Privileged Position In Society Research Articles

Review: Making Minimum Wage: Elsie Parrish versus the West Coast Hotel Company, by Helen J. Knowles

Book Review| May 01 2023 Review: Making Minimum Wage: Elsie Parrish versus the West Coast Hotel Company, by Helen J. Knowles Helen J. Knowles. Making Minimum Wage: Elsie Parrish versus the West Coast Hotel Company. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2021. 396 pp. Paperback $29.95. Donna C. Schuele Donna C. Schuele DONNA C. SCHUELE is a research affiliate at the Center for the Study of Women at UCLA and teaches history, political science, and law in the California State University and University of California systems. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar California History (2023) 100 (2): 122–124. https://doi.org/10.1525/ch.2023.100.2.122 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Donna C. Schuele; Review: Making Minimum Wage: Elsie Parrish versus the West Coast Hotel Company, by Helen J. Knowles. California History 1 May 2023; 100 (2): 122–124. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/ch.2023.100.2.122 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentCalifornia History Search In the past few decades, a cottage industry has arisen around resurrecting the backstories of landmark constitutional decisions. By driving home the point that constitutional rights become real only if and when ordinary people stand up against their alleged violation, these studies highlight the courageousness of litigants who rarely occupied privileged positions in society. In addition, these studies often dispel the sense of inevitability that comes from a case being well woven into the constitutional fabric of the nation. In Making Minimum Wage, Helen J. Knowles does a fine job of achieving both purposes. The Supreme Court case Parrish v. West Coast Hotel (1937) consistently serves as a turning point and thus is included in a variety of U.S. law and history curricula. In courses on sex-based discrimination, the case marks the point when the Supreme Court stopped waffling over whether protective labor legislation would pass muster only if... You do not currently have access to this content.

WATERY UNDERWORLD SYMBOLISM AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF POLITICAL AUTHORITY IN THE MOPAN VALLEY, BELIZE

Shifts between the Preclassic and Classic periods involved transitions in many aspects of Maya society, including the role of ritual activities as sources of power for and markers of political authority. During the Classic period, royal individuals were often buried in crypts or tombs marked with water symbolism that symbolically placed the individual within the watery underworld. Layers of lithics overlying these important interments were part of this symbolism. Water symbolism of this nature has deep roots in Maya ideology, beginning as early as the Middle Preclassic, prior to institutionalized political authority. In this article, we explore the relationships between large lithic deposits and underworld and water symbolism at Las Ruinas de Arenal and Buenavista del Cayo to shed light on diachronic transformations of ritual practices involving lithics and other objects reflecting the watery underworld. The deposits at Arenal suggest that during the Preclassic period, watery underworld symbolism was part of communal ritual activities that occurred in public ritual locations. At Buenavista, large lithic deposits reflecting underworld symbolism are more restricted and individualized in nature. We believe this reflects elite incorporation of communal practices to legitimize their privileged position in society and reinforce their political authority.

Men's reactions to gender inequality in the workplace: From relative deprivation on behalf of women to collective action.

Over recent years, the role of men as women's allies in the struggle for gender equality has become increasingly important. Previous research has shown that often men do not fight gender inequalities as they fail to recognize the severity of discrimination against women (e.g., in hiring). In this study (N = 427), we examined whether men who experienced relative deprivation on behalf of women-a form of relative deprivation that stems from the awareness that women hold a less privileged position in society-were more motivated to engage in collective action to support gender equality in the workplace. The findings showed that men's feelings of deprivation on behalf of women were associated with a greater willingness to engage in collective action for gender equality. This relationship was sequentially mediated by two emotional reactions related to deprivation-increased guilt about gender inequalities and decreased fear of a potential backlash-and the moral conviction of acting for gender equality. These results suggest that men's awareness of gender inequality at work is an important antecedent to their acting in solidarity with women and that emotions and moral conviction are two psychological processes that turn cognition into behavior. Action to reduce gender inequalities should make men more sensitive to seeing that they hold a privileged position in society and to recognizing the pervasive and harmful nature of women's deprivation.

Logic and language in Indian religions

This article concentrates on certain beliefs that many Indian thinkers implicitly accepted and that show up in an analysis of reasoned arguments they presented. These beliefs concerned the relationship between language and reality. For Brahmanical thinkers, who owed their privileged position in society in great part to their mastery of texts — the Veda — that were deemed to be directly connected to reality, this relationship between language and reality was a matter of course. For reasons of their own, Buddhist thinkers had come to think that the world of our experience is largely determined by language. This shared belief, which most often though not always remained implicit, found its way into certain arguments. These arguments remain unintelligible without an awareness of the underlying belief.

The Global Business of Sport in a Brave New World: Conceptualising a Framework for Alternative Futures.

In July 1991, Sports Illustrated published a special issue featuring two articles that prognosticated about what sport would look like 10 years later. As the world entered the 21st century, Sports Illustrated writers, Oscar Johnson and Ron Fimrite, offered their visions of sport in the year 2001. Their analysis highlighted how a range of economic, social and technological changes in society would impact on how sport is structured, produced and consumed, but also offered insights into the future of the major professional sport leagues in North America. It has been 30 years since they publicised their views and, while technology continues to impact sport, the Covid-19 pandemic has forced the world to pause and to consider a range of deep, soul-searching questions about the nature of society, including sport. Against this background, we consider the opportunities and challenges for sport in the 21st century. The paper is divided into three sections including: (1) a reflection on the meaning, value and significance of sport including its privileged position in society, or what we refer to as “sporting exceptionalism”; (2) a brief overview of a case study that illustrates the challenges facing the global business of sport; and, (3) a framework for conceptualising alternative futures in the global business of sport, drawing on examples from women's sport.

In time, we will simply disappear: Racial demographic shift undermines privileged group members' support for marginalized social groups via collective angst.

The racial demographic shift occurring in many Western countries provides a unique context to study the reactions of a high-power group (White people) to the potential loss of their privileged position in society. Three experiments (N = 77, N = 302, N = 555) conducted in Canada, the US, and the UK showed that White people who are reminded about the ongoing demographic changes and who see race relations as a zero-sum game whereby any gains by minorities must come at the expense of the majority, experience stronger collective angst and, to a lesser extent, fear (but not anger). In turn, collective angst, but not the other negative group-based emotions, fuels their motivation to protect the existing intergroup hierarchy by withdrawing support for progressive social movements and increases anti-immigration sentiments. Downregulating the existential threat experienced by White majorities in the face of a racial demographic shift may be one way to reduce acrimonious behavioral intentions aimed at preserving their place in the social hierarchy.

O'Connor's Canons: the Professional Responsibility Jurisprudence of Justice Sandra Day O'Connor

Justice Sandra Day O’Connor came to the Supreme Court at a time of tremendous change in the legal profession. With the development of commercial free speech doctrine, lawyers were permitted to advertise their services. Justice O’Connor vigorously opposed this development because of the potential legal advertising had for damaging the ethical standards of the profession. She believed that lawyers, because of their privileged position in society, had a higher moral duty to society as officers of the court. Moreover, she asserted that ethical standards should be established at the state level and the Court should defer to the states in this regard. Justice O’Connor wrapped her professional ideals around the belief that our majestic law steeped in traditions of freedom, democracy and liberty was to be maintained by lawyers with the highest commitment to professional duty and a willingness to sub serve their own financial and personal interests to the needs of the clients. This article will consider the constitutional jurisprudence of Justice Sandra Day O’Connor in the arena of professional responsibility with a focus on how she expressed her ethical canons in light of First Amendment Doctrine as applied to commercial free speech. Her views are immensely relevant to current discourse on professionalism.

'As Long as It Comes off as a Cigarette Ad, Not a Civil Rights Message': Gender, Inequality and the Commercial Determinants of Health.

Scholarship on the commercial determinants of health (CDoH) has sought to understand the multiple ways corporate policies, practices and products affect population health. At the same time, gender is recognised as a key determinant of health and an important axis of health inequalities. To date, there has been limited attention paid to the ways in which the CDoH engage with and impact on gender inequalities and health. This review seeks to address this gap by examining evidence on the practices and strategies of two industries—tobacco and alcohol—and their interaction with gender, with a particular focus on women. We first describe the practices by which these industries engage with women in their marketing and corporate social responsibility activities, reinforcing problematic gender norms and stereotypes that harm women and girls. We then examine how tobacco and alcohol companies contribute to gender inequalities through a range of strategies intended to protect their market freedoms and privileged position in society. By reinforcing gender inequalities at multiple levels, CDoH undermine the health of women and girls and exacerbate global health inequalities.

Power, Ideology and Identity in Digital Literacy: A Sociolinguistic Study

This study investigates the significance of digital media in terms of social implications. It draws its theoretical insights from the Darvin and Norton model of investment (2015) as it gives purely a new dimension to the concept of digital literacy. The study is designed in order to evaluate some important aspects of Social media, particularly Facebook, as an important digital literacy practice. Firstly, the study examines the way power is operated in the digital mediated construction of social identities. Certain social identities position other identities and accord or refuse them power. These even shape social ideologies and identities as English-language speakers hold a privileged position in society while Urdu-language speakers are marginalized all over the world. Secondly, it explores the role of digital media in the investment of language and digital literacy practices to represent social ideologies at three different angles of marriage, adulthood and family. Having established a sampling frame consisting of nine Facebook pictorial postings from three Facebook pages, the findings suggested that the text and visual representations of Facebook postings use various linguistic features like literary devices that are playing an evident role in the representation of social ideologies.

Ґрунти в сучасному суспільстві

Soils are one of the most important, basic resources that is essential for the creation of a large number of goods and services that are an integral part of the ecosystem and human well-being. Soils, both actively used and others, provide ecosystems services which are important for regulating of the global climate and for large-scale regulation of various natural resources. About 33 % of global soil resources are degraded due to erosion, pollution, compaction, salinization, acidification, dehumidification and other adverse processes associated within appropriate management of ground water resources. About 33 % of global soil resources are degraded due to erosion, pollution, compaction, salinization, acidification, dehumidification and other adverse processes associated with inappropriate management of soil resources. Excessive lowing of the land fund, non-compliance of modern agricultural systems, neglect to agronomic land use norm sand ecology, lack of proper system of soil fertility management contributes to the development of degradation processes. The degradation is almost inevitable companion of humanity for many centuries of its development. Of course there are differences in this process, and they depend on the level of development of society, the understanding of the patterns of soil formation, and the state of the economy. Providing the rational, scientifically grounded use of soil, Ukraine, possessing a huge reserve of soil fertility, may be one of the world leaders in the production of high-quality food products. However, unfortunately, the soil does not occupy a privileged position in society. It is considered exclusively from the utilitarian side as a means of getting of agricultural products. The most important thing for the survival of humanity is the attitude of people to the soil, which is formed by culture, economic and social system of society. In the modern world, when the interconnection of elements in the mechanism of the world economy intensifies and the number of the population is steadily increasing, the management of soil resources plays more important role than ever before. Societies that have almost exhausted their environmental potential are often forced to maximize their crops to feed the population, regardless of the depletion of the soil and the need to protect and preserve it for next generations. Key words: soil, degradation, use of the soils, fertility, ecological crisis, society, soil area.

The winners take it all: A comparative study of Twitter campaigns under pressure

This paper presents a comparative study on two Twitter campaigns that came under pressure when recipients started to engage in the campaigns in unexpected ways. Despite two organizations employing different engagement strategies with users, both campaigns played out in somewhat similar ways. Users with an abundance of retweets tend to be male, holding privileged positions in society, with large networks of followers.

Dimensions of Morality

Based on ethnographic fieldwork and literary analysis, this article analyses the Forum Lingkar Pena ( FLP ), the largest transnational writers’ collective for Muslim readers, writers, and publishers in Indonesia. In the light of the different FLP ‘subcultures’ embedded within the local framework of the respective branches, we examine moral solidarity as a unifying element of the forum’s divisions. We presume that the FLP is characterized by moral solidarity, which is to be understood here to mean responding to the moral needs of other people by means of sympathetic understanding. This essay depicts the ways in which moral solidarity functions in the FLP , and how it opens up new perspectives for people who have a less privileged position in society. Moreover, it demonstrates that to better understand this writers’ collective and the wider FLP family, the concept of moral solidarity needs to be complemented by a consideration of individual moral agency.

The Composite Theory: An African Contribution to the Academic Freedom Discourse

This article expounds the Composite Theory to define the parameters for the exercise of academic freedom in Africa, informed by its political, historical and cultural circumstances and expressed in the Dar es Salaam Declaration on Academic Freedom and Social Responsibility of Academics and the Kampala Declaration on Intellectual Freedom and Social Responsibility. This approach follows in the line of the Special Theory and General Theory postulated to justify the exercise and application of academic freedom in Germany and the United States of America, respectively. The Composite Theory contends that academic freedom in the African context should not only be seen in the narrow prism of protecting the rights of academics on and off the university campus. It includes a commitment to recognise and contribute to promoting the rights of other key actors in the academic freedom equation, to wit, students and the society as a fulfillment of the academic’s social responsibility. This role can be fulfilled both within and outside the university campus. Internally, academics shall respect students’ right to academic freedom and immerse knowledge-sharing in a democratic ethos. This approach will likely instil in the students respect for democracy, human rights and the rule of law, which they will carry away with them from the university into life within the society. Extramurally, equipped with their knowledge, skills and experience, African academics should take advantage of their privileged positions in society to leave their ivory towers and, where necessary, solidarise with other civil society actors to promote social transformation and human emancipation. This is the guaranteed way to protect academic freedom on the campuses.

Ballots for Bullets? Disabled Veterans and the Right to Vote

Over 100,000 veterans lived in a government-funded home after the Civil War. Despite sacrificing their bodies for the preservation of the nation, these veterans lost the right to vote. This disfranchisement challenges the conventional wisdom that disabled veterans occupied a privileged position in society, politics, and law. Instead, their disability status trumped their military history, and they became part of a set of dependent, disabled people rendered placeless and vote-less by state law.

The Meaning of Democracy and its Determinants

What does mean to people? Do different individuals hold different views about what democracy is or should be? What explains those differences? This article looks into these questions and gives an account of the sources and explanations of different understandings of democracy among Europeans. We advance a basic and simple argument. Individuals that came to acquire a privileged position in society have an interest in defending the political and institutional status quo. Since can be understood in different ways, with some understandings closer and some further from that status quo, social status and social hierarchies help determine which version of democracy people come to endorse. In other words, people who enjoy privileged positions in society are more likely to espouse a conception of consistent with the political status quo than individuals with lower social status. We rely on the 6th round of ESS surveys from 29 European countries using multilevel models in order to test the hypotheses that result from the main theoretical argument.

Updating the Hippocratic Oath to include medicine's social contract

It is widely understood that reciting a contemporary version of the Hippocratic Oath has two purposes. It constitutes a public commitment on the part of the prospective doctor to preserving the traditional values of the medical profession and to meeting the obligations expected of a doctor. It is also an important symbolic ritual in the process of professional identity formation. A portion of the 1964 version of the Hippocratic Oath is examined for its relevance to the current practice of medicine. Its closing paragraph reads: 'If I do not violate this oath, may I enjoy life and art, be respected while I live and remembered with affection thereafter. May I always act to preserve the finest traditions of my calling and may I long experience the joy of healing those who seek my help.' This is interpreted as representing the doctor's expectations of the practice of medicine: job satisfaction; status, and prestige. It also conveys the understanding that enjoying these benefits is contingent upon the doctor's adherence to the terms of the Oath. Our current understanding of the relationship between medicine and society is that a social contract exists under which members of the profession are granted a privileged position in society on the understanding that they will meet society's reasonable expectations. These expectations entail obligations not only to patients and to the profession, but to wider society. The Oath under consideration, which concentrates on medicine's obligations to patients and to the profession, does not adequately reflect its obligations to society. It is suggested that versions of the Hippocratic Oath used in the future should be updated to better reflect the obligations of both individual doctors and the medical profession to society.

Physical and mental health perspectives of first year undergraduate rural university students

BackgroundUniversity students are often perceived to have a privileged position in society and considered immune to ill-health and disability. There is growing evidence that a sizeable proportion experience poor physical health, and that the prevalence of psychological disorders is higher in university students than their community peers. This study examined the physical and mental health issues for first year Australian rural university students and their perception of access to available health and support services.MethodsCross-sectional study design using an online survey form based on the Adolescent Screening Questionnaire modeled on the internationally recognised HEADSS survey tool. The target audience was all first-year undergraduate students enrolled in an on-campus degree program. The response rate was 41% comprising 355 students (244 females, 111 males). Data was analysed using standard statistical techniques including descriptive and inferential statistics; and thematic analysis of the open-ended responses.ResultsThe mean age of the respondents was 20.2 years (SD 4.8). The majority of the students lived in on-campus residential college style accommodation, and a third combined part-time paid work with full-time study. Most students reported being in good physical health. However, on average two health conditions were reported over the past six months, with the most common being fatigue (56%), frequent headaches (26%) and allergies (24%). Mental health problems included anxiety (25%), coping difficulties (19.7%) and diagnosed depression (8%). Most respondents reported adequate access to medical doctors and support services for themselves (82%) and friends (78%). However the qualitative comments highlighted concerns about stigma, privacy and anonymity in seeking counselling.ConclusionsThe present study adds to the limited literature of physical and mental health issues as well as barriers to service utilization by rural university students. It provides useful baseline data for the development of customised support programs at rural campuses. Future research using a longitudinal research design and multi-site studies are recommended to facilitate a deeper understanding of health issues affecting rural university students.

Creating a Longitudinal Environment of Awareness

Anatomy educators have long understood the role that professionalism education plays in the dissection laboratory. The process of dissecting human material forces students to address such issues as human mortality, their responsibility to the vulnerability of the deceased, their privileged position in society, and their commitment to scientific ideals. Educators have offered a wealth of opinions and curricula dedicated to teaching professionalism in first-year anatomy courses. That they have risen to this challenge is laudable. However, professionalism education is a longitudinal process of acculturation. What happens, then, to students after they leave the anatomy classroom? As it is not taught in other basic science courses, professionalism education effectively becomes a null curriculum, teaching students to compartmentalize professionalism questions so that they can be addressed in anatomy courses or during dedicated professionalism course work. In their training, medical students spend 4 to 12 years navigating this shifting environment of hidden, null, or explicit curricula, which have a significant impact on their attitudes and character.In this perspective, the author highlights, from his experience as a medical student, specific professionalism challenges in anatomy--such as encountering mortality, enacting contracts with society and those who are most vulnerable, and upholding scientific excellence--and discusses how these challenges are addressed by anatomy educators. He then provides analogous examples of opportunities to teach professionalism in other basic science courses, such as pathology, microbiology, and pharmacology. He concludes by describing the goal of incorporating professionalism into all basic science courses--a longitudinal, cohesive environment of awareness.

Sympathy for a Villain? Suffering Men and Angelic Women in the Novels of Caroline Auguste Fischer (1764–1842)

This article examines the effects that the socially preassigned gender roles had on both men and women in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries as depicted in Caroline Auguste Fischer’s four novels: Gustavs Verirrungen (1801, Gustav’s errors), Die Honigmonathe (1802, The honeymonths), Der Gunstling (1809, The favorite), and Margarethe (1812). Although Fischer is well known for her radical critique of female oppression and women’s limited possibilites, she also demonstrates in her work that men were not simply driven by self- interest and egoism but were themselves victims of a gender ideology that restricted both men and women in their search for happiness and love. Caroline Auguste Fischer’s novels and stories revolve around love, yet there are few happy endings in her work. Instead, what stands out in her writing is the candid analysis of contemporary gender relations and the pessimistic view with regard to happy relationships between men and women that she presents. 1 Fischer is openly critical of the roles that were assigned to each gender at her time, and her focus is clearly on the often disastrous effect that men’s privileged position in society had on women and their lives. Still, Fischer’s male characters are not simply presented as villains or blackguards. In this article, I look closely at the gender roles and relationships in Fischer’s four novels because they reveal her view that men were not any happier than women even though they possessed more power and freedom. 2 Indeed, most noticeable about Fischer’s male protagonists is their misery, self- doubt, discontent, and longing. Furthermore, most of them are doomed to die in the end. In her fi rst novel, Gustavs Verirrungen (1801, Gustav’s errors), the protagonist, by his own admission a spoiled young man, goes out into the world to search for the girl with whom he has fallen in love. After a series of relationships with different women, he fi nally fi nds her but

Military Spending and Democratisation

Abstract There is considerable evidence that authoritarian regimes have tended to spend more on the military than democracies. However, the direction of causality of this relationship has not been seriously investigated. The literature tends to assume that causality runs from regime type to military expenditure, but one might also expect military expenditure to influence regime type: history yields numerous examples of countries whose democratisation process was reversed by a powerful military unwilling to give up its privileged position in society. Successful democratisation, amongst other things, requires the reform of civil-military relations. In this paper, I build on the empirical literature on democratic transitions and examine whether lowering military expenditure in a democratising country increases the chances of successful democracy consolidation. I use a number of techniques, including two-way fixed effects model and a panel VAR to examine the linkages and pattern of Granger causality between measures of regime type, GDP and military expenditures.