Probability Of Separation Research Articles

The relationship between food and housing insecurity and healthcare use among Virginia Medicaid expansion members: Considering the neighborhood context.

To understand relationships between healthcare use and food and housing insecurity in Medicaid expansion members, as well as whether these relationships differ by rurality or residential segregation. Database of Virginia Medicaid expansion members from the Department of Medical Assistance Services. Sample included individuals who enrolled January-June 2019, were aged 19-64 years, remained continuously enrolled for 12 months, and completed a Medicaid Member Health Screening (MMHS) conducted within the first 3 months of enrollment (n = 14,735). Retrospective cohort study. Outcomes included any primary care visits (PC) and any emergency department (ED) visits in the first 12 months of enrollment. The MMHS sample was weighted to represent all Medicaid expansion members (n = 234,296). Separate multivariable linear probability models regressed having any PC or ED visits on food and housing insecurity controlling for individual and neighborhood characteristics. Models were then stratified by rurality and racial residential segregation. None. Food insecurity was negatively associated with having any PC visit (-2.9 percentage points (PP); p-value <0.01) and positively associated with having any ED visit (7.0 PP; p-value <0.001). No significant relationships between PC or ED visits and housing insecurity were found. Suburban and urban individuals with food insecurity were significantly less likely to have any PC visit (p < 0.05 each). Medicaid expansion members living in disproportionately low-income or mixed-income neighborhoods experiencing food insecurity were also less likely to have any PC visits (p < 0.05), and the same was not true for those living in disproportionately high-income neighborhoods. Food insecurity among Medicaid expansion members is associated with less primary care and more emergency department use, but these relationships differ by the neighborhoods in which members live. Medicaid agency efforts that coordinate medical and social service benefits and also consider local context may further increase access to necessary and appropriate care.

Effect of Composition and Phase Separation on Structure and Luminescence Properties of Tb3+ Doped Borosilicate Glasses

Two borosilicate glass series with different Na2O/B2O3 ratio and different phase separation probability have been doped with largely different concentrations of Tb3+. The addition of rare earth elements increases the phase separation tendency of borosilicate glasses, allowing to study the process in detail. Phase separation structures were also modified by annealing the glass samples at different temperatures and times. The occurring effects were studied by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) as well as with static and dynamic luminescence measurements. Strong effects of glass composition, doping concentration, and annealing on the intensity and shape of the luminescence spectra and the time-resolved luminescence are found and explained.

Stall Inception Analysis on Axial Compressors With Different Rotor Loading Distributions Under Radial Inlet Distortions

Abstract Stability studies were conducted on a single-stage, low-speed compressor with different rotor loading-distribution designs under a uniform inlet, 10% intensity, and 20% intensity total tip pressure distortion inlet conditions via numerical calculations, theoretical model predictions, and experimental methods. The steady numerical performance was in basic agreement with experimentally measured performance. The theoretical prediction model showed an error within 1.5%, which is less than that of the steady numerical calculation. The total tip pressure distortion reduced flow stability. Conversely, the design of moving the rotor loading axially rearward significantly improved the flow stability. The blade loading analysis showed that the radial distortion caused a radial redistribution of rotor loading. The increase in the rotor-tip loading due to tip distortion was the main reason for the reduced flow stability. In contrast, the design of moving the rotor loading axially rearward reduced the rotor-tip leading-edge loading, enhancing the flow stability. Moreover, an analysis of the unsteady flow validated the findings of the blade loading analyses. It was found that the periodic evolution of the tip leakage vortex (TLV) had an adverse effect on flow stability. In addition, the modified rotors could prevent the tip leakage flow (TLF) from spilling from the leading edge and prevent the interaction of different diffusing regions, decreasing the probability of flow separation.

Separability probability of two-qubit states

Abstract Many works have been devoted to determining the volume of the set of separable states and the separability probability both analytically and numerically. However, computing the exact separability probability remains a highly nontrivial open problem. In these notes, we examine this problem in the simplest context of two-qubit states. A novel aspect of our method is the use of the Duistermaat-Heckman measure, which is the push-forward of Liouville measure on the coadjoint orbit along the moment map. On each coadjoint orbit, the Hilbert-Schmidt measure differs from the Duistermaat-Heckman measure by a constant. The latter measure can be explicitly computed by using tools from symplectic geometry. We confirm the conjecture that the separability probability of two-qubit states with Hilbert-Schmidt measure is 8 33 .

Does performance pay increase the risk of marital instability?

AbstractThis study is the first to systematically examine the association between performance pay and marital instability. Using German survey data on married couples and including an extensive set of controls, we show that performance pay is associated with an increased probability of subsequent separation or divorce. Yet, the results are entirely gender specific. When husbands earn performance pay, no association with marital instability is found. When wives earn performance pay, the association is large and robust. This pattern persists across a variety of modeling choices and holds in instrumental variable estimations accounting for the endogeneity of performance pay. We argue that the pattern fits theoretical expectations and discuss the implications.

The midlife health of only children: chronic disease indicators and biomarkers by sibship size in three nationally representative UK cohorts.

Despite persistent concerns about only children's disadvantage relative to individuals with siblings, existing health-related evidence is inconsistent. Recent evidence from Nordic countries about only children having poorer health outcomes may not apply elsewhere because selection processes differ across contexts. We investigate the midlife health of only children in the UK where one-child families tend to be socio-economically advantaged relative to large families. Using the 1946, 1958 and 1970 British birth cohort studies, we examine various biomarkers and self-reported measures of chronic disease by sibship size when respondents are aged in their mid-40s, mid-50s and mid-60s. We estimate separate linear probability models for each cohort, age and outcome, adjusting for childhood and early adulthood circumstances. We found no evidence of only children differing from those with one, two or three or more siblings, at any age, in any of the cohorts, on: heart problems, hypertension, high triglycerides, high glycated haemoglobin or high C-reactive protein. However, compared with only children, the probability for cancer (0.019, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.002, 0.035; age 46/1970) and poor general health (0.060, CI: 0.015, 0.127; age 55/1958; and 0.110, CI: 0.052, 0.168; age 63/1946) was higher among those with three or more siblings. There is no consistent pattern of only child health disadvantage for midlife chronic disease outcomes across ages or cohorts in the UK. Research should focus on better understanding how sibship size differentials are contingent on context.

Entangled Probability Distributions for Center-of-Mass Tomography

We review the formalism of center-of-mass tomograms, which allows us to describe quantum states in terms of probability distribution functions. We introduce the concept of separable and entangled probability distributions for center-of-mass tomography. We obtain the time evolution of center-of-mass tomograms of entangled states of the inverted oscillator.

Efficient risk sharing and separation

This paper extends the model of risk sharing with limited commitment to feature separation. Partners face idiosyncratic income and match quality shocks, share risk subject to limited commitment, and separate whenever they are better off doing so. We characterise analytically the sets of shock realisations where constrained-efficient separations occur and the dynamics of consumption while the risk-sharing partnership continues. The separation probability typically jumps as parameter values change continuously, and an additional inefficient equilibrium emerges. A key reason is complementarity between risk sharing and staying together today and in the future. Income inequality affects consumption inequality via its effect on separations, and consumption inequality can optimally exceed income inequality for any history of income realisations. Both partial risk sharing and separation are relevant for many applications, including the interaction between partners in a household and countries in an economic union.

Carry-over effect of artificial light at night on daytime mating activity in an ecologically important detritivore, the amphipod Gammarus pulex.

Artificial light at night (ALAN) is a growing environmental problem influencing the fitness of individuals through effects on their physiology and behaviour. Research on animals has primarily focused on effects on behaviour during the night, whereas less is known about effects transferred to daytime. Here, we investigated in the lab the impact of ALAN on the mating behaviour of an ecologically important freshwater amphipod, Gammarus pulex, during both daytime and nighttime. We manipulated the presence of ALAN and the intensity of male-male competition for access to females, and found the impact of ALAN on mating activity to be stronger during daytime than during nighttime, independent of male-male competition. At night, ALAN only reduced the probability of precopula pair formation, while during the daytime, it both decreased general activity and increased the probability of pair separation after pair formation. Thus, ALAN reduced mating success in G. pulex not only directly, through effects on mating behaviour at night, but also indirectly through a carry-over effect on daytime activity and the ability to remain in precopula. These results emphasise the importance of considering delayed effects of ALAN on organisms, including daytime activities that can be more important fitness determinants than nighttime activities.

Distribution-free Bayesian regularized learning framework for semi-supervised learning

In machine learning it is often necessary to assume or know the distribution of the data, however it is difficult to do so in practical applications. Aiming to this problem, this work, we propose a novel distribution-free Bayesian regularized learning framework for semi-supervised learning, which is called Hessian regularized twin minimax probability extreme learning machine (HRTMPELM). In this framework, we attempt to construct two non-parallel hyperplanes by introducing the high separation probability assumption, such that each hyperplane separates samples from one class with maximum probability while moving away from samples from the other class. Subsidiently, the framework can be utilized to construct reasonable semi-supervised classifiers by using the information of the inherent geometric distribution of the samples through the Hessian regularization term. Additionally, the proposed framework controls the misclassification error of samples by minimizing the upper limit of the worst-case misclassification probability, and improves the generalization performance of the model by introducing the idea of regularization to avoid the occurrence of ill-posedness and overfitting problems. More importantly, the framework has no hyperparameters, making the learning process very simplified and efficient. Finally, a simple and reliable algorithm with globally optimal solutions via multivariate Chebyshev inequalities is designed for solving the proposed learning framework. Experiments on multiple datasets demonstrate the reliability and effectiveness of the proposed learning framework compared to other methods. Especially, we applied the framework to Ningxia wolfberry quality detection, which greatly enriches and facilitates the application of machine learning algorithms in the agricultural field.

Two-Stage Dimensionality Reduction for Social Media Engagement Classification

The high dimensionality of real-life datasets is one of the biggest challenges in the machine learning field. Due to the increased need for computational resources, the higher the dimension of the input data is, the more difficult the learning task will be—a phenomenon commonly referred to as the curse of dimensionality. Laying the paper’s foundation based on this premise, we propose a two-stage dimensionality reduction (TSDR) method for data classification. The first stage extracts high-quality features to a new subset by maximizing the pairwise separation probability, with the aim of avoiding overlap between individuals from different classes that are close to one another, also known as the class masking problem. The second stage takes the previous resulting subset and transforms it into a reduced final space in a way that maximizes the distance between the cluster centers of different classes while also minimizing the dispersion of instances within the same class. Hence, the second stage aims to improve the accuracy of the succeeding classifier by lowering its sensitivity to an imbalanced distribution of instances between different classes. Experiments on benchmark and social media datasets show how promising the proposed method is over some well-established algorithms, especially regarding social media engagement classification.

Fast and High-Performance Learned Image Compression With Improved Checkerboard Context Model, Deformable Residual Module, and Knowledge Distillation.

Deep learning-based image compression has made great progresses recently. However, some leading schemes use serial context-adaptive entropy model to improve the rate-distortion (R-D) performance, which is very slow. In addition, the complexities of the encoding and decoding networks are quite high and not suitable for many practical applications. In this paper, we propose four techniques to balance the trade-off between the complexity and performance. We first introduce the deformable residual module to remove more redundancies in the input image, thereby enhancing compression performance. Second, we design an improved checkerboard context model with two separate distribution parameter estimation networks and different probability models, which enables parallel decoding without sacrificing the performance compared to the sequential context-adaptive model. Third, we develop a three-pass knowledge distillation scheme to retrain the decoder and entropy coding, and reduce the complexity of the core decoder network, which transfers both the final and intermediate results of the teacher network to the student network to improve its performance. Fourth, we introduce L1 regularization to make the numerical values of the latent representation more sparse, and we only encode non-zero channels in the encoding and decoding process to reduce the bit rate. This also reduces the encoding and decoding time. Experiments show that compared to the state-of-the-art learned image coding scheme, our method can be about 20 times faster in encoding and 70-90 times faster in decoding, and our R-D performance is also 2.3% higher. Our method achieves better rate-distortion performance than classical image codecs including H.266/VVC-intra (4:4:4) and some recent learned methods, as measured by both PSNR and MS-SSIM metrics on the Kodak and Tecnick-40 datasets.

Аналіз одношарового руху зернового матеріалу у вертикальному пневмосепараційному каналі

The separation of grain and light impurities in a vertical pneumatic separation channel with an increase in its capacity occurs under rather difficult conditions, since the thickness of the grain flow increases, which leads to a redistribution of particles of grain material and reduces the probability of passing light impurities through the grain layers and their release into the sedimentation chamber. To increase the productivity of vertical pneumatic separation channels, it is necessary to create conditions for single-layer placement of grain material in the separation zone at a distance that excludes the interaction of other layers of grain input. This will allow the majority of grain particles to be in the same conditions and increase the percentage of probability of separation into the sedimentation chamber to the maximum value. Therefore, a theoretical flow analysis aimed at studying the interaction of grain mixture particles with the air flow, taking into account the single-layer arrangement of several grain layers and the contamination of the air flow with light impurities in the separation zone, is a rather important task. Theoretical dependences have been obtained that allow substantiating the main parameters of the pneumatic separation channel and determine the residence time of a grain particle in the separation zone, taking into account the clogging of the air flow. For a grain material of mass characterized by the values of the windage coefficient kз = 0.075...0.12 for full grain, kз = 0.11...0.14 for substandard grain, and kз = 0.125...0.55 for light impurities, it is possible to clearly separate the grain mixture into fractions by setting the appropriate parameters and operating modes of the pneumatic separation channel under the condition of a single-layer multilevel input. Due to the selection of rational parameters of the feeding devices for delivering the material into the separation zone and establishment of appropriate aerodynamic modes of air flow, it is possible to separate up to 96% of light impurities from the grain material, while ensuring minimal losses of full grain to waste.

Firm responses to a more generous insurance against high sick pay costs

This paper investigates how firms respond to a more generous insurance against high sick pay costs. We exploit a reform that introduced different thresholds for insurance reimbursement depending on firm size. By comparing employees in smaller firms with employees in large firms over time, we evaluate the effects of the reform. We find evidence of an increase in absence in middle-sized firms (an average 42 employees) but not in smaller firms. Our results suggest that this discrepancy may be due to the higher production costs associated with absences in smaller firms. The estimated positive effect in middle-sized firms is driven by new hires. These employees are not selected differently, but the probability of separation the following year is lower if they have reported sick. This suggests that the generosity of the insurance affected the probability of separation related to revealed absence.

Intrinsically disordered proteins and liquid-liquid phase separation in SARS-CoV-2 interactomes.

This paper discusses the properties of proteins and their relations in the interactomes of the selected subsets of SARS-CoV-2 proteome-the membrane protein, nonstructural proteins, and, finally, full proteome. Protein disorder according to several measures, liquid-liquid phase separation probabilities, and protein node degrees in the interaction networks were singled out as the features of interest. Additionally, viral interactomes were combined with the interactome of human lung tissue so as to examine if the new connections in the resulting viral-host interactome are linked to protein disorder. Correlation analysis shows that there is no clear relationship between raw features of interest, whereas there is a positive correlation between the protein disorder and its neighborhood mean disorder. There are also indications that highly connected viral hubs tend to be on average more ordered than proteins with a small number of connections. This is in contrast to previous similar studies conducted on eukaryotic interactomes and possibly raises new questions in research on viral interactomes.

Urban localization using robust filtering at multiple linearization points

We propose a robust Bayesian filtering framework for state and multi-modal uncertainty estimation in urban settings by fusing diverse sensor measurements. Our framework addresses multi-modal uncertainty from various error sources by tracking a separate probability distribution for linearization points corresponding to dynamics, measurements, and cost functions. Multiple parallel robust Extended Kalman filters (R-EKF) leverage these linearization points to characterize the state probability distribution. Employing Rao–Blackwellization, we combine the linearization point distribution with the state distribution, resulting in a unified, efficient, and outlier-resistant Bayesian filter that captures multi-modal uncertainty. Furthermore, we introduce a gradient descent-based optimization method to refine the filter parameters using available data. Evaluating our filter on real-world data from a multi-sensor setup comprising camera, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), and Attitude and Heading Reference System (AHRS) demonstrates improved performance in bounding position errors based on uncertainty, while maintaining competitive accuracy and comparable computation to existing methods. Our results suggest that our framework is a promising direction for safe and reliable localization in urban environments.

Disorder and Photogeneration Efficiency in Organic Semiconductors.

An analytical description of the separation probability of a geminate pair in organic semiconductors is given. The initial diffusion of "hot" twins is anomalously strong due to energy disorder. This circumstance significantly increases the photogeneration quantum yield at low temperatures and weakens its temperature dependence relative to predictions of the Onsager model, in agreement with Monte Carlo and experimental results.

Chaotic aging: intrinsically disordered proteins in aging-related processes.

The development of aging is associated with the disruption of key cellular processes manifested as well-established hallmarks of aging. Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) have no stable tertiary structure that provide them a power to be configurable hubs in signaling cascades and regulate many processes, potentially including those related to aging. There is a need to clarify the roles of IDPs/IDRs in aging. The dataset of 1702 aging-related proteins was collected from established aging databases and experimental studies. There is a noticeable presence of IDPs/IDRs, accounting for about 36% of the aging-related dataset, which is however less than the disorder content of the whole human proteome (about 40%). A Gene Ontology analysis of the used here aging proteome reveals an abundance of IDPs/IDRs in one-third of aging-associated processes, especially in genome regulation. Signaling pathways associated with aging also contain IDPs/IDRs on different hierarchical levels, revealing theimportance of "structure-function continuum"in aging. Protein-protein interaction network analysis showed that IDPs present in different clusters associated with different aging hallmarks. Protein cluster with IDPs enrichmenthas simultaneously high liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) probability, "nuclear" localization and DNA-associated functions, related to aging hallmarks: genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, and stem cells exhaustion. Intrinsic disorder, LLPS, and aggregation propensity should be considered as features that could be markers of pathogenic proteins. Overall, our analyses indicate that IDPs/IDRs play significant roles in aging-associated processes, particularly in the regulation of DNA functioning. IDP aggregation, which can lead to loss of function and toxicity, could be critically harmful to the cell. A structure-based analysis of aging and the identification of proteins that are particularly susceptible to disturbances can enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of aging and open up new avenues for slowing it down.

On hybrid RANS-LES of transition in a separated boundary layer

The numerical simulation of laminar separation followed by transition and re-attachment of a turbulent boundary layer has been investigated with particular focus on the prediction of the transition process. The turbulence has been modeled using hybrid RANS-LES models, namely the variants DDES and IDDES. For reference, a computation with nearly DNS-like resolution is featured. Using differently fine meshes, the prediction of the shear layer vortex breakup process into turbulence has been observed in terms of turbulence intensities and turbulence length scales. It is shown how these properties develop during the transition process going along with flow re-attachment. Slight differences arise between DDES and IDDES, the latter one operating in a mode of wall-modeled LES. To describe the impact on the aerodynamic properties, the probability of flow separation along the transition process is presented and the correlation between length scales, turbulence intensity and flow separation is discussed. Conclusions are drawn on the applicability and qualification of the turbulence models as well as on requirements concerning mesh resolution and discretization schemes.

Partnership dynamics and entry into parenthood: Comparison of Finnish birth cohorts 1969-2000.

During the past decade, the stability of close-to-replacement-level fertility ended in all Nordic countries, with its decline to the lowest level in Finland. It is unclear whether and how partnership dynamics have changed, and whether they play a role in fertility developments. We focus on the patterns and associations between the formation and stability of co-residential partnerships and first birth among Finnish women and men, and on whether and how these associations have changed across birth cohorts. We utilise total population register data on persons born between 1969 and 2000 in Finland, and adopt the event history method. Our results indicate that half of the women formed their first co-residential partnerships by the age of 22 years. Cohorts born in the early 1990s were the first to delay the formation of non-marital first partnerships. In contrast, first births are increasingly postponed, and the proportion of women and men, who become parents, has declined across recent cohorts. Among men, we observe higher median ages for family formation events and higher likelihoods of not forming a family. As a result of fertility decline and increase in partnership instability, for the first time, the probability of separation is higher than that of first births among partnered women born in the 1990s. Our findings show that at a behavioural level, the once close link between partnership formation and parenthood has progressively eroded across consecutive birth cohorts. Together with the ongoing tendency to delay first births, decreasing partnership stability, and first indications of delaying partnership formation, the potential of witnessing a marked increase of fertility levels in the near future is delimited. Our study's results contribute to a better understanding of the demographic mechanisms behind the decline in fertility in Finland, over the recent decade.