Private Transfer Research Articles

Game Analysis of Customers' Participation in New Product Conceptions Selection Based on Separation Sequential Equilibrium

ABSTRACTCustomer participation in new product development (NPD) has various advantages and disadvantages, research has proven that its beneficial factors are more in the early stages. The key in the initial phase of NPD is to understand the real needs of customers. In recent years, research in this field has been done mainly through questionnaires or data mining. However, most of the research have ignored the fact that customer preferences are private information and the influence of different customer groups on their willingness to participate. Because the selection of new product ideas takes place in the early stages of NPD and the degree of advance of customers is also an important parameter that indicates their willingness to cooperate in NPD activities, this paper will study the mechanism of private transfer of customers. Preferences will be considered in the selection phase of NPD concepts and their top grade. Results showed that the leading customers have reasonable motivation to participate in new product development, and advanced customers are more willing to express their product viewpoints.

Comparative study of poverty dynamics and income structure: Pre and post COVID-19 impact on households with and without disabilities in South Korea

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic, as an external shock, has affected the health and economic well-being of individuals. Vulnerable populations with limited resources have also been affected, exacerbating societal inequalities throughout the pandemic. ObjectiveThis study examined poverty dynamics in South Korea before and after the COVID-19 outbreak, focusing on changes in the poverty status and income structure of the population with and without disabilities. MethodsWe conducted a multinomial logistic regression analysis using data from the 14th and 16th waves of the Korea Welfare Panel Study. ResultsThe results show that the pandemic had a significant impact on income levels, particularly for individuals who experienced poverty, and notable differences were observed in income structures between groups with and without disabilities. While individuals without disabilities relied primarily on business income and regular as well as irregular income prior to experiencing poverty, those with disabilities experienced a decline in irregular and private transfer income. In addition, the poverty escape groups with and without disabilities showed increases in regular and irregular income. ConclusionThe results of this study show how current population groups with and without disabilities have experienced changes in the poverty structure due to COVID-19. These results highlight the need for a comprehensive social protection system to address the external shocks faced by vulnerable populations.

Do Private Transfers and Foreign Direct Investment Crowd out Official Transfers in Ghana?

The study analyzes the relationship between private transfers, foreign direct investment (FDI) and official transfers in Ghana. The research relies on the quarterly frequency time series data from the Ghana Statistical Service for the period 2003-2022. Phillips-Perron (PP) test and the Engle-Granger approach were used to investigate the properties of the data concerning unit roots and cointegration respectively. The ordinary least squares (OLS) regression technique and Granger causality test are used as methods of analysis. The research findings have shown that when private transfers and foreign direct investment increase, they are more likely to reduce official transfers. Furthermore, the study has confirmed that FDI and private transfer granger cause official transfers. So, the result appears to support the hypothesis that private transfers and foreign direct investment crowd out official transfers in Ghana. To boost commerce and interaction between Ghanaians and the outside world, stable and environmentally friendly conditions must be established.

The Legal Consequences of Transferring Trade Secrets on Under Hand’s Scheme

Introduction: Unauthorized transfer of trade secrets can harm the owner, cause financial loss, damage reputation and trigger legal action. In the era of globalization and technology, the transfer of trade secrets is increasingly urgent to be legally regulated. Legislation has been implemented in various countries to protect trade secrets, but the legal consequences vary. The repercussions involve financial loss, reputation, legal action and ethical business considerations.Purposes of the Research: The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the process of identifying and handling the transfer of trade secrets under the hand in Indonesian legal practice. This study also aims to understand the legal consequences that apply to the perpetrators of private transfer of trade secrets in the Indonesian legal system. Methods of the Research: This research uses normative legal research methods to analyze statutory regulations, court decisions, and legal literature related to the private transfer of trade secrets. A statutory approach helps understand the applicable legal framework. Data sources include various legal documents and legal literature, with data collection techniques focusing on document analysis and literature study. Data analysis involves identifying trends and legal implications of cases related to private transfer of trade secrets in the Indonesian legal context.Results of the Research: The process of identifying and handling illegal transfers of trade secrets in Indonesia is an important step in protecting business and industry. It covers the steps from identification to prosecution, with reference to regulations such as the Trade Secret Act. Trade secrets must be confidential and have economic value. Prevention through internal security policies and employee training is also necessary. Perpetrators of the transfer of trade secrets may face civil, criminal and administrative actions in accordance with applicable law, with consequences including criminal sanctions, demands for compensation and confiscation of goods or documents. Protection is also given to whistleblowers in good faith. Internal policies, nondisclosure agreements, and consulting legal advisors are important for protecting trade secrets. All parties must understand and comply with the law to maintain business integrity in Indonesia.

Old‐age poverty in a pension latecomer: The impact of basic pension expansions in South Korea

AbstractPension systems and old‐age poverty have been studied mainly from comparative perspectives, but causal evidence on the relationship between the two is still rare. This study investigates to what extent implementing non‐contributory pensions to a latecomer contributory pension system with a wide coverage gap alleviates old‐age poverty, based on the case of recent Basic Pension expansions in South Korea. Using nationally representative household data from 2011 to 2019, we employ a quasi‐experimental difference‐in‐difference design to estimate the impact of policy expansions on a set of outcomes measuring old‐age poverty, employment and household income components. The results show that three reforms in 2014, 2018 and 2019 have significantly reduced older people's poverty rate, and they were more effective in reducing extreme poverty. While policy effects after the 2014 expansion are robust in our set of alternative estimations, those after the joint reforms of 2018 and 2019 are less consistent and show signals of a stronger ‘crowding‐out’ effect on private transfer income than those after 2014. We found no convincing evidence that non‐contributory pensions discourage older people's labour market participation. Our findings contribute to the literature on public pension evaluations by elucidating how non‐contributory pensions affect old‐age poverty and tackle social and economic inequalities via various channels of income components, while also mitigating endogeneity biases observed in previous studies.

Abstract TP93: Interaction Of Ethnicity And Arrival Method On Thrombectomy Delay: The Society Of Vascular And Interventional Neurology Multicenter Collaboration

Introduction: Compared to White patients, non-White minority populations are less likely to receive acute treatment for ischemic stroke, and when they do, it can be delayed. Hypothesis: To evaluate the interaction between arrival method (transfer vs. emergency medical services [EMS] vs. private vehicle) and race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic Black [NHB] vs. non-Hispanic White [NHW] vs. Hispanic) on door-to-arterial puncture (DTAP) time in thrombectomy. Methods: Multicenter retrospective cohort study of consecutive patients (≥18 years) treated with endovascular thrombectomy at 14 US Comprehensive Stroke Centers (1/1/2019-07/31/2020). Door (arrival) to arterial puncture (DTAP) was evaluated using a linear mixed model to estimate the effect of race/ethnicity and arrival mode on treatment time. Results: Of the 1,908 included patients, 356 (19%) of whom were Hispanic, stroke severity was similar between race/ethnicity groups, however Hispanic and NHB patients experienced significant delays in DTAP compared to NHWs (adjusted β Hisp = 0.32, 95%CI 0.08-0.55; β NHB = 0.23, 95%CI 0.04-0.41). In the final linear mixed model, more severe neurologic deficits were associated with shorter DTAP (β NIHSS per point -0.03, 95%CI -0.04- -0.03), and arrival via EMS or private vehicle versus transfer were associated with longer delays (β EMS = 0.57, 95%CI 0.41-0.74; β PV = 1.27, 95%CI 0.85-1.70). There was a significant interaction between Hispanic ethnicity and arrival by EMS (p=0.03) or private vehicle (p=0.04) in a direction favoring shorter treatment delays. Conclusions: Endovascular therapy is delayed in Hispanic and NHBs when compared to NHWs. While arrival by EMS or private vehicle (vs. inter-hospital transfer) also contributed to treatment delays, Hispanic ethnicity modified this effect such that there was less delay in DTAP. This may be related to communication barriers between caregivers and healthcare providers when a patient is suddenly disabled from stroke.

Gender Inequity: Older Workers and the Gender Labor Income Gap in Peru

Using annual household surveys from 2004 to 2019, we examine the existence of a gender labor income gap among older persons in Peru. Two labor income models are estimated: Model 1 uses a basic set of demographic, socioeconomic, and personal characteristics as regressors (also called endowments); Model 2 uses the basic set plus additional personal characteristics. The Misner‐type relationship holds with positive returns for education and experience, and the anticipated association to the endowments. The Oaxaca‐Blinder decomposition yields an explained labor income gender gap of 44.4% (Model 1) and 51.5% (Model 2), i.e., controlling for endowments, approximately one half of the labor income difference remains unexplained and can be attributed to discrimination and labor segregation. In light of these results, we estimate Model 3 with two additional variables (head of household and beneficiary of intergenerational private transfer) which attempt to capture gendered stereotypes. With these two variables which provide information on gender discrimination the explained labor income gap for Model 3 is 71.1%—an increase of 19.6%. The unexplained component of the difference in labor income amounts to 28.8% that we attribute to unobserved variables that operate as post‐labor market elements in patriarchal societies. Results show that gender inequity during a woman’s life‐span manifests acutely among older women, which raises important implications for policy interventions.

Quantum Private Transfer with Seven Entangled States for Cross-Domain Environment

Quantum Private Transfer with Seven Entangled States for Cross-Domain Environment

Moral Hazard or Rational Choice? Korean Local governments’ Negativity Bias and Blame Avoidance Behavior in Retrenchment Policy

This study investigates how negativity bias and blame avoidance appear in the context of retrenchment policy. It mainly analyzes local subsidy incentives applied to metropolitan cities. Incentive items are five reductions of labor cost, local councils, business expense, festival events cost, and private transfer expenditure. In order to analyze the political and economic context in the determinants of each item, the causal conditions are examined on the politics of local elections and the chief of local government, financial independence, the increased amount of capital expenditure per resident, and the rate of growth regional domestic product by using fuzzy set Qualitative Comparative Analysis(fsQCA). The results show local governments have behavior of negativity bias and blame avoidance not to actively employ the policies if the cost belongs to the residents in spite of incentives. In particular, in the case of private transfer expenditure, they show the aspect to prevent the loss of local residents rather than the economic interests of the central government. They choose retrenchment policy when there are no local elections or economic condition is good to mitigate and escape the blame. Also, blame avoidance and negativity bias appear in regardless of the political propensity of the chief of local government. This study is characterized in that raises the need for retrenchment policy and demonstrate behaviors of the relevant local governments unlike previous studies that assume expansion policy. In addition, there is a meaning that it provides logic to explain the blame avoidance and the status quo behaviors of the local governments.

공감empathy, 사회복지의 새로운 길을 가리키는 표지가 될까? : 제러미 리프킨, 『공감의 시대』, 이경남 옮김(2010, 민음사)

공감empathy, 사회복지의 새로운 길을 가리키는 표지가 될까? : 제러미 리프킨, 『공감의 시대』, 이경남 옮김(2010, 민음사)

The Gender Dimension of Intergenerational Transfers in Europe

Abstract This paper analyses the gender dimension of intergenerational transfers in 15 European countries using National Transfer Accounts (NTAs) data on age- and gender-specific transfers in 2010. We combine NTA data with information from life tables to derive measures of gender-specific net transfers over the whole life course and by life stages. The analysis distinguishes between public and private transfer flows, and accounts for transfers of services produced by unpaid work. Furthermore, we analyse public transfers in more detail by decomposing public old-age benefits into yearly averages and the number of years that individuals can expect to be net recipients. In all analysed countries, men contribute more to public transfers and finance a larger proportion of consumption needs of children, compared to women. By contrast, women provide most of the transfers of services produced by unpaid work, such as childcare and household work. While yearly net public benefits in old age are considerably smaller for women in most countries, total public benefits over the whole retirement period are higher for women due to their higher life expectancy.

Exploiting Transfer Learning for Emotion Recognition Under Cloud-Edge-Client Collaborations

Emerging virtual reality/augmented reality games and self-driving cars necessitate accurate/responsive/private emotion recognition. Usually, traditional emotion recognition models are deployed at central servers, which results in the lack of abilities in generalization and covering the individual variation of clients. This paper proposes a responsive, localized, and private transfer learning based emotion recognition framework under the cloud-edge-client collaborations. Additionally, a 3-dimensional channel mapping method is designed to aggregate features extracted from electroencephalogram (EEG) signals for the generic emotion recognition model, which is further localized and personalized using transfer learning. Simulation results validate the performance of the proposed TLER framework in reducing model training time and improving emotion recognition accuracy.

Compliance with Universal Background Check Gun Laws

State laws mandating background checks require that persons seeking to acquire a firearms undergo a background check for a record of criminal convictions and for other statuses at high risk of future violence. A few states have enacted laws extending these checks to cover gun transfers among private persons, not just those involving licensed gun dealers. That is, they provide for so-called “universal background checks” (UBCs). The same kind of law has been proposed at the federal level. The effectiveness of UBCs is dependent on how many people seeking to acquire a gun from a private party comply with the required background check. Colorado and Oregon provide publicly available data on the numbers of background checks, data that distinguish checks on attempted private transfers from checks on dealer transfers. Combined with estimates of total private gun acquisitions (with or without checks), these data indicate that only 10.6% of private transfers in Colorado in 2019 and 3.5% of those in Oregon in 2017 were subjected to a state-mandated background check. Compliance among those trying to get a gun via a private transfer appears to be low, which should temper expectations for the impact of UBCs on firearms acquisition by prohibited persons.

Remittance Behaviour of Intra-EU Migrants – Evidence from Hungary

After the eastern expansion of the European Union (EU), a large number of emigrants left their home countries to work in economically better developed western member states. Hungary followed this EU emigration trend with a certain time lag. However, the rising number of emigrants caused structural problems in the domestic labour market. A comprehensive examination of intra-EU remittances as one of the major determinants of migration has been outside the scope of recent research activity. The data from the Hungarian Microcensus survey and the first Hungarian household survey focusing on the topic of remittances can provide a valuable case study of intra-EU private transfer flows.
 The aims of this study are twofold. On the one hand we intend to provide empirical evidence for the major factors that determine remittance propensity by calculating probit regressions. On the other hand, OLS regressions are calculated in order to introduce variables which are associated with money transfers. These results are interpreted within the theoretical framework of the New Economics of Labour Migration (NELM) to identify the underlying motivations for remittances. The most important findings are that older men with vocational school education have the highest remittance propensity, and the likelihood of sending private support is higher among short-term migrants. As the key factors, the income of the sender person is positively associated with the sum of money flows, while the income of the receiving household is negatively associated. Within the theoretical framework of NELM, these results favour the dominance of altruistic motives, since supporting the household members who remain behind seems to be the major driving force. However, when intentions of returning home are considered in the models, it seems that self-interest might also play a role as a driver of remittances. Within this study, the main focus was on the characteristics of the senders, meaning that a possible field of future research could be an examination of these questions from the perspective of remittance receiver households.

The gender dimension of intergenerational transfers in Europe

Abstract This paper analyses the gender dimension of intergenerational transfers in 15 European countries using National Transfer Accounts (NTAs) data on age- and gender-specific transfers in 2010. We combine NTA data with information from life tables to derive measures of gender-specific net transfers over the whole life course and by life stages. The analysis distinguishes between public and private transfer flows, and accounts for transfers of services produced by unpaid work. Furthermore, we analyse public transfers in more detail by decomposing public old-age benefits into yearly averages and the number of years that individuals can expect to be net recipients. In all analysed countries, men contribute more to public transfers and finance a larger proportion of consumption needs of children, compared to women. By contrast, women provide most of the transfers of services produced by unpaid work, such as childcare and household work. While yearly net public benefits in old age are considerably smaller for women in most countries, total public benefits over the whole retirement period are higher for women due to their higher life expectancy.

DO WELFARE RECEIPTS CROWD OUT PRIVATE TRANSFERS FROM FAMILIES AND FRIENDS? EVIDENCE FROM PANEL DATA IN CHINA

Many countries are undergoing an unprecedented challenge to provide financial support to the older generation and guarantee their livelihood and wellbeing. China is no exception. Rural older adults in China have been becoming even more vulnerable to lack of care and inadequate financial resources as the growth of urbanization and labor migration has intensified. Therefore, it becomes increasingly difficult to follow the traditional family support model for the aged. Using the panel data of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study 2011, 2013, and 2015 and a system generalized methods of moment (GMM), this paper examined the dynamic relationship between welfare receipts and monetary transfers from families and friends among rural and urban older adults (n=9,496) in China. The results show that the welfare receipts do not induce any “crowd-out” or “crowd-in” effects on rural older adults’ private transfer receipts. The incidence and amount of private transfers that occurred among rural older adults are more likely to be determined by the private transfers they received in prior waves. The intensity of catastrophic health expenditure itself does not affect the occurrence and size of private transfers. This study, on the one hand, confirms that among rural recipients, public transfers do not substitute private transfers, which most of the policymakers have long been concerned about. However, on the other hand, it also reveals the shortcoming of current public transfer policies—the generosity of public transfers does not enable rural older adults to be financially independent of intra-family transfers.

DID PUBLIC CASH TRANSFER CROWD OUT INTER-HOUSEHOLD TRANSFERS IN INDONESIA? EVIDENCE FROM "BANTUAN LANGSUNG TUNAI /BLT"

In 2005 the Government of Indonesia introduced an unconditional cash transfer program called the ‘Bantuan Langsung Tunai’ (BLT), aimed at assisting poor people who were suffering from the removal of a fuel subsidy. There are concerns, however, that the introduction of a public transfer system can negatively affect inter-household transfers through the crowding-out effect, which exists when donor households reduce the amount of their transfers in line with public transfers received from the government. The poor may not therefore have received any meaningful impact from the public cash transfer, as they potentially receive fewer transfers from inter-household private donors. For the government to design a public transfer system, it is necessary to properly understand the dynamics of private transfer behaviour. Hence, this study evaluates whether there exists a crowding-out effect of public transfers on inter-household transfers in Indonesia.Using data from the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) and by applying Coarsened Exact Matching (CEM) and Difference-in-differences (DID) approaches, this study found that the likelihood to receive transfers from other family members (non-co-resident) reduces when the household receives BLT. However, there is no significant impact of BLT on transfers from parents and friends.

Private Transfer Payments, Inequality, and Poverty: From the Perspective of Households

Private transfer of wealth is a ubiquitous phenomenon in both urban and rural areas of China. This paper took an inflow private transfer payment as the research object and used the China Household Finance Survey data to analyze the impact of inward private transfer payment (IPTP) on social welfare and family welfare. According to the result of logit regression, we found the following: there is an age at which households are least likely to receive private transfer payments; families with living partners (including married and cohabiting couples) are more likely to receive private transfer payments; the worse the health of householders, the more likely they are to receive private transfer payments; rural households are more likely to have IPTPs than urban households. From the perspective of social welfare, the IPTP has seemingly decreased social inequality, especially in the case of rural areas. However, the counterfactual analysis finds that IPTP increases inequality. Analysis from three aspects of income, consumption, and family poverty level finds that IPTP not only subsidizes the family income directly but also promotes increases in family income indirectly. It also stimulates family consumption expenditure, with an increment of approximately 5000 yuan. Although it increased household income, as well as consumption expenditure, IPTP did not have a significant impact on the poverty level of Chinese households. On the whole, the existence of IPTP does not improve social welfare but improves family welfare. At the same time, IPTP has no significant effect on the reduction of family poverty.

The Transformation of Manufacturing and the Decline in US Employment

Using data from a variety of sources, this paper comprehensively documents the dramatic changes in the manufacturing sector and the large decline in employment rates and hours worked among prime-age Americans since 2000. We use cross-region variation to explore the link between declining manufacturing employment and labor market outcomes. We find that manufacturing decline in a local area in the 2000s had large and persistent negative effects on local employment rates, hours worked, and wages. We also show that declining local manufacturing employment is related to rising local opioid use and deaths. These results suggest that some of the recent opioid epidemic is driven by demand factors in addition to increased opioid supply. We conclude the paper with a discussion of potential mediating factors associated with declining manufacturing labor demand, including public and private transfer receipt, sectoral switching, and interregion mobility. We conclude that the decline in manufacturing employment was a substantial cause of the decline in employment rates during the 2000s, particularly for less educated prime-age workers. Given the trends in both capital and skill deepening within this sector, we further conclude that many policies currently being discussed to promote the manufacturing sector will have only a modest labor market impact for less educated individuals.

Are different income sources fungible? The effects of agricultural subsidy and disaster relief on household consumption in China

This paper uses panel data from a sample of farm households in the northeastern China to examine the non-fungibility of different income sources. The results show the private transfer income has a high and significant impact on household consumption while agricultural subsidy and disaster relief have insignificant impacts. Empirical findings prove that the Behavioral Life Cycle Hypothesis is more practical than the Life Cycle Hypothesis. Moreover, they provide important macro policy implications as for how to stimulate farm consumption and expand domestic demand and encourage economic growth.