters 7 and 8 focus on the issue...

The Extent and Impact of Enterprise Training: The Case of Kitakyushu City

This paper examines the incidence and intensity of training as well as the impact of training on wage growth, using a unique survey of establishments and employees in Japan. We find that the worker's probability of receiving certain forms of training depends not only on union status, occupation, education, age and past job experience, but also on the business types and practices of the firms. Our evidence also suggests that formal training is associated with the measures of business growth. Controlling for such growth measures, both the incidence of routine formal training and the duration of informal training are found to boost wage increases. JEL Classification Numbers: J31, J2.

Cadmium inhalation exposure estimates: their significance with respect to kidney and liver cadmium burden.

Cadmium exposure histories based on employment records, area monitoring techniques, and personal sampling data were obtained for 82 industrially exposed workers. From these data, a time-weighted cumulative exposure index (TWE) was calculated for each worker by multiplying the length of time (ti) in a given work area by the estimated exposure conditions for that area and year (Ei) and then summing these values for the total exposure history TWE = sigma iEiti The cadmium body burden for each worker was measured directly by the in vivo prompt-gamma neutron activation technique. The cadmium content of the left kidney and the liver were measured. For the actively employed workers, a significant correlation (r = 0.70, p less than 0.001) was observed between the exposure index (TWE) and the liver cadmium burden. Furthermore, whenever the worker's liver burden exceeded 40 ppm and the exposure index exceeded 400-500 micrograms/m3 X yr, there was evidence of renal abnormalities (usually elevated urinary beta 2-microglobulin). The highest correlation (r = 0.83, p less than 0.001) was obtained between the kidney cadmium burden data and the exposure index for the active workers without evidence of kidney dysfunction. The percentage of workers with renal abnormalities was found to increase as the exposure index increased. When this relationship was examined using linear logistic regression analysis, the following model was indicated: logit p = 1.24 In TWE--8.34 where p is the individual worker's probability of being classified as having renal dysfunction.

A Sorting-cum-Learning Model of Education

This paper presents a sorting model of education in which individuals are tested in school. By assuming that higher-ability individuals are more likely to succeed on a given test, one can construct a sorting model of education that does not hinge on the more able having lower nonpecuniary costs of schooling. Nash equilibria always exist in this model (even with a continuum of types of individuals); however, some are "unreasonable." To eliminate these unreasonable Nash equilibria, more restrictive definitions of equilibrium are proposed. I also show that when schooling affects productivity--and therefore a worker's probability of passing the test--a sorting equilibrium may be characterized by too little investment in education.