Pro-poor Growth Research Articles

DETERMINAN YANG MEMPENGARUHI KEMISKINAN DI PULAU JAWA (PERSPEKTIF TEORI PRO-POOR GROWTH & HUMAN CAPITAL)

Despite being the economic and governmental center, the number of impoverished people in Java Island exceeds half of the total impoverished population in Indonesia. Based on this, this research aims to examine the determinants influencing poverty in Java Island, covering 6 provinces during the period 2015-2022, based on the perspectives of pro-poor growth theory and human capital. The data used is sourced from BPS and employs panel data analysis techniques with a fixed-effect model. The research findings indicate that, individually, education and unemployment do not have a significant impact on poverty. Meanwhile, economic growth and the Human Development Index (HDI) have a negative and significant impact on poverty in Java Island. Simultaneously, economic growth, education, HDI, and unemployment collectively influence poverty in Java Island.

DETERMINAN YANG MEMPENGARUHI KEMISKINAN DI PULAU JAWA (PERSPEKTIF TEORI PRO-POOR GROWTH & HUMAN CAPITAL)

Despite being the economic and governmental center, the number of impoverished people in Java Island exceeds half of the total impoverished population in Indonesia. Based on this, this research aims to examine the determinants influencing poverty in Java Island, covering 6 provinces during the period 2015-2022, based on the perspectives of pro-poor growth theory and human capital. The data used is sourced from BPS and employs panel data analysis techniques with a fixed-effect model. The research findings indicate that, individually, education and unemployment do not have a significant impact on poverty. Meanwhile, economic growth and the Human Development Index (HDI) have a negative and significant impact on poverty in Java Island. Simultaneously, economic growth, education, HDI, and unemployment collectively influence poverty in Java Island.

What’s behind pro-poor growth? An investigation of its drivers and dynamics

What’s behind pro-poor growth? An investigation of its drivers and dynamics

Human Capital Development, Income Inequality and Public Sector Investment in Nigeria

Abstract Human capital development of any country is believed to be the bedrock for sustainable economic development which seems to be linked to the level of income inequality. But there seems not to be an implied acceptance of flow of the linkage as evident from the high level of income inequality and low level of human capital development. Suspected among the causes of this is the role of the public sector. Thus, the objective of this study is to determine if there exists a dynamic feedback impact between human capital development and income inequality given public sector investment in Nigeria. The study employed the ARDL and NLARDL estimation method using data on human capital development index, income inequality, government expenditure in health and educational sector, among other variables for the period 1991-2022. Human capital development and income inequality were found to have feedback impacts. Public sector investment was found to be crucial while the existence of Kuznet’s hypothesis was established. Hence, the study strongly advocates for policy measures of pro-poor growth, reduction of unemployment, population growth and the degree of trade openness for the effective reduction in the country’s inequality gap and the development of human capital.

Government and Program Implementation Bodies Policies on Performance of Women Empowerment Projects in Dagoretti Area, Nairobi County, Kenya

Purpose: Women’s social, political and economic empowerment is a prerequisite for sustainable development and pro poor growth. Achieving women’s economic empowerment requires sound public policies, a holistic approach and long-term commitment and gender-specific perspectives must be integrated at the design stage of policy and programming. Accordingly, this study was designed to investigate the influence of government and program implementation bodies’ policies on the performance of women’s empowerment projects in Dagoretti area, Nairobi County, Kenya. To achieve this, the following specific objectives were utilized; to examine distribution of resources policies on the performance of women empowerment projects in Dagoretti area, Nairobi County, Nairobi, to assess decision making policies on the performance of women empowerment projects in Dagoretti area, Nairobi County, Nairobi, to assess monitoring and evaluation policies on the performance of women empowerment projects in Dagoretti area, Nairobi County, to examine leadership and coordination policies on the performance of women empowerment projects in Dagoretti area, Nairobi County.
 Methodology: The research design that was adopted was descriptive research design. The study involved interviewing of key actors involved in women’s empowerment programs (particularly in the community based organizations (CBOS). The target population comprised of 33 women groups in Dagoretti Area, 4 county officials and 20 Chair persons of Program Implementing Bodies. The sample drawn from the target population was based on the basis of 30% of 33 that resulted to a selection of 10 women groups that were randomly selected. 3 officials from the county office dealing with Youths and women affairs and 7 officials from implementing bodies were purposively selected. The scope of study was Dagoretti Area, Nairobi County. Data was collected through a semi-structured questionnaire which was administered to the county official. Focus group discussion guides were carried out on women who were selected randomly during their meetings. Data collected was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively through the help of SPSS computer software and presented through themes percentages, frequencies, tables and bar graphs.

Report of the Task Force on Food Security

The Report on Food Security was prepared by the Task Force set up in the Planning Commission by the Prime Minister of Pakistan in May 2008 to: (i) review the production, availability, storage, and consumption of essential food commodities in Pakistan; (ii) examine the food procurement system and status of storage facilities; (iii) analyse price trends of essential food commodities; (iv) assess the impact of (food) price hike (observed in 2007-08) on vulnerable groups; and (v) devise an action plan for promoting food security for the vulnerable groups. It produced two Interim Reports in July 2008 and September 2008 before the submission of the Final Report in February 2009. The setting up of the Task Force by the newly elected government soon after it had taken over was timely in that it preceded the start of the ‘Rabi sowing season for the next (winter 2008-09) wheat crop, the staple food in Pakistan. It must also be seen in the context of the unprecedented increase in global food prices in 2007-08 and rising threat of hunger and food insecurity, especially in developing countries. The need for evolving a comprehensive national strategy for food security was therefore pressing and urgent. The main elements of the national strategy for food security identified by the Task Force are: (i) achieving a growth rate of at least 4 percent during the next decade (2010 2020) for agricultural sector with special focus on livestock sub-sector; (ii) setting up an efficient food procurement and distribution system for ensuring around the year food security in all regions of the country; (iii) adopting a pro-poor growth strategy to enhance access of poor households to food; (iv) establishing transparent and efficient safety nets for the vulnerable groups. An important contribution of the Report was the construction of a food security index (FSI) incorporating (with suitable weights) major aspects of food security. It also recommended the adoption and frequent updating of the proposed FSI to monitor food security situation in the country.

Problems and Prospects of Inclusive Growth in Jammu and Kashmir

Inclusive growth has elements pertaining to broad based growth, shared growth, and pro-poor growth. Violence and turmoil badly affected the J&K economy which reached to inclusive growth adversely. Slow inclusive development is only attributed to violence in Jammu & Kashmir. The ongoing conflicts resulted in displacement of non-Kashmiri households. There has been damage to infrastructure, and annual economy growth lagged behind as compared to national level, tourism suffered tremendously and all these affected adversely more to vulnerable groups whose service depend on public. In addition, loss of poor human resources resulted in distressed marriages and people were trying to save young girls and children were very hopeless of their future career. The main objective of this paper is to analyze the inclusive growth in Jammu and Kashmir and its problems and prospects.

The Nexus Between Pro-poor Growth, Inequality, Institutions and Poverty: Evidence from Low and Middle Income Developing Countries

The Nexus Between Pro-poor Growth, Inequality, Institutions and Poverty: Evidence from Low and Middle Income Developing Countries

Tractor acquisition and agricultural performance among Nigerian farmers: Evidence from Co-integration Modeling technique

Given the envisioned significance of the agricultural sector in Nigeria, which scholars have argued has the potential to promote pro-poor growth and poverty alleviation. However, questions have been raised about using and accessing modern agricultural machinery for farm cultivation. In this regard, this study uses a co-integration modelling technique to investigate the impact of tractor acquisition on agricultural performance. Two equations were established through the normalisation processes to proxy agricultural performance: the agricultural output and employment equations. Firstly, the analysis procedure requires a preliminary test to determine the statistical properties of the series used in this study; evidence from the outcome indicates that the series are not stationarity at level form and are integrated of order one. Secondly, based on the outcome of the preliminary result, the error correction model approach to co-integration was adopted, which helps to capture the short-term dynamics and long-term equilibrium of the effect of tractor acquisition on agricultural output and employment. The findings from the agricultural output equation show that credit to the agricultural sector, land cultivated for agricultural purposes, and tractor acquisition are statistically significant contributors to agricultural output. The agricultural employment equation shows that credit to agricultural purposes, land cultivated for agriculture and rainfall have a positive long-term relationship with employment. At the same time, tractor acquisition has a negative impact on agricultural employment in the long run. In the short run, exchange rate, rainfall, and tractor acquisition positively correlate with agricultural employment. In contrast, credit for agricultural purposes and land cultivated for agriculture negatively affects employment. Based on the findings, there is a need to strengthen policies that support access to credit, promote sustainable land use practices, and enhance water management. Also, policymakers should consider implementing measures that encourage the adoption of tractor technology while simultaneously addressing potential challenges related to job displacement.

Local Government Pro-Poor Growth Spending Efficiency And Their Determinants In Indonesia

Local Government Pro-Poor Growth Spending Efficiency And Their Determinants In Indonesia

Shared prosperity characterized by four development goals: pro-poor growth, pro-poor development, inclusive growth, and inclusive development

This paper is on shared prosperity and its measurement. Economic growth enhances total prosperity, increasing the economic pie in society, but the pie distribution determines how the population shares the pie. Based on a social welfare framework, we have developed an integrated methodology to evaluate growth and distribution simultaneously. Linking the two phenomena gives rise to four development goals: (i) pro-poor growth, (ii) inclusive growth, (iii) pro-poor development, and (iv) inclusive development. These four goals provide an alternative characterization of shared prosperity. The paper defines the four goals, providing a methodology to operationalize them using real-world data. The empirically measured goals inform at what rate the shared prosperity is enhancing in any country or the world. The methodology is applied globally to determine whether the growth and development have been pro-poor and inclusive in 173 countries over the two decades in the new millennium.

Needs Analysis and Payback Models for Tractor Design Based on Field Data from Farmers in Sudan

The adoption of agricultural machinery in countries with a developing economy can have a significant impact on improving well-being and pro-poor growth. However, this requires farmers to buy into mechanized farming, which is more likely to happen if the machinery meets their needs. The objective of this paper is to identify deciding factors for traditional farmers to adopt machinery and identify design requirements. Payback models were developed based on these design requirements, willingness to pay, and expected returns. Thirty-six farmers in Sudan were interviewed throughout 2019–2021. Six of these farmers were provided tractors during 2020 and 2021. Differences in net-profits between the 30 control and 6 treatment farms during the mechanized farming seasons were used in the models for expected profits. There were no significant differences in tractor design preferences between the treatment and control groups. Two cost models were estimated using a 95% confidence interval: entire Δ profit (entire additional profit from mechanized farming above nonmechanized) and percentage of total profit (percentage of total net-profits willing to spend). For the average farm size in this study (44.39 acres) and a market available tractor that satisfied all farmer needs, payback was 3.92 years [2.34, 8.54] and 4.57 years [3.39, 6.38] for the models, respectively.

How Financial Development and Regional Integration Promotes Inclusive Growth? Evidence from BRI Countries?

This research examines the role of financial development and regional integration to attain inclusive growth in selected BRI countries from 2000 to 2020. Existing studies for BRI focused on economic growth, infrastructure development and environmental sustainability. A few studies indicated pro-poor growth, but no empirical study was found regarding inclusive growth. Economic growth is inclusive in a sense to promote employment level, reduction in poverty and inequality along with increased accessibility and social security. To incorporate these factors, this study calculates a detailed inclusive growth index incorporating its four dimensions using principal component analysis (PCA) and applies Pooled OLS and two stages least squares (2SLS) to overcome the endogeneity problem. The results shows that FD, TO and FDI are significant in explaining inclusive growth in selected countries. Moreover, four pillars of inclusive growth are individually analyzed to attain clearer results. These findings indicate that regional integration along with FD, TO and FDI increases economic growth with employment level, reduces poverty and inequality and increases accessibility with social protection. Therefore, the study recommends that outward FDI flow from China towards BRI emerging countries is crucial for employment generation with reduced poverty and inequality and improves accessibility and social security. Domestically, Host countries must stabilize their economies politically, socially, and culturally to attain maximum gain from this FDI inflow for sustainability.

ANALYSIS OF INDONESIA'S PRO POOR GROWTH INDEX AND POVERTY EQUIVALENT GROWTH RATE 2017-2022

This study aims to analyze whether Indonesia is included in the pro poor, trickle down, or anti pro poor growth. The population of this study is all provinces in Indonesia in 2017-2022. Data collection techniques used are documentation and observation, in addition to the use of secondary data to answer research questions. The analytical tool used in this study is statistical analysis using the Pro Poor Growth Index (PPGI) and Poverty Equivalent Growth Rate (PEGR) methods. The results of this study indicate that Indonesia is classified as pro-poor growth where the benefits of growth are greater for the poor than non-poor people so that growth can help reduce poverty in Indonesia.

Socioeconomic disparities in Rwanda’s under-5 population’s growth tracking and nutrition promotion: findings from the 2019–2020 demographic and health survey

BackgroundRegular growth monitoring can be used to evaluate young children’s nutritional and physical health. While adequate evaluation of the scope and quality of nutrition interventions is necessary to increase their effectiveness, there is little research on growth monitoring coverage measurement. The purpose of this study was to investigate socioeconomic disparities in under-5 Rwandan children who participate in growth monitoring and nutrition promotion.MethodsWe used data from the 2019–2020 Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey (RDHS), which included 8092under-5 children. Percentage was employed in univariate analysis. To examine the socioeconomic inequalities, concentration indices and Lorenz curves were used in growth monitoring and nutrition promotion among under-5 children.ResultsA weighted prevalence of 33.0% (95%CI: 30.6-35.6%) under-5 children growth monitoring and nutrition promotion was estimated. Growth monitoring and nutrition promotion among under-5 children had higher uptake in the most disadvantaged cohort, as the line of equality sags below the diagonal line in Lorenz curve. Overall, there was pro-poor growth monitoring and nutrition promotion among under-5 in Rwanda (Conc. Index = 0.0994; SE = 0.0111). Across the levels of child and mother’s characteristics, the results show higher coverage of under-5 growth monitoring and nutrition promotion in the most socioeconomic disadvantaged cohort.ConclusionThe study found a pro-poor disparity in growth monitoring and nutrition promotion among under-5 children in Rwanda. By implication, the most disadvantaged children had a higher uptake of growth monitoring and nutrition promotion. The Rwanda government should develop policies and programmes to achieve the universal health coverage for the well-off and underserved population.

Could Better Jobs for Men Have Improved Gender Equality? The Relationship between Economic Growth and Gender Equality in India

Economic theory suggests that growth may improve gender equality directly by raising women’s employment and indirectly by reducing poverty–thereby causing poorer families to discriminate less against females in intra-household allocations. This paper argues that growth in India has not substantially improved gender equality because it has not sufficiently activated either of these mechanisms. I analyze structural changes from 1982/83 to 2011/12 to show that India’s high-growth period has not been pro-poor. While female employment levels have actually declined since the 1980s, growth has not expanded remunerative employment opportunities sufficiently, even for poor males. This suggests that better-paid jobs for men—by lowering poverty—might actually have led to greater gender equality in India—by reducing poverty-linked gender discrimination. The analysis thus highlights the importance of pro-poor growth, illustrating how structural changes can shape employment, thereby altering the quality of growth and its impact on gender equality.

New Estimates of Poverty-Reducing Efficiency of Growth Using Household Survey Data

ABSTRACT This study estimates the poverty-reducing efficiency of growth using two sequential, comparable, and compatible household survey datasets from a developing economy. The empirical models used for data analyses are the pro-poor growth indices that measure the connection between total poverty reduction and poverty reduction that results from a distribution-neutral growth from absolute perspective and relative perspective. The study finds that economic growth could not have been absolutely poverty-reducing or relatively poverty-reducing because growth was non-pro-poor despite the episode of economic prosperity. The study finds that the poverty-reducing efficiency of growth was lacking during the growth episode.

Pro-Poor Growth: Concept, Challenges, and Policy Implications in Global Economic Development

This paper explores the concept of pro-poor growth (PPG) in the context of global economic development. It examines the shift in development goals from solely focusing on economic growth to considering the well-being of the poor. The paper highlights the complex relationship between growth, poverty reduction, and inequality, emphasizing the need for both poverty reduction and equitable distribution of benefits. The emerging consensus acknowledges that “growth alone is a rather blunt tool for poverty reduction,” leading to the concept of PPG. However, there is no consistent definition of PPG, with various interpretations and measurement approaches offered by different studies. This paper aims to provide an overview of the concept, discussing definitions, key concepts, and policy implications. Through a review of the existing literature, it addresses the research questions regarding the definition of PPG and how to promote it through appropriate policies. The paper concludes by offering policy recommendations based on empirical evidence from country cases. The findings contribute to the understanding of PPG and its implications for inclusive and sustainable development.

Effect of Economic and Social Globalization on Pro-Poor Growth in Nigeria

Effect of Economic and Social Globalization on Pro-Poor Growth in Nigeria

The Nexus between Poverty, Inequality and Growth: A Case Study of Cameroon and Kenya

Abstract We conduct an in-depth analysis of the nexus between inequality of opportunity and inclusive growth in Cameroon and Kenya employing cross-sectional data collected over two time periods in each country. Empirical results show that changes in education, health and labour market endowments have large effects on household economic well-being, as proxied by total expenditures per adult equivalent. Employing the regression-based decomposition, we find that effort-based variables are associated with greater Gini inequality compared with circumstance-based variables—more so for Cameroon than Kenya. Among the effort-based variables, education in Cameroon and health in Kenya, are the main correlates of income inequality. The factual and counterfactual distribution analyses undertaken demonstrate that equalisation of human capital endowments is strongly inequality-reducing and further promotes pro-poor growth. Meanwhile, elimination of circumstance disparities in Cameroon reduces Gini inequality, enhances pro-poorness of the growth process, promotes shared-prosperity in urban areas and reduces inequality between the tails of the distribution of well-being. In Kenya, elimination of circumstance-based disparities is pro-poor improving, shared prosperity enhancing, but Gini inequality augmenting. In contrast to the Cameroonian case, equalisation of circumstances increases inequality between the tails of the distribution of well-being. The mechanisms behind these findings are probably the country-specific redistributive policies.