Probability Of Reuse Research Articles

Lignin and Cellulose Contents in Chinese Red Pine (Pinus tabuliformis Carr.) Plantations Varied in Stand Structure, Soil Property, and Regional Climate

The reserve of litter is expected to be reduced on the forest floors of pine plantations dually for the prevention of high risks of forest fires and with a more practical probability of reuse. Lignin and cellulose are the two key constitutive components in litter residues that account for the highest proportion of carbon but are the last to be fully decomposed. The existing trials started examining the mechanisms behind decomposing these two components in response to the combined driving forces of microclimatic factors, forest structure, and stand properties. However, the results were mostly limited to a local-scale ecosystem, and the evidence was reported to be highly scattered across varied conditions globally. Awareness about the combined effects of the driving forces behind the lignin and cellulose contents in the litter of plantations on a large scale is still scarce. In this study, a total of 60 Pinus tabuliformis Carr. plantations (40-year-old) were investigated for their litter quality, regional meteorological factors, soil properties, and stand structure in a provincial area across Liaoning, northeast China. High lignin (40%–43%) and cellulose contents (15%–20%) were found to be located mainly in stands around the biggest city of Shenyang. Rainfall was a key factor that determined the decomposition, but neither the forest structure nor soil nutrient content generated direct effects on the two litter components. The combined factors of low soil pH (~5.8) and high rainfall (~3.0 mm per day) together mainly accounted for the promotion of natural litter decomposition.

The participation of the surgical block in the recycling of its supplies

Health services contribute as a potential source of waste generation, with a large volume of supplies that are discarded in the preparation of the operating room. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze the advances on the recycling of supplies discarded in the operating room (OR) and in the material sterilization center (CME). A bibliometric analysis was performed with data collection in the Web of Science database, in articles published from 2018 to 2023. The following keywords were used: hospital waste; recycling and surgical waste. Sixteen articles were found. The studies showed that negative characteristics are attributed to hospital waste for causing damage to public health and the environment, and that this contributes to the segregation and improper disposal of this waste. More studies are needed to evaluate the probability of reuse or recycling to mitigate the damage to public health and the negative impacts on the environment. The CC and the CME may contribute when properly selected and segregated. It is also worth noting that there are limitations of studies in Brazil.

The paradox of nest reuse: early breeding benefits reproduction, but nest reuse increases nest predation risk

Many animals build new nests every breeding season instead of saving time by reusing old ones. One hypothesis is that nest reuse leads to increased predation risk if predators memorize nest locations and revisit these sites. Here we examine patterns in the prevalence of facultative nest reuse. Further, we relate nest reuse and timing of breeding to nest predation risk, clutch size and nestling survival. We analyse 1570 breeding attempts of the Eurasian sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus) from Denmark (1977–1997) and from two sites in Norway (1985–2017). The probability of reuse varied between study areas, increased in replacement clutches, and was lower in adults compared to 1-year-old breeders. Pairs reusing nests laid their first egg on average 2.6 ± 1.0 SE days later than those building new nests, suggesting they are compensating for an already late breeding schedule. Indeed, reuse increased nest predation risk, but we discovered no other productive effects of reuse. In non-predated nests, late breeders had both smaller clutches and lower nestling survival. We propose that nest predation is a contributing driver to the behaviour of building a new nest each year, whereas nest reuse is a strategy to compensate for delayed onset of breeding, mainly used by inexperienced males.

Benchmarking hydrolytic potential of cellulase cocktail obtained from mutant strain of Talaromyces verruculosus IIPC 324 with commercial biofuel enzymes

In the present study, an attempt was made to benchmark the hydrolytic potential of cellulase cocktail obtained from stable mutant UV-8 of Talaromyces verruculosus IIPC 324 (NFCCI 4117) with three commercially available cellulases. With two experimental approaches, acid-pretreated sugarcane bagasse was subjected to hydrolysis for 72h, where all the enzymes were dosed on the basis of common protein or common cellulase activity /g cellulose content. Concentrated fungal enzyme (CFE) of mutant UV-8 resulted in ~ 59% and 55% saccharification of acid-pretreated sugarcane bagasse after 72h at 55°C and pH 4.5 with respect to reducing sugar release, when dosed at 25mgprotein/g and 500IU CMC'ase/g cellulose, respectively. On the other hand, at similar dosages, the performance of Cellic CTec2 was best resulting in 77% and 66% saccharification, respectively. When enzyme desorption studies were undertaken by carrying out cellulase activities in saccharified broth after 72h CFE of UV-8 emerged as the best cellulase cocktail. A minimum of 90% endoglucanase and 60% cellobiohydrolase I was successfully desorbed from residual biomass, thereby increasing the probability of enzyme recycle and reuse for next round of hydrolysis.

Reuse Detector: Improving the Management of STT-RAM SLLCs

Various constraints of Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) are leading to consider new memory technologies as candidates for building on-chip shared last-level caches (SLLCs). Spin-Transfer Torque RAM (STT-RAM) is currently postulated as the prime contender due to its better energy efficiency, smaller die footprint and higher scalability. However, STT-RAM also exhibits some drawbacks, like slow and energy-hungry write operations that need to be mitigated before it can be used in SLLCs for the next generation of computers. In this work, we address these shortcomings by leveraging a new management mechanism for STT-RAM SLLCs. This approach is based on the previous observation that although the stream of references arriving at the SLLC of a Chip MultiProcessor (CMP) exhibits limited temporal locality, it does exhibit reuse locality, i.e. those blocks referenced several times manifest high probability of forthcoming reuse. As such, conventional STT-RAM SLLC management mechanisms, mainly focused on exploiting temporal locality, result in low efficient behavior. In this paper, we employ a cache management mechanism that selects the contents of the SLLC aimed to exploit reuse locality instead of temporal locality. Specifically, our proposal consists in the inclusion of a Reuse Detector (RD) between private cache levels and the STT-RAM SLLC. Its mission is to detect blocks that do not exhibit reuse, in order to avoid their insertion in the SLLC, hence reducing the number of write operations and the energy consumption in the STT-RAM. Our evaluation, using multiprogrammed workloads in quad-core, eight-core and 16-core systems, reveals that our scheme reports on average, energy reductions in the SLLC in the range of 37–30%, additional energy savings in the main memory in the range of 6–8% and performance improvements of 3% (quad-core), 7% (eight-core) and 14% (16-core) compared with an STT-RAM SLLC baseline where no RD is employed. More importantly, our approach outperforms DASCA, the state-of-the-art STT-RAM SLLC management, reporting—depending on the specific scenario and the kind of applications used—SLLC energy savings in the range of 4–11% higher than those of DASCA, delivering higher performance in the range of 1.5–14% and additional improvements in DRAM energy consumption in the range of 2–9% higher than DASCA.

Location-aware interest-related micro-cloud topology construction and bacteria foraging-based offloading strategy

Micro-cloud, as one kind of mobile cloud computing modes, can reduce network delay and alleviate resource constraint of mobile devices. In this mode, mobile devices use their idle resources to provide services for others. Due to the mobility, irregularity of mobile devices, the stability problem of micro-cloud environment still remains challenging. In order to increase the stability of micro-cloud and decrease network delay, the interest-related and location-aware micro-cloud topology is proposed in this paper. The interest-related mobile device nodes are classified into the same micro-cloud which can raise the probability of resource reuse. For reducing failed requests and enhancing the scalability of micro-cloud topology, both node location and node service capacity are considered. Moreover, the bacteria foraging-based offloading algorithm for interest-related micro-cloud topology is proposed, which is an energy-efficient and response time constraint offloading approach. The experiments are conducted and the experiment results show that the location-aware interest-related micro-cloud topology has better stability and scalability, while the bacteria foraging-based offloading algorithm performs better in terms of reducing response time and energy.

Scalable Source Transmission with Unequal Frequency Reuses in MIMO Cellular Networks

This paper studies the optimal frequency reuse for the transmission of multimedia scalable sources, such as embedded images or scalable video, which need unequal error protection or unequal transmission rates in the bitstream. First, we analyze the crossover of the outage probabilities for full and partial frequency reuse cases in terms of the data rate. We prove that we can find a crossover of the outage probability curves for a data rate lower than a given threshold, which is a function of the parameters such as the partial frequency reuse factor and the user location in the cell. Moreover, the crossover point in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is a strictly increasing function of the data rate. On the other hand, for a data rate higher than or equal to the threshold, there is no crossover; for all SNRs, the outage probability of full-frequency reuse is lower than that of partial-frequency reuse. The results are proven for the arbitrary location of a user in a cell, and for an arbitrary partial frequency reuse factor. Furthermore, the results hold, regardless of the numbers of transmit and receive antennas in the multiple-input multiple-output systems of orthogonal space-time block codes, and of the vertical Bell Labs space-time architecture with a zero-forcing linear receiver. Based on the analysis, we propose unequal-frequency reuse for the optimal transmission of scalable sources. The numerical results show that the peak-SNR performance improves when a sequence of scalable packets is transmitted at the subbands governed by unequal-frequency reuse in cellular networks.

Metrics for BPEL Process Reusability Analysis in a Workflow System

This paper proposes a quantitative metric to analyze potential reusability of a Business Process Execution Language (BPEL) process. The approach is based on the description and logic mismatch probability of a BPEL process that will be reused within potential contexts. The mismatch probabilities have been consolidated to a metric formula for quantifying the probability of potential reuse of BPEL processes. An initial empirical evaluation suggests that the proposed metric properly predicts potential reusability of BPEL processes. According to the experiment, there exists a significant statistical correlation between the results of the metric and the experts' judgments. This indicates predictive dependence between the proposed metric and the potential reusability of BPEL processes as a measuring stick for this phenomenon. If future studies ascertain these findings by replicating this experiment, the practical implications of such a metric are early detection of the design flaws and aiding architects to judge various design alternatives.

Network efficiency maximization exploiting WCDMA spectrum nature for enhancement of D2D underlaying communications

In this paper, devices to devices communications underlaying cellular network techniques are proposed as an alternative to maximize spectral efficiency. This gain is obtained by the reuse of spectrum when different links are simultaneously established using the same resources. The cost of this technique is additional interference in cellular networks. The techniques presented in this paper propose a coordinated power control mechanism to allow resource sharing with low impact on cellular subscribers. Solutions are addressed for both OFDMA and WCDMA networks taking into account the unique requirements of both networks. In both situations, WCDMA---OFDMA coexistence is exploited and analyzed, using the nature of WCDMA spectrum and its robustness against narrowband interference thereby improving the probability of obtaining the sharing of cellular resources. For OFDM networks, WCDMA is used for mitigating the interference of cellular users and to obtain considerable gain in probability of reuse. For WCDMA networks, OFDMA is used to obtain higher throughput using the side frequencies of the spectrum where the cellular signal power is lower compared to the central frequencies.

The probability of genetic parallelism and convergence in natural populations

Genomic and genetic methods allow investigation of how frequently the same genes are used by different populations during adaptive evolution, yielding insights into the predictability of evolution at the genetic level. We estimated the probability of gene reuse in parallel and convergent phenotypic evolution in nature using data from published studies. The estimates are surprisingly high, with mean probabilities of 0.32 for genetic mapping studies and 0.55 for candidate gene studies. The probability declines with increasing age of the common ancestor of compared taxa, from about 0.8 for young nodes to 0.1–0.4 for the oldest nodes in our study. Probability of gene reuse is higher when populations begin from the same ancestor (genetic parallelism) than when they begin from divergent ancestors (genetic convergence). Our estimates are broadly consistent with genomic estimates of gene reuse during repeated adaptation to similar environments, but most genomic studies lack data on phenotypic traits affected. Frequent reuse of the same genes during repeated phenotypic evolution suggests that strong biases and constraints affect adaptive evolution, resulting in changes at a relatively small subset of available genes. Declines in the probability of gene reuse with increasing age suggest that these biases diverge with time.

Floorplacement for Partial Reconfigurable FPGA-Based Systems

We presented a resource- and configuration-aware floorplacement framework, tailored for Xilinx Virtex 4 and 5 FPGAs, using an objective function based onexternal wirelength. Our work aims at identifying groups ofReconfigurable Functional Unitsthat are likely to be configured in the same chip area, identifying these areas based on resource requirements, device capabilities, and wirelength. Task graphs with few externally connected RRs lead to the biggest decrease, while external wirelength in task graphs with many externally connected RRs show lower improvement. The proposed approach results, as also demonstrated in the experimental results section, in a shorter external wirelength (an average reduction of 50%) with respect to purely area-driven approaches and a highly increased probability of reuse of existing links (90% reduction can be obtained in the best case).

Wastewater treatment in dairy industries — possibility of reuse

The reuse of wastewater from the dairy industry was investigated using coagulation, adsorption and membrane separation. Dairy industry was chosen as it requires huge volume of water. In recent times, development of newer membranes with high flux/rejection characteristics have increased the probability of water reuse and recycling up to a greater extent. In this investigation thorough pretreatment studies were done using different types of coagulants categorized as inorganic, polymeric, and organic having biological origins. The coagulant treatment was performed at various pH using different dosages and it was followed by activated charcoal treatment. The combined effects of these two pretreatment methodologies were evaluated. The color and the odor were removed completely and permanently after charcoal treatment. The pretreated water was passed through a cross flow reverse osmosis membrane system and the permeate water was found to have very good quality. This was compared to the process water used by the dairy farm and was found that the water can be recycled or reused.

Chronology of Terrestrial Den Use by Polar Bears in Western Hudson Bay as Indicated by Tree Growth Anomalies

In a large polar bear denning area inland from the coast of western Hudson Bay south of Churchill, Manitoba, previous denning activity was determined by examining tree growth anomalies in the black spruce (Picea mariana) around and above den sites. A concentrated sample of dens was examined at each of three lakes, and 14 additional den sites were sampled individually on nine lakes and streams, for a total of 31 den sites. Trees sampled at these den sites ranged in age from 46 to 236 years (n = 83, mean = 136, SE ± 95.66). Some individual den sites dated back at least 200 years. Although some dens had been used for up to 29 years, most were used for only 12 years or less, presumably until melting permafrost caused their collapse. Half of the dens were reused two years after their initial use, but the probability of den reuse declined in subsequent years to about 0.25 after 10 years. During the 20th century, coincident with a reduction in hunting during 1920-53 and the subsequent abandonment of York Factory, there appears to have been an increase in den activity and an accompanying change in the pattern of denning activity. The rate of disturbance to the trees at dens correlated significantly to the number of polar bear hides traded at York Factory over the 1840-1935 period (r = 0.654; p < 0.005). During 1850-99, denning activity was greater at points more distant from the trading post at York Factory. In 1900-53, there was an overall increase in denning activity, which was greatest in denning areas nearer to York Factory (r = -0.872; p < 0.01). In 1954-93, the increase in denning activity continued, but varied with distance from the coast (r = -0.724; p < 0.05). Mark-recapture studies undertaken from 1970 to 2000 confirm that female polar bears in the western Hudson Bay population have a long-term fidelity to this specific area for maternity denning, and from this study it is evident that the population has used this denning area for several hundred years at least.