Private Trauma Research Articles

The Haunted Theatre: Mark Ravenhill’s The Haunting of Susan A

Different art forms such as music, light, sound, digital art, dance, painting, sculpture, ritual, and film can be part of the theatre. Through these components, theatre might be used to stage human existence, behaviours, places, historical dimensions, cultural history, emotions, passions, fears, and various narratives and experiences in the social dimension. Mark Ravenhill, focusing on the history of the King’s Head pub, famous people’s stories over ale, and the possibilities of what once could have happened in the room where the audiences are gathered, represents cultural history, passions, and fears and portrays a ghost story using light and sound techniques and various narratives related to the King’s Head Theatre in London. Ravenhill portrays a distinctive ghost and haunted story in his newest play, The Haunting of Susan A (2022). The ghost takes place in the world of Susan, and a private trauma is witnessed when Susan mentions the ghost or feels the ghost during the performance. This paper seeks to study the impact of Ravenhill’s play, which centres on the theatre’s past and, using Suzanne Ahmet’s ghost story, tries to activate audiences’ memories and fear and observe uncanny feelings in audiences. This study will explore the performance at King’s Head and the history of the pub, along with the theoretical approach of hauntology, envisaging which celebrities stopped by for an ale in the King’s Head history and Susan’s story (Suzanne Ahmet), an actress before, a real story (Susan insists) in The Haunting of Susan A.

Tapping on Collective National Trauma

Tapping on Collective National Trauma

Etiology, Epidemiology, and Treatment Type of Maxillofacial Traumas in Razavi Khorasan Province with Certain Insurance between 2016 and 2021.

Trauma is a leading cause of death and disability in developing countries, with maxillofacial fractures being a significant part of such cases. This study focuses on maxillofacial traumas among insured patients in Razavi Khorasan province (2016-2021), exploring the impact of gender, age, and trauma causes on injury prevalence and treatment approaches. This retrospective cross-sectional study utilized the records of the patients who were treated for maxillofacial fractures in Mashhad Shahid Kamyab Hospital or a Private Trauma Center, from 2016 to 2021. Demographic characteristics of the patients (age and gender), educational backgrounds of surgeons, accident causes, year and location of the fractures, and reasons for referrals were recorded. The data were statistically analyzed using SPSS 20, and the significance level was set at 0.05. We examined the records of 60 patients (44 males, 16 females). Males (73.4%) exhibited a significantly higher prevalence of maxillofacial traumas compared to females (26%) (P Value < 0.05). Falling was identified as the most common cause of fractures (51.7%), followed by impacts from hard objects and motor vehicle accidents (MVA) (P Value = 0.63). Mandible fractures were observed in 48% of patients, followed by zygomaticomaxillary and panfacial fractures, subsequently (P Value < 0.05). The study findings highlight the impact of age, gender, and trauma causes on maxillofacial fractures and treatments among patients with certain insurance. Understanding the origins and patterns of these fractures offers crucial insights for shaping effective health policies, providing valuable guidance for addressing such injuries in this population.

Alternate Forms of Justice and Adjudicating Trauma in 13 Reasons Why

ABSTRACT This article interrogates the production of images of sexual violence, suicide and its traumatic aftermath within the television series, 13 Reasons Why. The understanding of law as a deeply cultural enterprise, constituted and influenced by aesthetic, affect and narrative, is invaluable to revealing law’s hidden structures and techniques. Drawing on cultural legal methodology and trauma literature, this article examines the legal and narrative impetuses to articulate trauma within 13 Reasons Why. After outlining the implied failure of legal institutions to deliver satisfactory justice for the viewer, this article unpacks the animation of alternative modes of justice beyond law. This justice takes its form in the pre-recorded cassette tapes made by the deceased protagonist, Hannah Baker, which transform her private trauma into a public one by naming those who she believed to be accountable for her death. In analysing the content and medium of the tapes, and the unfinished business implied by Hannah’s ghostly haunting, this article considers the excess of trauma in relation to the distinct concepts of law and justice. Through its analysis of 13 Reasons Why, this article contributes to the ongoing tensions in trauma articulation and the perceived disparity between legal and just outcomes.

Poetic Thinking Today: An Essay

Poetic Thinking Today: An Essay

535 Private Trauma Lists: A Pragmatic Panacea During This Pandemic

IntroductionCOVID-19 has disrupted the efficiency of hospitals nationwide. Ambulant trauma surgery was minimised to reduce risk of contracting COVID-19. Operating capacity significantly reduced and surgical training dramatically curtailed. Locally, a private hospital has been utilised as a green site with consultant-lead trauma lists. Our aim is to review the safety and efficiency of this service.MethodPatients underwent pre-assessment, COVID-19 swabs and 7 days isolation pre and post-op. Staff also underwent swabbing. Prospectively data was gathered for all patients operated on at this site from 12/05/2020 to 20/08/2020. Records reviewed for readmission, complications and COVID status. A satisfaction questionnaire was sent to trainees who operated at this site.Results79 operations were completed during this period. 50 male and 29 female, average age 49, average ASA 2. No complications or COVID-19 infections were recorded. Mean time to theatre was 18 days. Delays to theatre led to 2 complications. 87% of trainees felt training was maintained.ConclusionsEstablishing a green site enabled efficient and safe management whilst still facilitating surgical training. This requires clear guidelines for staff and patients. We believe this model can help trauma service provision as the pandemic evolves.

Helicopter Emergency Medical Services in Trauma Does Not Influence Mortality in South Africa

ObjectiveSub-Saharan Africa carries a large trauma burden. Helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS) have been suggested to reduce prehospital time and mortality. It is not clear whether HEMS infers a mortality benefit over ground transport in South Africa. This study aimed to determine whether HEMS improved 30-day mortality over ground emergency medical services (GEMS). MethodsA retrospective, case-control study was undertaken for major trauma patients transported to a private trauma center in Johannesburg. A 1-year cohort of HEMS patients was extracted and matched to GEMS patients based on mechanism, injury severity or percentage of the total body surface area burned, age, sex, and comorbidities. The odds ratio (OR) for 30-day mortality was calculated to determine the risk of death. ResultsA total of 822 cases (HEMS: 272 [33%], GEMS: 550 [67%]) were reviewed. We included 410 patients in the matched cohort with equal distribution between transportation modes. The OR for mortality in the total cohort was 2.69 (95% confidence interval, 1.6-4.6; P = .003) for HEMS patients, whereas in the matched cohort the OR was 1.35 (95% confidence interval, 0.5-3.4; P = .503) for patients transported by HEMS. ConclusionIn a matched cohort of major trauma patients, HEMS does not seem to improve mortality over GEMS. These results might reflect the South African HEMS dispatch model.

The Beetle in Pain: Private Trauma in Ingeborg Bachmann's Malina

The Beetle in Pain: Private Trauma in Ingeborg Bachmann's Malina

Work-related threats and violence and post-traumatic symptoms in four high-risk occupations: short- and long-term symptoms.

To examine the associations between exposure to work-related violence and threats and subsequent PTSD among males and females in four high-risk occupations in human service work. Furthermore, we examined the modifying effect of coping style and self-efficacy. Questionnaire data were collected in 2011 and in 2015 from 2678 employees working in psychiatric wards, in the elder sector, in special schools and in the Prison and Probation Service (PPS). Exposure to work-related violence and threats was measured in 2011, while PTSD was measured in 2011 and 2015 by the Impact of Event Scale-Revised. To assess the associations, logistic regression was conducted, adjusted for bullying, sexual harassment, negative acts, conflicts at work, other private traumas and baseline PTSD. There was an association between work-related threats and PTSD in 2011 and 2015. Furthermore, there was an association between work-related violence and PTSD in 2011. The associations were strongest in the PPS. Male staff had a higher risk for PTSD. Neither coping style nor self-efficacy did modify the associations between exposure to work-related violence and threats and subsequent PTSD. The prevention of PTSD following work-related violence and threats should first of all be based on reducing the risk of work-related violence. In addition, supervisors should be trained to detect symptoms of PTSD after exposure to traumatic events.

The parallax view: the art of envisioning the South Asian American diaspora

ABSTRACTThis paper studies six South Asian American artists whose creative projects reveal the diasporic experience as a persistent negotiation of living in multiple historical and geographical locations. To fully understand the proposals made by their work I introduce the parallax view that enables us to see from two or more vantage points at once. This framework is well suited for art that seeks to expose the private traumas and contradictions that affect and order the lives of South Asian Americans. The artwork examined here also shows that living in the diaspora is not defined by a linear process of assimilation, but is often undercut, fragmented, and mediated by multiple spatial and subject positions. Out of the conditions of diaspora, these artists deploy critical strategies to survive in a society that refuses to give South Asian Americans visibility, political agency, and space to effectively participate in the public sphere.

Any pattern changes in major lower limb amputations? a 10-year comparative retrospective study in a private orthopedic and trauma center in the south-east region of Nigeria

Background: Major lower limb amputations are performed for various reasons, with many studies showing constantly changing patterns. Amputations are devastating procedures, even when they are done to save lives, and this is because of poor rehabilitation of amputees in our environment. Study Design and Setting: The records of all the patients who had major lower limb amputations in a private orthopedic and trauma center, south-east region of Nigeria from October 2005 to September 2010 (group A) and from October 2010 to September 2015 (group B) were reviewed retrospectively. Results: Traumatic gangrene from traffic accidents was the most common reason for amputation (47.1% in group A and 41.7% in group B) in both groups, followed by diabetic gangrene (17.6% in group A and 27.1% in group B). Traditional bonesetters’ gangrene was 13.7% in group A and 12.5% in group B. These were followed by mangled extremities and malignancies in decreasing order of frequency. Young male adults ranked high at 49.1% in group A and 58.4% in group B, while the more conservative below-knee amputation was 39.2% in group A and 47.9% in group B, compared to above-knee amputation of 52.9% in group A and 39.6% in group B. Conclusion: A greater majority of amputations are still being performed because of traumatic gangrene followed by diabetic gangrene, which had significantly increased comparatively. There is no overall change in the trend concerning the indications for amputation in this study despite the slight reduction in traumatic gangrene. However, the results indicate that the trend is toward being more conservative. The causes of traffic accidents are preventable, and, therefore, there is a need for continued public orientation to reduce the incidence of accidents on our roads and consequently reduce the amputation rate in our subregion.

Motorcycle spokes entrapment foot injuries: Prevalence, and pattern of presentation in a private orthopedic and trauma center, Southeast Nigeria – A 10-year retrospective analysis

Background: Pupils commuting on the backseats of motorcycles to and from schools is commonplace in cities where motorcycles are used for intracity transportation. Often times, the feet of these children get entrapped between the spokes as the motorcycles are in motion and this could cause severe injuries. This is a major health concern in Nigeria because of the increasing use of motorcycle as a transport system. Study Design and Setting: This is a 10-year retrospective analysis of all the motorcycle spokes injured patients admitted in a private orthopedic and trauma center in the southeast region of Nigeria between January 2007 and December 2016. Results: A total of 690 patients seen during the period under review were victims of motorcycle accidents. Seventy-one patients (10.3%) had spokes entrapment foot injuries. They were mostly between the ages of 5– Discussion: Motorcycle spokes entrapment foot injuries occur commonly in children passengers with variation in pattern and severity. Early presentation and prompt treatment made the outcome of these injuries favorable. Conclusion: The dangling feet of a child passenger sitting on a motorcycle could get entrapped in the spoke wheel causing injuries. Strong and enforceable legislation on the use of commercial motorcycles and public enlightenment on these injury patterns are advocated.

The prevalence and pattern of acute compartment syndrome of the limbs in a private orthopedic and trauma center, Southeast, Nigeria: 8 years retrospective study

Background: Acute compartment syndrome of the limb is an orthopedic emergency. The leg compartments, usually following fracture of the tibia are most commonly implicated. Study Design and Setting: This is a retrospective study on the scope of compartment syndrome among patients with limbs traumas who were treated between October 2007 and September 2015 in a private orthopedic and trauma center situated in a highly populated south eastern Nigerian city. Patients and Methods: The medical records as well as data from the operation register master list of patients with limb injuries were studied. Limb injuries considered significant enough for in-hospital treatments with or without other associated system injuries were included while patients with any form of arterial disease or claudication were excluded. Results: A total of 1362 patients met the inclusion criteria. Fourteen patients (1.02%) had acute compartment syndrome. The commonest underlying pathology was fracture of the tibia in eight patients (57%). Two patients (14%) were due to tight traditional bone setters' splints and one (7%) was from burns eschar. There was a slight male predominance and young adults in their primes were mostly affected. Conclusion: Acute compartment syndrome of the limb is not very common. Early clinical diagnoses in the absence of the pressure monitoring equipment is recommended and emergency fasciotomies are necessary to salvage the limbs.

Trauma from an Individual Psychology Perspective

Trauma from an Individual Psychology Perspective Roy M. Kern and William L. Curlette This special issue on trauma was organized by Paul Peluso and Kenneth McCurdy. The articles consist of the neurobiology and personality dynamics of trauma, first responders to public disaster, a conceptual model to address institutional and internalized racism, the challenges of introducing a trauma curriculum to counselors, and helping betrayed couples address the trauma of extramarital affairs. The lead article, “Trauma, Neurobiology, and Personality Dynamics: A Primer” by Len Sperry, was selected as the first article in this issue because it addresses the trauma response in the context of lifestyle dynamics in conjunction with the neurological functioning of the brain. The author’s knowledge of both provides a splendid conceptual base related to the interplay of lifestyle and trauma and, in particular, posttraumatic stress (PTSD). Sperry’s ability to address the complexity of the interplay of personality and neurological functioning is impressive. The next article, “The Private Traumas of First Responders” by Garner, Baker, and Hagelgans, brings awareness to the fact that firefighters, police, and other first responders are not immune to trauma or PTSD. The authors weave a convincing case with empirical findings, and a critical social variable, that first responders are impacted by trauma as much as the general population. The authors conclude with an Adlerian-based clinical case study of a firefighter with a diagnosis of PTSD. Lemberger and Lemberger-Truelove, for the first time in the history of Adlerian psychology as far as we know, have developed a model to explain to clinicians the impact of racial trauma from an Individual Psychology perspective. In their article “Using the Transcultural Adlerian Conceptualization and Therapy (TACT) Model to Depict the Influence of Race-Based Trauma,” they describe the evolution of race-based trauma from a historical perspective and then describe their theoretical approach, called TACT. They describe [End Page 159] how Individual Psychology can be used to explain institutional and internalized racism and the accompanying trauma. We found the article informative and useful for clinicians who may not be aware of these subtle biases in society. The Van Asselt, Soli, and Berry article, “Crisis Fearlessness: A Call for Trauma Competencies in Counselor Education,” explores through an Adlerian lens the hesitancy of counselor educators to make adjustments regarding crisis-based curricula for counselors-in-training. To assess such hesitancies, 17 counselor educators participated in an experiential activity at an Association for Counselor Education and Supervision (ACES) conference. The authors conducted a survey to identify reasons for participant hesitancy. Among the responses were concerns that curricula participants were not taught as graduate students, changing standards and curricula expectations, and lack of perceived pleasure or joy for the content. The concluding article provides ways of exploring the connection between traumatic stress and extramarital affairs. “A Trauma-based Physiological Approach: Helping Betrayed Partners Heal from Marital Infidelity” by Duba Sauerheber and Disque begins with a robust literature review of approaches for addressing marital infidelity. The authors present an applied counseling model with a number of techniques for use with betrayed partners during their healing processes, and encourage clinicians to further their studies of the various trauma-related references noted. Finally, the authors make a case for clinicians to explore how the trauma of an extramarital affair changes clients’ self-concepts and worldviews and how lifestyle influences their healing processes, noting that client experiences and healing processes will be as unique and varied as their lifestyles. [End Page 160] Copyright © 2016 University of Texas Press

The Private Traumas of First Responders

First responders to critical incidents, such as house fires, accidents, shootings, and natural disasters, are also survivors of these events, although the public does not give this type of participant as much consideration as a survivor. Trauma, typically assessed from the perspective of traditional survivors, also deeply affects first responders, who suffer from high rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses, particularly acute stress disorder, PTSD, and depression. A case study of a real career firefighter reveals the connection between first responders and mental health issues. The authors provide an assessment, counseling applications, and long-term treatment implications through an Adlerian framework, proposing that, with encouragement, the heart and brain have the potential to heal after long-standing trauma.

Publicity and pathos: Andy Warhol’s Marilyn Diptych (1962) in context

Abstract Andy Warhol’s Marilyns are often interpreted as a celebration of her stardom rather than a commentary on it. In Marilyn Diptych, made shortly after her death, Warhol searches beneath the facade at the private trauma of Norma Jean; Marilyn’s luminosity seemingly consumed in the darkness of the black acrylic paint.

Representing the Unrepresentable in Anita Desai’s Clear Light of Day

This article looks closely at Anita Desai’s Clear Light of Day from the critical perspective of trauma studies with a particular focus on the representational crisis posed by individual and collective catastrophic events. It positions the novel within the category of partition fiction so as to enable a contextual reading—one that takes the literary-historical milieu as well as the evolution of the genre into consideration. Such positioning makes comparison and cross-referencing between texts possible. Any traumatic event causes a mnemonic gap in the individual victim’s consciousness and a politically motivated suppression of memory on the level of the collective. This problematizes its representation in the realistic mode, and partition novelists, especially from the 1980s and onwards, have resorted to indirect means to represent this massive disruption of social cohesion in the subcontinental history. Anita Desai, for example, uses the motifs of sibling rivalry and fragility of social relationships to imply the antagonism between India and Pakistan as well as Hindus and Muslims. Clear Light of Day gives its audience a localized view of history in the sense that it illustrates the profound consequences of the Partition on the members of the Das family. This article has attempted to explore how this localized view through indirect means of representation may yield insights into the intersecting points of public and private traumas and their recovery.

Shame and guilt in the aftermath of terror: the Utøya Island study.

In recent years, there has been increased interest in trauma-related shame and guilt and their relationship to mental health. Little is known, however, about shame and guilt following mass traumas, such as terrorism. This study investigates the potential associations of trauma-related shame and guilt with posttraumatic stress (PTS) reactions after the terrorist attack of July 22, 2011 on Utøya Island in Norway. Interviews were conducted with 325 of the 490 survivors 4 to 5 months after the event. Multiple linear regression analyses were employed to investigate associations. In the month previous to the interview, 44.1% (n = 143) of participants had experienced at least some guilt for what happened during the attack, and 30.5% (n = 99) had experienced at least some shame. Shame and guilt were both uniquely associated with PTS reactions after adjusting for terror exposure, gender, and other potential confounders (frequent shame: B = 0.54, frequent guilt: B = 0.33). We concluded that trauma-related shame and guilt are related to mental health after mass trauma.

Natural Law and Vengeance: Jurisprudence on the Streets of Gotham

Batman is allied with modern natural law in the way he relies upon reason to bring about his vision of ‘true justice’, operating as a force external to law. This vision of justice is a protective one, with Batman existing as a guardian—a force for resistance against the corruption of the state and the failures of the legal system. But alongside his rational means, Batman also employs violence as he moves beyond the boundaries of the civilised state into the dark and violent world outside law’s protection. He thus sacrifices his own safety to ensure the safety of others—he is a Dark Knight, a sentinel, fighting the nasty and brutish underworld of criminality in his effort to bring rational order to the world and protect the people of Gotham from criminal harm. This fight for justice is fuelled by a deeply private trauma: the murder of Bruce Wayne’s parents: a private desire for vengeance that Batman transcends. In navigating Batman’s jurisprudential dimensions, we are ultimately reminded that private desires and motivations are enfolded within the public structures of justice.

Suffering in an Age of Personal Responsibility

Drawing on more than five years of research with women who inhabit a circuit of suffering made up of prison, homeless shelters, drug programs and the streets, sociologist Susan Sered argues that punishment and treatment often function as two sides of the same coin: a coin that construes women’s suffering in terms of their private traumas, personal flaws, and poor choices. This ideological script functions to blame the victim, obscure the structural causes of poverty and violence, and absolves governments from public responsibilities for the well-being of citizens.