Private Legal Relations Research Articles

Эволюция публичной присяги служащих как меры укрепления государственности: от сословности к бессословности

This article examines the evolution of the oath of office over an extended period, beginning in the XVI century and continuing to the present day. The author traces the origins of this legal phenomenon, suggesting that it initially emerged as a vow, applied more in private legal and procedural relations than in public-legal contexts. Since the oath was traditionally accompanied by the kissing of the cross, it was referred to as the “kissing of the cross” oath. During the period of the estate-representative monarchy, the oath of allegiance to the monarch held significant importance in the public sphere. Along with the crowning of the kingdom, it played a crucial role in legitimizing and strengthening public power. During the imperial period, the oath of office became widely practiced, with the military oath being the most typical example analyzed. This example demonstrates both continuity and innovation in legal practice. In Tsarist Russia, the oath was characterized by its estate-based nature, as it served as an instrument of estate policy and was administered separately to officers of noble birth and the rank and file, who were recruited from commoners. In the early Soviet period, the military oath was initially taken only by individuals from the working class, and its name was changed to the “solemn promise”. After 1939, the military oath was administered to all servicemen. The military oath played a vital role in establishing discipline, strengthening the morale, and enhancing the combat readiness of the army, thereby contributing to the consolidation of state power. At present, the military oath is not a thing of the past with the liquidation of Soviet power, but it requires improvement. Based on the analysis, the author attempts to formulate proposals for improving not only the military oath but also the civil service oath, as well as the procedure for its implementation.

State participation in investment agreements (international investment activity): issues of immunity and jurisdiction

It is indicated that international private-law relations nowadays are expanding significantly primarily in connection with the internationalization of economic life. The modern world is characterized by the economic interdependence of states, the expansion of not only traditional forms of foreign economic relations, but also relatively new forms such as leasing operations, concessions, franchising, and others. The article examines the current trends in the development of state immunity in international private law relations, in particular, in investment relations. The author defines the scope of these relations and gives their general characteristics, as well as identifies the peculiarities of the State’s participation in these relations as a subject of private international law. The author examines the content, types of international investment relations, development trends and peculiarities of legal regulation. The author pays special attention to the jurisdictional issues of investment dispute resolution involving states. The author analyzes legal acts and shows the role of judicial practice in this area. The author substantiates the need to apply functional (limited) immunity in international private law relations. Expansion of the range of international private legal relations over time due to the development of foreign economic activity, integration processes, and interdependence of States in the second half of the twentieth century contributed to the expansion of State participation in civil (private) relations, which objectively led to the establishment of the concept of functional (limited) immunity in the legislative, judicial and contractual practice of different countries. The concept of limited immunity is becoming increasingly popular in the world, which is explained by the development of economic relations between different countries and the increasing involvement of states in commercial activities, which on their own behalf enter into various foreign trade agreements, obtain loans from foreign banks, use maritime transport for commercial purposes, i.e. by their actions they seem to put themselves in the position of a merchant, trader, private person, which then allows the courts to consider them as ordinary participants in the process. The current policy vector of most continental law states on immunity issues is shifting towards the use of limited immunity of states.

IMPROVING THE LEGAL REGULATION OF OBLIGATION RELATIONS IN INTERNATIONAL PRIVATE LAW

This article considers issues related to the need for the development and adoption of a separate code of Private International Law for the Republic of Uzbekistan, with the aim of regulating international private legal relations. It is proposed to include a dedicated chapter on “Obligatory Law” in the Code, which would cover the regulation of both contractual and non-contractual relations. An analysis of the legal acts of foreign countries in the field of Private International Law has been conducted. Based on this analysis, proposals and recommendations for improving the legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan have been developed. Particular attention is paid to recommendations on the exclusion from the Civil Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan of the mandatory written form requirement for foreign economic transactions, which in turn will allow to conclude transactions through electronic means of communication and the use of artificial intelligence. Of course, except for cases requiring mandatory state or notarial registration. It is proposed to supplement the Code with provisions that determine the applicable law in cases where the parties have not made an explicit choice. In particular, this applies to various types of foreign economic transactions, such as guarantee contracts, distribution contracts, agency contracts, escrow contracts, factoring, and forfeiting, as well as contracts concluded within the framework of Internet auctions, Internet contests or Internet exchanges and contracts involving consumers. The necessity of determining the scope of the law applicable to obligations arising from the infliction of harm as well as expanding the definition of the applicable law arising from various obligations arising from the infliction of harm is substantiated.

Mediation in Ukraine: historical and legal background and perspectives

In the article, the author reveals the historical prerequisites for the birth and development of the mediation institute on the territory of modern Ukraine. Attention is focused on the prospects for the further development of mediation, the expansion of the practice of its application in Ukraine. It was noted that the law, as a result of the evolution of society and the most effective social regulator tested by thousands of years of experience, is designed to prevent the emergence of acute conflicts in society and to balance the interests of the main segments of the population regarding the use, protection and protection of material goods and intangible values. The dialectics of legal regulation proves that society has historically tried to develop and implement mechanisms to prevent and overcome legal conflicts, realizing that legal conflicts are potentially dangerous for the entire society and for each person. It has been established that the institution of mediation is not new in the system of combating legal conflicts, it was born in the European states of the ancient era and retains its relevance even today. Therefore, it is quite logical to start the scientific study of mediation, its theoretical-legal and practical aspects with the analysis of the historical-legal prerequisites of its emergence in Ukraine and further prospects for its development. The author concluded that the prerequisite for the development of the institution of mediation in all developed legal systems is the awareness of the majority of the international community (states and international organizations) and active consumers of mediation services – participants in international private legal relations - of the effectiveness, convenience and perspective of settling their legal disputes not through numerous courts , and through the mediation of a jointly chosen independent entity – a mediator. The clearest proof of Ukrainian society’s readiness for mediation was the adoption at the national level of a special legislative act «On Mediation», which defines the legal basis and procedure for conducting mediation as an extrajudicial procedure for conflict (dispute) settlement, the principles of mediation, the status of a mediator, requirements for his training and other issues, related to this procedure.

Mediation as a type of alternative dispute resolution: definition, advantages and disadvantages

The article analyzes the essence of mediation as one of the alternative ways of resolving disputes. The importance of alternative methods of dispute resolution as an institution of extrajudicial conflict resolution, which is a fairly popular method of protecting violated rights in most countries of the world, is emphasized. The author emphasized the proposition that mediation is not the only alternative way to resolve disputes, this group includes negotiations, arbitration, arbitration courts, independent assessment of facts, conciliation, medical-arb, etc. The actuality of the issue is determined by the fact that this institute is quite new for Ukraine, and is only now becoming widespread. The Law of Ukraine «On Mediation» is quite young, and the relevant legislative provisions are the latest for citizens. Doctrinal definitions of the concept of «mediation» are characterized, both on the example of European and Ukrainian legislation. The stages of mediation are highlighted. Examples of practical application of mediation between parties to a dispute are given. It has been established that mediation is an alternative way of resolving a civil dispute, which is aimed at reaching a mutually acceptable solution based on the mutually agreed will of the parties with the participation of an independent and impartial person (mediator). The use of mediation as a method of dispute resolution has certain advantages. First, saving money; secondly, the decision on the merits of the dispute is made by the parties themselves by mutual agreement; thirdly, saving time, since the preparation and consideration of the case in court is a longer process; fourth, confidentiality; fifth, preservation of partnership relations between the parties. The advantages and disadvantages of this type of alternative dispute resolution are analyzed. It was concluded that in order to spread mediation, it is necessary to create a wide circle of information about this topic, to raise the awareness of citizens about the presented type of alternative method of dispute resolution, to introduce mandatory mediation for certain categories of cases (for example, family, in particular, in the field of private legal relations), create a single register of mediators, organize special courses (specialization) for judges to develop approaches to resolving disputes, especially in the private law sphere.

The influence of the reception of roman private law on the formation of higher legal education in the countries of the romano-germanic legal family

The article analyzes the historical aspects of the emergence and formation of higher education in the countries of the Romano-Germanic legal family. It has been found that the traditions of higher education are laid down in the University of Bologna, which became the first famous secular scientific and educational institution, whose professors and graduates enriched science and education with new ideas, thanks to which a new humanistic worldview was formed: law should be a measure of freedom and justice in the state and society. It is substantiated that the development of education has a civilizational significance in the state-building process, but the civilizational «growth» of the state requires professional human capital. An important source of information for acquiring a system of knowledge in medieval Europe was Roman private law, which was universal in application to new economic and other conditions, regardless of their complexity. The merit of the Roman jurists is that they formalized the customary law and supplemented and developed it according to social needs. It has been proven that Roman law was «safe» for medieval rulers and in fact indispensable for the maintenance of various types of private legal relations, so there was no reason to oppose its introduction into the educational process. It was concluded that the study of Roman law in the medieval universities of Europe led to the assimilation of the formation of the legal system in a number of European states and the formation of the Romano-Germanic legal family, because the principles and norms of Roman law formed the basis of European codifications. It is important that the law of the Romans was used as an active law even in those states that did not have a legal mechanism for solving controversial issues, especially in interstate relations, because this law is saturated with classic examples of solving various life situations. Addressing them contributed to the development of the student’s skills not only in legal analysis and thinking, but also in the practical selection and application of normative material in order to solve life’s legal problems.

INTERNATIONAL PRIVATE LAW RELATIONS WITH PARTICIPATION OF THE STATE: GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS, CONTENT, TYPES, IMMUNITY

The article examines current trends in the development of state immunity in private international law relations. The author defines the scope of these relations and provides their general characteristics, while also identifying the peculiarities of the state's participation as a subject of private international law. Furthermore, the author explores the content and types of international private legal relations, along with their development trends and regulatory peculiarities. Special attention is given to the development of state immunity and the justification for functional (limited) immunity of states. Legal acts are analyzed, showcasing the role of judicial practice in this domain. Finally, the author argues for the necessity of applying functional (limited) immunity in international private law relations.

ПРАВОВЕ РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ ЕЛЕКТРОННОЇ ІДЕНТИФІКАЦІЇ ТА ЕЛЕКТРОННИХ ДОВІРЧИХ ПОСЛУГ В УКРАЇНІ: ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ ВДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ Й РОЗВИТКУ В УМОВАХ ГАРМОНІЗАЦІЇ З ПРАВОМ ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКОГО СОЮЗУ

The use and exchange of electronic documents certified by an electronic signature and seal are increasingly used in all spheres of society. In the field of private legal relations, it speeds up the procedure for concluding contracts. Increasing the efficiency of their signing, in turn, allows you to speed up the execution of contractual relations and thereby improve the quality of service to customers, partners, and suppliers. Legal regulation is analyzed in the article on electronic identification and electronic trust services. Emphasis is placed on the importance of harmonizing current legislative norms in Ukraine with the legal norms of the European Union within the indicated scientific limits of the study. Attempts to implement the experience of international standards regarding electronic identification and electronic trust services into national legislation are analyzed. The article examines the concepts of electronic signature and electronic seal and analyzes their types: improved electronic signature and seal, and qualified electronic signature and seal. Attention is also focused on those requirements that are strictly subject to the qualification of an electronic signature and seal. Within the framework of the study of current legislation in general and court practices in particular, the legal consequences in cases of the absence of an electronic signature or seal on electronic documents have been clarified. For example, in cases where there is no electronic signature or seal on electronic documents, it becomes impossible to identify the sender of a particular message. Instead, in such a case, it is appropriate to note the lack of protection of this type of document from the possibility of text correction or editing. Therefore, it was established that in the case of the absence of an electronic signature or seal in an electronic document, such a document cannot be considered in the court process as evidence. The position is supported that, at the national level, a contract signed between the parties without the use of a qualified electronic signature will not mean the invalidity of such a contract, therefore the use of ordinary and improved electronic signatures is completely legal and will create rights and obligations for the parties who signed such a contract.

Индивидуализация субъектов частного права при совершении юридически значимых действий в цифровой среде

Confirmation of the authenticity of legally significant actions performed in the digital environment by persons participating in private legal relations is carried out through authentication. The article formulates the concept of authentication as a way of individualizing subjects of private law in the digital environment, reveals its features, and considers the factors by which authentication is carried out. The author analyzed reliable, conditionally reliable, legal and dispositive methods of confirming the authenticity of actions of subjects of private law performed in the digital environment.

Проблеми законодавства щодо електронного документообігу та електронного підпису у публічних та приватних правовідносинах

Проблеми законодавства щодо електронного документообігу та електронного підпису у публічних та приватних правовідносинах

ПРАВОВА СЕМАНТИКА ПОНЯТТЯ “ЦИФРОВЕ СЕРЕДОВИЩЕ”

Background. The article conducts scientific exploration of the legal foundations of the world of the digital environment as a certain system of interconnections of its elements. Methods. Problems of a methodological nature are raised, in particular, issues of legal semantics of the digital environment. The questions of the legal nature of the digital environment and its components are touched upon. Results. The appeal to theoretical problems of the concept of the digital environment is caused by the desire to explore the direction in which modern jurisprudence is developing on the way of regulating modern relations in the IT sphere. The emphasis is on the methodology for defining the concept of the digital environment. Issues of human interaction with elements of the digital environment and legal aspects of regulation of private legal relations related to the circulation of digital things and the provision of digital services are disclosed. Сonclusions. The concept of "environment" is defined in its objective and subjective sense. The formation of the digital environment is proposed to be considered according to the three-level criterion: pre-convention, convention, post-convention. Analyzing the elements of the digital environment, it is indicated that not only digital things, but also certain technological systems are its components. It is proposed to consider the elements of the digital environment in their narrow and broad sense. The article provides the author's definition of the concept of "digital environment".

Methodology of legal regulation of private relations in Ukraine

The relevance of the study is determined by the necessity to align Ukrainian legislation in the field of regulating private legal relations with pan-European requirements and standards, considering the Eurointegration processes and the path to European Union membership. The purpose of the study is to assess the effectiveness of the method of regulating relations in the field of private law. The research used a variety of scientific inquiry approaches, including historical, comparative, and legal hermeneutics, among others. Several ideas relevant to the research issue were discovered, including private and public law, private legal interactions, and dispositive and imperative regulatory procedures. The differences between these methods and their characteristics were outlined, and the current issues in the research area were examined, such as a considerable number of legal collisions and an outdated approach to regulating entrepreneurial activities. Solutions to these problems were proposed, including the process of abolishing codified economic legislation. The advantages of recodification as a method of reforming the field of private law and civil legislation in general were substantiated. Recommendations were provided for improving and optimising this process to minimise negative public perception, encompass and consider modern needs of private law and relations arising in the field, including those related to information technologies, international law, and more. The significance of this process for the effective integration of Ukraine into the European Union, as well as the assertion of safeguards for protecting the rights and freedoms of persons and legal entities as participants in private legal interactions, were emphasized. The findings of the study can be utilised by legislators to enhance regulations in the respective field and by researchers to expand the scientific doctrine in the field of private law

The characteristics of Roman Private Law Sources

The article establishes that the sources of Roman Private Law are the ways of consolidation and external expression of legal norms which, in their entirety, were aimed at regulating private legal relations.
 It is argued that the key sources of Roman Private Law should be divided into the following groups: laws (leges) – these were normative acts issued by the legislative bodies of the Roman Republic or Empire (the most important laws were the XII Tables (Lex Duodecim Tabularum), which became the first codified law in Roman history); customs (mores) – these were the norms of behaviour which were generally recognised by the Roman public (customs arose from complex relationships between people and resolved certain issues which laws did not regulate); judicial decisions (iudicia) were court decisions that served as an example for subsequent decisions in similar cases (they were considered one of the most important sources of Roman Private Law, as they ensured legal stability and progressive development of law); legal writings (responsa, iura, commentarii) were works of famous Roman lawyers containing legal opinions and views on various issues of law (they became an important source of law as they provided interpretation of laws and established legal practice); agreements (pacta) were agreements between parties on certain issues (they played an important role in Roman Private Law as they provided legal protection to the parties and regulated their relations).
 The author emphasises the need for further understanding of the sources of Roman law, formulation of the latest recommendations based on the positions of ancient researchers and finding in these positions the latest solutions to the problems existing in society in the context of modern legal thought. This should be achieved through research in various branches of law, as well as relevant scientific events, conferences, competitions involving students, etc.

Модельный закон как средство унификации частного права

This article looks at recent studies dealing with the model law as a unique in its nature unification tool of private legal relations. The principle of creation of the designated type of documents is examined, a positive scientific assessment of its existence is given on the example of the works of O.P. Korovina, M.I. Pantykina, E.V. Shestakova. The remarkable fact is that the model law contributes to the improvement of lawmaking, har-monization and unification of law. Moreover, it has been revealed that both at the theoretical and practical level there are gaps and difficulties in the legislation (lack of clearly defined distinctive features of model laws, which distinguish them from other international documents, the influence of political processes and private-economic interests on this section of law, difficulties of interpretation), which creates prerequisites for further study and improvement of model law. In the course of drafting the article both general-scientific (analysis, comparison) and private-scientific methods (study of judicial practice) of research were used.

Realization of interests through private and public law

The article reflects a discussion about the meaning of the division of law into private and public. The author agrees with the researchers, who believe that through any legal norm, regardless of its sectoral affiliation, both private and public interests are realized. In this case, we are even talking about the fact that in itself the ordering of social relations by any legal norm is essential for society and does not allow chaos in relations. The civil law regulation itself contains a mechanism that ensures a balance of both various private and public interests. Confirmation of this to a greater or lesser extent can be found in almost any norm of civil law. Public law, like private law, ensures the implementation of both public and private interests. Entering into various public legal relations in many cases is aimed at satisfying the interests of individuals and is based on their will. Public and private legal blocks are characterized by many features. Raising the question of public and private legal blocks, must understand that the regimes (methods) for regulating social relations by them are more than important, since the establishment of a regime that does not correspond to the essence of certain relations can lead to the impossibility of realizing certain kinds of interests. Thus, the realization of interests (especially private ones) through civil legal relations is mainly possible in the regime of free will. In public branches of law, at least one of the parties does not have the freedom to decide whether to enter into a legal relationship. In addition, as a general rule, unlike private legal relations, public legal relations imply a certain control, which is necessary to ensure both public and private interests.

The Privatisation of Private (and) International Law

Abstract Privatisation is much studied and debated as a general phenomenon, including in relation to its legal effects and the challenges it presents to the boundaries of public and private law. Outside the criminal context there has however been relatively limited focus on privatisation of the governmental functions which are perhaps of most interest to lawyers—law making, law enforcement and dispute resolution—or on the international legal implications of privatisation. This article argues that modern legal developments in the context of private law and cross-border private legal relations—generally known as party autonomy in private international law—can be usefully analysed as two distinct forms of privatisation. First, privatisation of certain allocative functions of public and private international law, in respect of both institutional and substantive aspects of private law regulation, through the legal effect given to choice of court and choice of law agreements. Second, privatisation of the institutional and substantive regulation of private legal relationships themselves, through arbitration and the recognition of non-state law. Together, these developments have established a global marketplace of state and non-state dispute resolution institutions and private laws, which detaches private law authority from its traditional jurisdictional anchors. Analysing these developments through the lens of privatisation highlights a number of important critical questions which deserve greater consideration—this article further examines in particular whether this form of privatisation in fact increases efficiency in either private international law decision-making or private law dispute resolution, as well as its distributive and regulatory effects.

ФОРМУВАННЯ СУСПІЛЬНОЇ ПРАВОСВІДОМОСТІ УКРАЇНЦІВ КОЗАЦЬКО-ГЕТЬМАНСЬКОЇ ДЕРЖАВИ (середина XVII – XVIII ст.)

Generalized results of analyses of influence of the Cossack-Hetman state historical and cultural-legal conditions (the middle of XVII–XVIII centuries) Ukrainians public legal awareness are highlighted in the article. During the time of Kyivan Rus’ the foundation of Ukrainians public legal awareness was laid. During the period of statelessness, it was oriented towards customary law. The special feature of Ukrainians public legal awareness was its individualistic character. Stay of Ukrainian lands under the jurisdiction of the European country of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth referred to Ukrainians public legal awareness formation but its own specificity was felt: Ukrainian language, Orthodox Christianity, specific everyday life, customary law, which regulated private legal relations. In the middle of the XVII century, the Cossack-Hetman state was founded; the time of its existence is considered to be the period of forming the national features in Ukrainians conscience. Cossack customary law influenced this process. Cossacks, burgers, clergy, nobility, state and landlord peasants had different legal representations that effected public legal awareness of the population, the vector of which was defined by the Cossacks ethic. Since there was no possibility to get acquainted with written laws people regulated their behavior by the norms of non-written of customary law. Regulation of property rights was special. The adoption of the Constitution of Pylyp Orlyc significantly influenced the development of institutional public legal awareness. The development of public legal awareness of Ukrainians of the Cossack-Hetman state took place under act of other states legal norms, the result of which was antagonism towards power as a foreign phenomenon. Custom became a form of self-surviving under the power of foreign ethnic states for Ukrainians. Today Cossack customary law tradition is an important component of Ukrainians’ cultural heritage, which allows to understand originality of their legal awareness now, their intention to justice and freedom, following traditions and customs, understanding of property rights as the basis of being, etc.

Information Security's Place in the National Security System: Actual Problems of Information Law

The work is devoted to the study of information risks in the national security system. Today's challenges and risks in the information sphere force us to look for new relationships between industries to improve the quality of life and reduce information threats. The presented information threats require identification and leveling in the future if such external restrictions arise. The article reveals the role and place of information security in the national security system of the country. This paper discusses the basic concepts of information security in the system of ensuring the national security of Russia, as well as the types of threats to information security, methods and means of combating these threats. This article examines the problem of legal provision of information security. According to the results of the study, the author concludes that the information policy of the Russian Federation is the regulator of public and private legal relations, through which the strategic objectives of the state are realized. Information security, as a type of national security, by its regulatory influence permeates all the diversity of social relations arising in the process of human and state life. It follows from this that the legislator should improve not only the norms of a public-legal nature containing prescriptions and prohibitions, but also private-law norms, the construction of which is based on permissive (dispositive) regulation.

Civil agreement as a legal regulator of relations on the creation and implementation of innovations

The article analyses the agreement as one of the main regulators of the private-legal component of innovation relations. It is proved that the contract due to the principles of freedom of its conclusion and determination of its content is the most effective form of regulation of relations on development and implementation of innovations.
 The author proves that the agreement in modern conditions is a universal structure, that successfully works in all planes of social relations based on legal equality and freedom of expression. And the sphere of legal relations does not affect the essence of a civil law agreement. The qualifying criterion is the methods of legal regulation.
 The design of the agreement allows the parties to the relationship to set out the terms and conditions that they need. Accordingly, the article substantiates that the agreement takes on the characteristics of an individual act of law-making.
 The civil agreemant as the “regulator” of innovation relations covers all possible segments of their emergence, realisation, change or termination. Private legal innovative relations include property and non-property relations. However, the author notes that property and non-property relations are multifaceted and multidimensional in their content. Therefore, the need to disclose what is the peculiarity of property and non-property relations specifically in the area of innovation is justified.
 The article proves that the subject of private law regulation of the civil agreement in the sphere of innovation relations is: 1) relations in the sphere of intellectual property law and related information relations. Human intellectual activity is a fundamental category of innovation relations. The characteristic of novelty is at the heart of innovation and brings us into the sphere of intellectual property law relations. The author notes the inseparable connection of information relations and relations of intellectual property rights as a subject of regulation of civil-law agreement; 2) organizational relations. In particular, innovation relations are connected with the creation, use of innovations as objects of intellectual property rights and their introduction into production, so require complex factual and legal actions aimed at ordering the legal relations between their participants; 3) property relations on creation and implementation of innovations.

Peripeteia of Concession and Problems of Legal definition

Despite the interesting history of the concession, the existence of official and private legal international foundations and scientific works for the creation of concession legislation, in the legislation of Georgia, it was not possible to determine the academic definition of concession as a legal institution. The nature of the concession agreement was not understood and distinguished, that is, a concession is a transfer of the right, not the property, however, a concession agreement is the way of its realization, that triggers problems of practice regarding assignment to a certain legal sphere, legal regulation, court jurisdiction, selection of law, etc. As the "Foreign element" participates in international private legal relations, state and foreign investor appear as parties in concession relations. For them, favorable situation, protective legal regime and predictable environment are the main factors. Accordingly, the development of concession legislation is of essential importance for the economy of Georgia. In addition to the legal purpose, the concession has an important social function and should ensure the inclusion of the private sector in the economic life and development of the country. In order to refine the legislation, the areas of application should be studied, problems, peculiarities, realities should be identified and it should be calculated what results will be achieved if the relevant legal norms are implemented. Refinement of the concession legislation is directly related to the creation of an investment environment in Georgia. Attracting investments, investors' guarantees and efficient use of the country's resources is a very urgent issue in terms of economic development, job creation and increase of state revenues