Probability Of Paternity Research Articles

?Longevity? of sperm within the female of the melon fly,Dacus cucurbitae (Diptera: Tephritidae), and its relevance to sperm competition

Sperm competition is the competition between sperm from the ejaculates of different males over fertilization of a limited number of ova (Parker, 1970). The probability of paternity of a second male after the female has been mated previously to a first male are often referred as the P2 value (Boorman and Parker, 1976) and has been measured in a wide range of animals (e.g., volume edited by Smith, 1984). The P2 value may vary depending on the mechanism of sperm transfer and on the structure of the male and female reproductive organs (Walker, 1980). There exists a considerable amount of data to show that the paternity of two males is determined in relation to mating order, and the last male advantage is often reported in many insect species (reviewed by Parker, 1970; Gwynne, 1984; Tsubaki, 1988). The mechanisms for this phenomenon are not yet clear except in some restricted cases. There is good evidence for mechanical displacement (removal or repositioning) of sperm of earlier males in many odonates (Waage 1979, 1984; Siva-Jothy, 1988: Siva-Jothy and Tsubaki. 1989) and at least one cricket (Ono et al.. 1989). On the other hand, some studies suggest that the amount of ejaculate is more important than mating order (Dickinson, 1986; Simmons, 1987; Tsubaki and Sokei. 1988). Although sperm viability and

Probability of Paternity in Horses

Probability of Paternity in Horses

On paternity determination from multilocus DNA profiles

Various approaches have been worked out to calculate the probability of paternity from DNA multilocus profiles. Despite promising results, the application and practicability of these approaches are often restricted (due to, e.g., the equality assumption of the a priori probabilities by using Bayes' theorem, no allowance of mutations, etc). Here we present two methods for paternity determination, one of which is an extension of the well-known procedure of Evett et al. J. Forens. Sci. Soc. 1988, 28, 249-254. These methods depend on fewer assumptions and therefore may be applied to a wide spectrum of disputed paternity cases.

Paternity Testing: Blood Group Systems and DNA Analysis by Variable Number of Tandem Repeat Markers

Two recent paternity cases are reported. In the first case of paternity exclusion, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) on variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) loci with multiple alleles were informative, as well as established systems of red blood antigens, red cell enzymes, serum proteins, and human leukocyte antigens. In the second case, in which both the alleged father and the first wife were deceased, the paternal genotype was determined by using genetic markers from the second wife and four children, which then were compared with the paternal alleles of the child in question, the plaintiff in this case. The high probability of paternity (0.999,998,7) made us conclude that the man probably was the actual father. The DNA analysis by VNTR probes appears to be quite valuable in the study of paternity cases.

INVESTMENT IN SISTER'S CHILDREN AS BEHAVIOR TOWARDS RISK

A risk‐averse man will invest in his sister's children if he cares about his genetic relatedness to future generations and if he is unsure about being the father of his wife's children. The model in this paper is an advance over the earlier expected‐relatedness models in that it permits mixed investment in both sister's and wife's children and also permits investment in sister's children at higher levels of paternity probability. Estimates from ordered logits suggest that paternity probability is an important determinant of investment in sister's children and that some investment in sister's children occurs even at high levels of paternity probability.

Mate guarding as paternity insurance in Idaho ground squirrels.

Following a copulation, males in many species of vertebrates (particularly birds) and invertebrates remain near the inseminated female and repel other suitors with displays or force. Guarding males must delay resumption of competitive mate searching, but they may insure their paternity by reducing possibilities for secondary matings and sperm competition. Among mammals, post-copulatory mate guarding has been reported in rodents, mongooses, ungulates and primates, including humans, but the effects of such behaviour on male reproductive success have not been determined genetically. I report here that mate guarding by male Idaho ground squirrels (Spermophilus brunneus) enhances a male's probability of paternity. Furthermore, an analysis based on game theory shows that mate guarding is an evolutionarily stable strategy for male S. brunneus, but not male Belding's ground squirrels (S. beldingi), which resume searching once copulation is completed.

Sperm Use Patterns of Individual Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The incidence of multiple mating and patterns of sperm use were examined in females of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), using electrophoretic markers. Thirty-five of 66 females mated more than once. Of these, 27 mated twice, 7 mated three times, and 1 mated four times. Eight twice-mated females and their progeny fit experimental criteria established for subsequent examination of sperm use patterns. Maximum likelihood methods were employed to assign probabilities of paternity to daily progeny groups subsequent to the second mating. Considerable variation was observed among females. Two females continued to produce progeny fathered by sperm from the first mating, four females switched to sperm predominantly from the second mating, and two females produced progeny that exhibited nearly equal paternity. The time interval between first and second matings did not seem to influence sperm use. Female benefits from multiple mating do not appear to be related to sperm replenishment or enhanced reproductive output but may simply be to compensate for the possibility of infertile initial matings.

The estimation of concurrent multiple paternity probabilities in natural populations

A new method is developed for the estimation of the amount of concurrent multiple paternity in natural populations based on progeny array data. This method is particularly useful in organisms scored at loci with low allelic diversity. This method can also be used to combine information from several independent loci to obtain an overall concurrent multiple paternity estimate. Examples of the use of this method are presented for mallard, Drosophila, and milkweed data sets.

Probability of paternity in paternity testing using the DNA fingerprint procedure.

For the purpose of applying DNA fingerprinting to paternity testing, we established a general formula to calculate the probability of paternity and evaluated the ability of DNA fingerprinting to determine paternity.

The polymorphism of HLA antigens in the Chinese

Remarkable differences were observed in antigen frequencies (AF), gene frequencies (GF) and haplotype frequencies (HF) when 2441 healthy Chinese individuals representing nine different ethnic groups and living in 14 different geographic locations were examined for the genetic distribution of the various HLA Class I and II markers. A sizable number of individuals of each ethnic group within each of the three major categories of the Chinese population, namely, Hans, Mongols, and Southern minorities, have been studied here, providing useful population statistics for applications such as determination of probabilities of paternity, comparisons for HLA and disease associations, and anthropologic studies.

Further evidence of a silent plasminogen (PLG) allele in two paternity cases.

Routine paternity testing has yielded two different cases of an apparent inverse homozygosity in the plasminogen (PLG) system. In one case, the child presented the phenotype PLG A and his putative father the type PLG B. The alleged father could not be excluded from the paternity in 25 additional blood group marker systems (biostatistical probability of paternity W greater than 99.75%). In the other case an incompatibility was found in a mother- child pair. Analysis of PLG was carried out by isoelectric focusing on neuraminidase-treated sera. In both cases the immunologic and functional detection showed weaker banding pattern of the affected PLG types. The assumption of a silent allele in the PLG system was confirmed by quantitative investigations. The allele frequency of PLG*Q0 in the South German population was estimated to be 0.0013. In the same sample the variant PLG A3 has been shown to be polymorphic.

Paternity probabilities of biologic fathers and unexcluded, falsely accused men using blood group markers.

A frequent legal argument raised in defense of men accused of paternity, but not excluded by genetic tests, is that the probabilities of paternity of falsely accused men are similar to those of biologic fathers. This assertion was tested in a computer simulation experiment that used a database of 15,000 actual paternity cases to provide red cell and HLA phenotypes of mothers, children, and putative fathers. Tests had a combined probability of exclusion of 97.3 percent. Equal numbers of true and false fathers were generated from the data by computer to achieve a prior probability of paternity of 0.5. True fathers' phenotypes were those of unexcluded men from actual cases (Group A) or of mothers from actual cases (Group B) in which paternity was not excluded. The false father group was created by assigning the phenotypes of racially identical men who were selected at random from among cases other than their own. Probabilities of paternity were calculated for the men in each group and were classified into descriptive intervals. The frequency of men in each group was compared in each interval. The frequency distributions of probabilities of paternity for true fathers and unexcluded, falsely accused men (false fathers) were markedly dissimilar.

Plasminogen Hemizygosity

The accumulation of the homozygous plasminogen (PLG) variant A3 in 4 siblings of a family led to the detection of 5 cases of apparent inverse homozygosity of PLG phenotypes which seemed to exclude paternity. Determination of 22 blood group markers and HLA typing, but under exclusion of PLG phenotypes, confirmed paternity in all cases (biostatistical probability of paternity >99.9985%). Comparing the results of‘Western blots’ with functional-caseinolytic phenotyping, the existence of inactive plasmin, as described earlier, could be excluded. Besides inverse homozygosity the assumption of a silent allele was confirmed by reduction of PLG antigenic levels and functional activities to approximately 50% of normal range. The PLG phenotype A in 1 individual with anamnestic thrombosis, reduced values of PLG antigen, and reduced functional activity, although in accordance with Mendelian inheritance, was also considered as indicative for PLG hemizygosity.

Chromosomal and Behavioral Studies of Mexican Drosophila. V. Frequencies of Multiple Insemination in Three Natural Populations

Previous articleNext article No AccessNotes and CommentsChromosomal and Behavioral Studies of Mexican Drosophila. V. Frequencies of Multiple Insemination in Three Natural PopulationsL. Levine, O. Olvera, R. F. Rockwell, M. E. de la Rosa, E. Akin, M. I. Gaso, F. Gonzalez, and J. GuzmanL. Levine Search for more articles by this author , O. Olvera Search for more articles by this author , R. F. Rockwell Search for more articles by this author , M. E. de la Rosa Search for more articles by this author , E. Akin Search for more articles by this author , M. I. Gaso Search for more articles by this author , F. Gonzalez Search for more articles by this author , and J. Guzman Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The American Naturalist Volume 129, Number 3Mar., 1987 Published for The American Society of Naturalists Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/284650 Views: 2Total views on this site Citations: 5Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1987 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Patricia Adair Gowaty The evolution of multiple mating, Fly 6, no.11 (Oct 2014): 3–11.https://doi.org/10.4161/fly.18330Y. B. Linhart Variation in Woody Plants; Molecular Markers, Evolutionary Processes and Conservation Biology, (Jan 2000): 341–373.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2311-4_14James M. Schwartz, Gary F. McCracken, Gordon M. Burghardt Multiple paternity in wild populations of the garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis, Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 25, no.44 (Oct 1989): 269–273.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00300053Kermit Ritland CORRELATED MATINGS IN THE PARTIAL SELFER MIMULUS GUTTATUS, Evolution 43, no.44 (May 2017): 848–859.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1989.tb05182.xChristopher J. Williams, Susan Evarts The estimation of concurrent multiple paternity probabilities in natural populations, Theoretical Population Biology 35, no.11 (Feb 1989): 90–112.https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-5809(89)90011-7

Demonstrated paternity in spite of severe idiopathic oligospermia

In this study we report on a successful pregnancy in the spouse of a man who, on repeated occasions, spaced over 3 years, presented with a mean sperm concentration of less than 200,000 sperm/ml. Serum was drawn from the father, mother, and daughter for polymorphic gene marker analysis. The calculation of relative probability of paternity with the use of gene frequencies for whites gave a figure of 99.9% that our patient is the father of the child.

Occurrence of a rare variant of superoxide dismutase in Brazil.

During a paternity test performed in Porto Alegre, Brazil, a rare variant of superoxide dismutase, probably SOD A2, was found in a Caucasian child and the putative father. Studies of 1,700 unrelated white individuals from the same and nearby cities had never disclosed such a variant, which was also absent in 2,480 persons of other ethnic groups living in different regions of Brazil. The presence of this rare phenotype in the child and putative father led to the assignment of a very high probability of paternity to the latter.

Kinships in a natural meadow vole population

We have devised a radionuclide technique that allows the assessment of matrilineal kinship by the transfer of unique combinations of gamma-emitting radionuclides from pregnant and lactating female meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) to their offspring. A pool of prospective fathers can be established from field records of reproductively active males that were alive at the time of conception of the female's litter. Electrophoresis of 6 proteins allowed us to eliminate genetically incompatible males from the prospective pool of fathers. A log-likelihood statistic provided an estimate of the probability of paternity. In the case of numerical ties physical proximity of the males to the mother at the time of conception was used. With these techniques, we established 40 kinships in a field population of meadow voles.

Matrilineal inheritance: New theory and analysis

AbstractIn most cultures, extramarital sex is highly restricted for women. In most of those cultures, men transfer wealth to their own sons (patrilineal inheritance). In some cultures extramarital sex is not highly restricted for women, and in most of those cultures, men transfer wealth to their sisters' sons (matrilineal inheritance). Inheritance to sisters' sons ensures a man's biological relatedness to his heirs, and matrilineal inheritance has been posited as a male accommodation to cuckoldry—a paternity strategy—at least since the 15th century. However, longitudinal analysis of the cumulative effect of female extramarital sex indicates that matrilineal inheritance is most advantageous for women and would be more accurately considered a grandmaternity strategy. That is, if the probability that men's putative children are their biological children (ρ = probability of paternity) is less than 1, the probabilistic degree of relatedness between a female and her matrilineal heirs is higher than her corresponding relatedness to her patrilineal heirs. The same holds true for men only if ρ is very low (< 0.46). The upshot is that for moderate levels of female extramarital sex, matrilineal inheritance, relative to patrilineal inheritance, is highly advantageous for women and disadvantageous for men. Consideration of female variance in reproductive success beyond the first generation, and of a man's network of obligation to the inclusive fitness of his relatives, suggests that although the establishment of matrilineal inheritance may require extremely high levels of female extramarital sex, once established, it is likely to be maintained at levels of ρ that reasonably characterize many societies in the ethnographic record. New analysis of previously published data shows a strong association between matrilineal inheritance and moderate to low probability of paternity, and an even stronger relationship between patrilineal inheritance and high probability of paternity.

Low probability of paternity or… something else?

Low probability of paternity or… something else?

Problems in probability of paternity interpretation

This paper discusses the statistical interpretation of blood group findings in paternity testing. As a consequence of the large number of systems now employed, high probabilities of paternity are usual and evaluation problems arise. The purpose of this investigation was to calculate the paternity probabilities for a sample of legitimate families with a true father compared with those obtained in some cases of non-excluded men chosen randomly from the population as the accused fathers for the same mother-child pairs. The calculations were based on Essen-Möller formula, derived from Bayes' Theorem. The blood group systems taken into account were ABO, Rh, MNSs, Kell-Cellano, P 1, Duffy, Lutheran, Kidd, Gc, Hp, Gm, Km, Tf, α 1-AT, AcP, PGM 1, AK, ADA, EsD, 6-PGDH and GLO-I. Applied together these give an exclusion probability of 97.32%. The results of probability of paternity for some mother-child-father triplets and its comparison with the chance of exclusion for the same mother-child pairs are reported.