Pro-health Behaviours Research Articles

Principled distillation of UK Biobank phenotype data reveals underlying structure in human variation

Data within biobanks capture broad yet detailed indices of human variation, but biobank-wide insights can be difficult to extract due to complexity and scale. Here, using large-scale factor analysis, we distill hundreds of variables (diagnoses, assessments and survey items) into 35 latent constructs, using data from unrelated individuals with predominantly estimated European genetic ancestry in UK Biobank. These factors recapitulate known disease classifications, disentangle elements of socioeconomic status, highlight the relevance of psychiatric constructs to health and improve measurement of pro-health behaviours. We go on to demonstrate the power of this approach to clarify genetic signal, enhance discovery and identify associations between underlying phenotypic structure and health outcomes. In building a deeper understanding of ways in which constructs such as socioeconomic status, trauma, or physical activity are structured in the dataset, we emphasize the importance of considering the interwoven nature of the human phenome when evaluating public health patterns.

Sense of generalised self-efficacy and body mass index, diet health quality and pro-health behaviours of nursing students and active professional nurses.

Personal resources are one of the determinants of lifestyle and health. The aim of the research was to analyze the relationship between sense of generalized self-efficacy, and body mass index (BMI), diet health quality and health behaviors of female nursing students and active professional nurses. The analyzed variables in the group of students and nurses were also compared. The study was conducted among a group of 269 women (174 students and 95 nurses working at hospitals), using: the Beliefs and Eating Habits Questionnaire (KomPAN), Juczyński's Health Behavior Inventory (HBI) and the Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES). The BMI was assessed on the basis of anthropometric measurements. Statistical calculations were performed using analysis of variance, the Student's t-test, multivariable regression analysis and Pearson's correlation as well as moderation analysis, with the adopted level of statistical significance at α = 0.05. Professionally active nurses achieved higher BMI levels (25.95 vs. 22.31 kg/m2, p < 0.001) and a higher non-healthy diet index - nHDI-14 (17.04 vs. 15.00, p = 0.038) than students. It was shown that with the increase in generalized self-efficacy (GSE), diet health quality and the level of positive mental attitude, proper eating habits and the overall index of health behaviors increased. The BMI increased with the rise in the non-healthy diet index and with the decline in health behaviors (individual categories and the overall index). It was not found that the group (students vs. working nurses) was a moderator of the relationships between health behaviors and indicators of diet health quality with GSE of the studied nurses (p > 0.05). Nurses with a higher sense of self-efficacy declared a higher diet health quality and healthier behaviors, and their BMI was related to diet quality and health behaviors. Med Pr Work Health Saf. 2023;74(4):251-61.

Satisfaction with Life and Nutritional Behaviour, Body Composition, and Functional Fitness of Women from the Kraków Population Participating in the "Healthy Active Senior" Programme.

Pro-health behaviours are related to a person's personal resources. The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between satisfaction with life (SWL), nutritional behaviours, somatic indices, and functional efficiency of senior women. The research was conducted among 120 women aged 60-84 (Me = 65) participating in the "Healthy Active Senior" project at the University of Physical Education in Kraków. The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) and the proprietary validated questionnaire of nutritional behaviour were used. Body composition was assessed using the method of bioelectrical impedance (TANITA SC-330ST analyser), while physical fitness was evaluated via the Senior Fitness test (Fullerton Functional Fitness Test). Correlations between the variables were measured by implementing Spearman's R signed-rank correlation coefficients (with p < 0.05). Positive correlations between SWL and selected nutrition behaviours have been demonstrated, including eating 5-6 meals (p < 0.001) and drinking at least 2 litres of fluids a day (p = 0.023), consuming cereal products daily, including whole-grains (p = 0.001), avoiding alcoholic beverages (p = 0.030), and applying vitamin D supplementation (p = 0.010). At the same time, negative correlations between SWL and limiting the consumption of red as well as processed meats (p = 0.002), animal fats (p = 0.046), and the preference for vegetable oils in one's diet (p = 0.023) were shown. Significant correlations between satisfaction with life and two indicators of functional fitness were also confirmed: negative-with the variable '2.44-m Get-Up and Go' (p = 0.003); and positive-with the '2-Minute Step in Place' test (p = 0.034). The relationships between SWL and somatic indices did not reach the level of statistical significance. Among the women participating in the "Healthy Active Senior" programme, correlations between SWL and rational nutritional behaviours, as well as indices of functional fitness, were found (mostly positive), while the trends in these areas were not fully unambiguous, suggesting the validity of conducting further research.

Health Behaviours and Sense of Coherence Among Female Students of Selected Polish Universities of the Third Age

The purpose of the study was to answer 4 research questions: 1. What is the state of health behaviours among female U3A (University of the Third Age) students? 2. What is the sense of coherence among the students of U3As? 3. What is the meaning of the conducted research for health promotion? The study was conducted by means of a diagnostic survey. For the assessment of selected indicators, Juczyński’s Inventory of Health Behaviours and Antonovsky’s Life Orientation Questionnaire were used. The study included 104 female students of universities with varying organisational and legal forms. In each of the 3 U3As, a similar state of health behaviour is maintained, interpreted as average. It has been shown that respondents exhibit a mean sense of coherence. Elderly people received the highest scores in the comprehensibility component, whereas the lowest in the 3 groups tested regarding the meaningfulness component. In research, it has been shown that there is a correlation between the sense of coherence and the pro-health behaviours of the female students.

Pandemic paranoia, general paranoia, and their relationships with worry and beliefs about self/others – A multi-site latent class analysis

BackgroundDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, an increase in paranoid thinking has been reported internationally. The development of the Pandemic Paranoia Scale (PPS) has provided a reliable assessment of various facets of pandemic paranoia. This study aimed to (i) identify classes of individuals with varying levels of general paranoia and pandemic paranoia, and (ii) examine associations between classification and worry, core beliefs, and pro-health behaviours. MethodsAn international sample of adults (N = 2510) across five sites completed the Revised-Green Paranoid Thoughts Scale and the PPS. Latent class analysis (LCA) was conducted using these two paranoia variables. Classes were compared on trait worry (Penn State Worry Questionnaire), beliefs about self/others (Brief Core Schema Scales), and pro-health behaviour. ResultsThree latent classes emerged: Class 1 with low R-GPTS and PPS scores, Class 2 with a high R-GPTS score and a moderate PPS score, and Class 3 with high R-GPTS and PPS scores. Compared to Class 1, Classes 2–3 were associated with more worry and negative self- and other-beliefs. Class 3 was further characterised by greater positive-self beliefs and less engagement in pro-health behaviours. Engagement in pro-health behaviours was positively correlated with interpersonal mistrust and negatively correlated with paranoid conspiracy and persecutory threat. ConclusionsIndividuals with a general paranoia tendency were more likely to respond to the global health threats in a suspicious and distrusting way. Our findings suggested that worry and negative self/other beliefs may contribute to not just general paranoia but also pandemic paranoia. The preliminary finding of a link between pro-health behaviours and interpersonal mistrust warrants further examination.

Too masculine for healthcare, too feminine for intense sports: correlation between gender conformity and pro-health behaviours

Background: The goal of this paper is to examine to what extent levels of femininity and masculinity are associated with practicing several types of health behaviours among individuals who are physically active and inactive. Material/Methods: A total of 559 individuals aged between 35 and 45 (M = 39.4; SD = 3.2) took part in the study. The inactive group consisted of 211 individuals (n = 85 women, n = 126 men), and the active group consisted of 348 individuals (n = 131 women, n = 217 men). The participants completed the following pen-and-paper questionnaires: the Psychological Gender Inventory, the Health Behaviours Inventory, and the Inventory of Physical Activity Objectives. Results: Physical activity and androgynous psychological gender were shown to be associated with the levels of health behaviours in men and women. Among men, femininity turned out to be a factor protective against hegemonic masculinity, while among women it was observed that it is mainly masculinity that correlates with health behaviours. Physical activity was associated with a better psychological attitude. Conclusion: It is possible to treat physical activity as a protective factor against decreased mood and an aid in coping with decreased mood. Society and culture should encourage the development of femininity and masculinity from the earliest years. Future research on masculinity and femininity and pro-health behaviours should be aimed at looking for ways to promote physical activity among undifferentiated individuals.

Selected school solutions in the field of a healthy lifestyle among children and adolescents

Introduction and aim: Lifestyle is the daily behaviors, habits and activities adopted by people. It is one of the factors that largely determines the state of human health. It is important to pay attention to what habits and activities we implement in our lives. The source of behaviors are usually attitudes and values acquired in the family and the nearest social environment. The basic categories of pro-health behaviours are related to physical health, psychosocial health, health prevention and avoiding harmful behaviours, preventing an illness and supporting recovery. Anti-health behaviors contribute to health disorders, negative impacts in emotional, physical and psychosocial sphere. The aim of the study was to present selected school solutions in the field of pro-healthy lifestyle among children and adolescents, the influence of pro-healthy lifestyle and assessment of the implementation of health education at schools. Material and method: 85 children and adolescents in the age range of 10-19+ years participated in the study. Twenty-three students in the age range of 10-12 years, 27 students in the age range of 13-16 years and 35 students in the age range of 17-19+ years were surveyed. Twenty-eight males and 57 females took the survey. Results: Respondents most often engage in physical activity 2-3 times per week. The vast majority of respondents actively participate in physical education classes at school as well as undertake extracurricular physical activity. The most popular activities are cycling and team games. The main source of knowledge about pro-healthy lifestyle among children and adolescents is the Internet and the least popular is the press. Conclusions: The majority of students know what a pro-healthy lifestyle is, while less than half of the respondents have no such knowledge. The researched gain knowledge about the way of promoting pro-healthy lifestyle by school, most often through the organization of "Health Day". The majority of children and adolescents participate in extracurricular physical activity, while the rest of the respondents do not undertake such activity.

Time perspective, future anxiety, and hope for success in individuals awaiting bariatric surgery

BackgroundThe paper focuses on the problems of temporal functioning of obese individuals and of individuals prepared for bariatric treatment. The experience of time heavily weighs on many areas of human functioning, everyday activity, planning and achieving goals, engaging in pro-health behaviours, and in consequence on the quality of life and on physical health. Contingent on numerous factors, obesity may be related to focusing on particular aspects of time perspective. The aim of the study was to determine the specificity of particular temporal dispo-sitions in individuals prepared for bariatric surgery, and thus to devise suitable post-op psychological interven-tions.Participants and procedureThe study sample comprised 28 individuals (60.7% women, mean age M = 43.82 years, SD = 10.01, mean BMI M = 44.83 kg/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, SD = 6.51) awaiting bariatric surgery. The data were collected individually with the following pen-and-paper questionnaires: the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, the Dark Future Scale, and the Polish adaptation of Snyder’s Adult Hope Scale, which is named the Hope for Success Questionnaire.ResultsThe results showed the prevalence of present hedonistic time perspective in the obese. With regard to future anxiety or the hope for success, no significant deviations from the general population were observed.ConclusionsThe results indicate that this group is in need of temporal psychotherapy aimed at balancing the time perspec-tive. The results may also be interpreted through the lens of contextual determinants connected with task orien-tation preceding the surgery.

Factor structure and psychometric properties of a Polish adaptation of the Warwick\u2013Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale

BackgroundThe study of mental wellbeing requires reliable, valid, and practical measurement tools. One of the most widely used measures of mental wellbeing is the Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (WEMWBS). We conducted four studies to validate the Polish version of the WEMWBS. Their objectives are the following: (1) to present the psychometric properties of the Polish version of the WEMWBS (study 1: n = 1197); (2) to evaluate the test–retest reliability of the Polish version of the WEMWBS (study 2: n = 24); (3) to determine the validity of the WEMWBS (study 3: n = 610); (4) to examine sensitivity of the WEMWBS scale to detect population with different levels of pro-health behaviours (study 4: n = 430).MethodsTo explore the dimensional structure of the scale we tested a one-factor model. The evaluation employed explanatory and confirmatory factor analyses and tested reliability and stability. To determine the convergent validity of the WEMWBS we analysed correlations among wellbeing and life satisfaction and risk depression. To examine sensitivity of the WEMWBS scale to detect a population with different levels of health-related behaviours we used Student’s t test.ResultsThe results presented confirm that the psychometric properties of the Polish adaptation of WEMWBS are very good. Using EFA and CFA it was shown that a one-factor solution is optimal. Reliability, measured using the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and McDonald's omega proved to be very high. The estimation of the stability of the Polish version of the WEMWBS proved to be high. Our validation studies also provided data demonstrating sensitivity of the WEMWBS to detect a population with different levels of health-related behaviours, indicating that group with high level of pro-health behaviours achieved higher WEMWBS wellbeing results than group with low level of pro-health behaviours.ConclusionsWEMWBS was confirmed as a short, reliable and valid measure with good psychometric properties. Due to the high indicators for its psychometric properties, the scale may therefore prove to be a particularly useful tool not only in empirical research, but also in mental wellbeing monitoring, and could serve as support in educational and preventive.

Personality Determinants of Pro-health Behaviours Among Polish and Spanish Physical Education Students

The aim of the study was to analyse personality determinants related to the level of pro-health-behaviours among Polish and Spanish physical education students. The study was conducted among 219 Polish and 280 Spanish students, using the NEO-FFI Personality Inventory as well as the Pro-health Behaviour Inventory by Juczyński. Statistical analyses were performed using Pearson’s correlation coeffi cient and moderation analysis. Among the prohealth behaviours, students obtained the highest results in terms of positive mental attitude, and among personality traits, for extraversion. A signifi cant increase in the general index and some domains of pro-health behaviours together with an increase of extraversion, conscientiousness, openness and agreeableness, as well as a decrease in neuroticism, were found among all the students. The moderating infl uence of home country on personality relationships with health-promoting behaviours was also confi rmed, with an indication towards an the increase in the general index of health-promoting behaviours and/or individual domains along with the intensifi cation of agreeableness and conscientiousness, and a decrease along with the increase in neuroticism and extraversion, but only among Polish students. Regardless of country of origin, the overall index of health-promoting behaviours increased along with the rise in conscientiousness (notably among Spanish students). Signifi cant relationships between personality traits and the level of pro-health behaviours have been demonstrated, as well as the moderating infl uenceof home country on the relationship between these variables among Polish and Spanish physical education students.

„W trosce o słabe serce” — model edukacji chorych hospitalizowanych z powodu dekompensacji niewydolności serca ze zmniejszoną frakcją wyrzutową

Introduction. Kompleksowa opieka nad chorymi z niewydolnością serca (KONS) is the name of a Polish programme for the coordinated care for patients with heart failure that has been proposed as a complex heart failure management solution based on European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Heart Failure recommendations. The challenge is that there are currently no available systemic solutions for educating these patients. Our project aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a pilot model of education and telemonitoring known as ‘The Weak Heart’ for patients hospitalised due to decompensation of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Materials and methods. ‘The Weak Heart’ educational model consists of three phases: phase I — training and certification of nurses to perform the role of heart failure nurse specialists; phase II — checking the effectiveness of the model in a clinical setting; and phase III — implementation of patient education standards in cardiac centres. Data collected will be used to evaluate the impact of the programme on patients’ understanding regarding heart failure, their compliance with recommendations, and their pro-health behaviours in terms of self-care and self-control. Conclusion. ‘ The Weak Heart’ programme will allow conclusions to be drawn concerning the usefulness and effectiveness of the first targeted heart failure-based patient educational model in Poland. Positive results in this pilot project could become the basis for implementing systemic changes, and introducing the model into everyday clinical practice.

Sense of generalised self-efficacy and pro-health behaviours of Polish and Spanish physical education students

The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between the sense of generalised self-efficacy and the level of pro-health behaviours among Polish and Spanish physical education students. The study was conducted among 499 physical education students (219 Polish and 280 Spanish). The Inventory of Health Behaviours (IZZ) by Z. Juczynski and the Generalised Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) by R. Schwarzer, M. Jerusalem and Z. Juczynski were used. Among the categories of healthy behaviours included in the Inventory of Health Behaviours (IZZ), the physical education students obtained the highest average results in the area of positive mental attitude (22.26), less in the pro-health practices (20.10) and proper eating habits (19.85), and less again in the area of preventive behaviours (18.97). Statistically significant positive correlations were found between the intensification of the generalised sense of self-efficacy and the levels of positive mental attitude (p = 0.024) and preventive behaviours (p < 0.001). The moderating influence regarding home country on relationships between the generalised sense of self-efficacy and general index of pro-health behaviours (p = 0.024) was also demonstrated; in the case of the Spanish students the level of pro-health behaviours increased, but for the Polish students it decreased.

Level of health behaviours of HCV infected patients treated with dialysotherapy

Introduction. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is one of the greatest epidemiological risks worldwide (3% infected globally). Dialysis patients are the group at high risk of infections transmitted via blood, are often infected with HCV virus, and suffer from acute or chronic hepatitis. Anti-health behaviours enhance the process of liver fibrosis. The objective of the study was recognition of the level of health behaviours in HCV-infected haemodialysis patients. Materials and Method. The study included 149 adult patients on dialysis infected with HCV, hospitalized in two dialysotherapy centres: the Military Medical Institute and Clinical Hospital in Warsaw. In the study there also participated family members and acquaintances of students of the Higher School in Radom. The study was conducted during the first half of 2017 by a diagnostic survey, using research instrument Health Behaviours Inventory (HBI) according to Z. Juczyński. The questionnaire concerned: eating habits, prophylactic behaviours, everyday health practice, and positive psychological attitude.Results. 73.8% of respondents presented a high level of health behaviours (7–10 sten scores), mediocre - 19.5% (5–6 sten scores), and low – 6.7% (1–4 sten scores). The highest mean value evidencing health promoting life style of the patients was observed with respect to prophylactic behaviours (4.0±0.4), while eating habits and health practices were on the level 3.9±0.4-0.5. The lowest value indicating the least pro-health behaviours concerned positive psychological attitude (3.7±0.4). Conclusions. The overall rate of health behaviours of dialysed HCV patients was high. The dominant category was prophylactic behaviours, whereas the lowest results were obtained with respect to positive psychological attitude. The respondents infected with HCV for longer than 10 years, mainly males, those aged 60-84, with primary vocational education, living in rural areas, and non-active occupationally, had the greatest needs for psychotherapy. It is necessary to provide psychological support for dialysis patients infected with HCV.

Occupational Burnout and Pro-Health Behaviours of Pre-School Teachers from Kraków

Preserving and improving human health potential is fostered by a healthy lifestyle, in particular a rational diet, recreational physical activity, effective coping with psychological stress, avoidance of psychoactive substances and risky sexual contacts, and the use of preventive examinations. The aim of the study was to assess health-related behaviours and professional burnout of pre-school teachers from Krakow. Anonymous research, by means of diagnostic survey, was conducted in 2018 among a randomly selected group of teachers from public (n = 139) and non-public (n = 43) preschools in Krakow. The Occupational Burnout Questionnaire (MBI) based on the concept of Ch. Maslach was used to assess the structure of professional burnout (emotional depletion, depersonalisation and sense of professional achievement). Using the Inventory of Pro-health Behaviours (IZZ) by Z. Juczynski, four categories of pro-health behaviours were assessed: correct eating habits, preventive behaviours, positive mental attitude and health practices. The results of correlation analysis using Pearson’s r showed a relationship between three out of four scales of the Inventory of Pro-health Behaviours (preventive behaviours, positive mental attitude, health practices) and a general indicator of health behaviours and the results of the MBI questionnaire. The obtained data suggest that people who present health-related behaviours to a lesser extent are characterised by a higher level of burnout components.

Behavioural factors as predictors of self-rated health among polish adolescent girls.

IntroductionSelf-rated health (SRH), an indicator which is extensively used in population studies, constitutes a measure of health closely linked to morbidity, mortality and overall health status and enjoys popularity in surveys monitoring adolescents. Most studies show that at puberty girls assess their health as worse than boys do, and the difference widens with age. Moreover, puberty is a crucial period for health, since it is the time when health risk behaviours are often initiated or become established.AimTo analyse the associations between high scores on self-rated health among 15-year-old girls, participants of the Healthy Me programme, and their selected health behaviours.Material and methodsThe study covered a group of 1173 second-grade female students from 48 lower secondary schools located in rural and urban areas of 16 voivodeships all over Poland. The participants answered questions about chronic diseases or disability, self-rated health, diet, leisure activities, physical activity and health risk behaviours. In the statistical analysis, the association between self-rated health and individual indicators of health behaviour was examined using logistic regression.ResultsTwo thirds of the girls assessed their health as excellent or good. Only approximately 5% of the respondents made the "extreme negative" assessment. In the final multivariate analysis, five factors remained important predictors of high self-rated health scores: regular participation in physical education classes, vigorous physical activity, daily breakfast consumption, consumption of fruit at least once a day and sleep for at least 8 hours a day.ConclusionsRegularparticipation in physical education classes, vigorousphysical activity, consumption of breakfast and fruit every day, as well as sleep for at least 8 hours a day are powerful predictors of high scores on self-rated health of 15-year-old adolescent girls.Public health activities aimed at adolescents should focus on the positive aspects of health and a lifestyle paying special attention on pro health behaviours.

Physioprophylaxisin Physiotherapy with Emphasis on Physical Activity

Currently, physiotherapist's work is to provide health services to healthy and sick people. One of the types of these services is physioprophylaxis, i.e. prophylactic activity consisting in promotion of pro-health behaviours as well as development and maintenance of the fitness and endurance of people of all ages to prevent disability. The term 'physioprophylaxis', which has been familiar to physiotherapists only, has been known in Poland in the area of health culture for merely a few years. The authors of the study believe that there is a need to promote the knowledge about the role of physioprophylaxis in the area of health culture, education, science, and society. The role of physical activity in physioprophylaxis is emphasised as well.&#x0D; It is evident that the legal regulations of the profession of physiotherapists are not reflected in appreciation of their comprehensive preventive and therapeutic competences in the health care system or in the general public awareness.

Level of knowledge regarding health as well as health education and pro-health behaviours among students of physical education and other teaching specialisations

Background: ‪The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between the level of knowledge regarding health and health education as well as the pro-health behaviours of students of physical education and other teaching specialisation. Material and methods: ‪Anonymous and voluntary research was carried out in the years 2013-2014 among a randomly chosen group of Krakow academic youth. The research applied: involved the Inventory of Health Behaviours (IHB) (Polish: Inwentarz Zachowań Zdrowotnych) by Z. Juczyński, a short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and an original test on knowledge regarding health determinants and education. Results: ‪Research has indicated differences in some health behaviours (IHB) and physical activity (IPAQ) of the students. It was found that along with an increase in the level of knowledge about health and health education, the level of pro-health behaviours, especially regarding healthy eating habits, also increased. However, there were no statistically significant correlations between knowledge about health and health education and the level of physical activity of students of the teaching specialisation. Conclusions: ‪Preparing students – future teachers – for the to implementation of health education at school requires comprehensive impact on various areas of health culture, including the level of knowledge about health determinants, pro-health behaviours, the position of health within one’s value system and appropriate methodological competences.

SELECTED HEALTH BEHAVIOURS OF NURSES

Currently, the role of nurses in healthcare is growing. Each day more demanding and responsible, practical tasks are put in front of them. They also have a leading role in the field of health promotion and professional knowledge about a healthy lifestyle. Due to their medical knowledge, they are expected to have a conscious, rational and critical attitude towards shaping and observing pro-health behaviours in their lives. The aim of this study is to compare the selected health behaviours of nurses. The research included 100 nurses and 100 women doing other professions. The respondents were tested with the matched pair-selection method, taking into consideration two variables: place of residence and age. The survey questionnaire was used. The nurses show similarities with respect to some health behaviours and show significant differences in the consumption of alcoholic beverages (the amount and kind) or regularity of preventive checks in comparison to others. The profession of nurses due to its’ specificity and requirement of constant care for ill person results in a very high level of stress. Nurses feel permanent pressure, which entails permission to use stimulants such as coffee, alcohol and to a lesser extent - smoking. Their role as promoters of a healthy lifestyle means that they try to take care of health through control or preventive examinations.

Readiness to change and pro-health behaviours among students of physical education and other teaching specialisations

The aim of the study was to analyse the relationship between the profile of readiness to change and pro-health behaviours as well as physical activity among students of physical education and other teaching specialisation. The study was carried among a randomly selected group of teaching specialisation students (464 females and 143 males). In the research, the following were applied: Inventory of Pro-health Behaviours by Juczynski, the IPAQ and the Readiness to Change Questionnaire. Diversification in pro-health behaviours, level of physical activity and selected features of readiness to change among students of teaching specialisations was demonstrated. In the general population, along with the increase in self-confidence, passion and optimism, the level of health pro-behaviours also increased. Regardless of type of studies, there were significant positive correlations between the level of physical activity and the degree of passion, optimism and boldness. Among students of other teaching specialisations (apart from physical education), a positive relationship was also noted between physical activity and creativity. Among the students of teaching specialisations, a correlation was demonstrated between the level of pro-health behaviours and physical activity as well as the degree of selected features constituting readiness to change.

Pro-health Behaviours in Time Budget of Ex-cyclists

The study involved 50 ex-cyclists at age 22-66, there were 17 women and 33 men. This survey-based study was performed using two standardized tools: Health Behaviour Inventory (IZZ) and The questionnaire on daily routines (chronocard).The most of the studied group (58%) undertook pro-health behaviours at the median level, 24% presented the maximum level of health behaviours, and the smallest studied group (18%) presented the minimum level of IZZ. It showed that gender didn’t influence the health behaviour of ex-cyclists (p=0,784). An amount of time for different activities (work/study, activities at home, relax, entertainment, physical activity and others) is different during each weekdays. The dominance in the time budget of ex-cyclists was work (study).The most of the leisure time, the studied group spent for amusements and the less for relax and physical activity.The dominance of the studied group were in median and minimum level of health behaviours with the most escalated behaviours in positive mental attitude and lower in nutritional habits, prophylactic behaviours and healthy habits. The studied group presented very restricted pro-healthy lifestyle.