Private Labor Market Research Articles

A market driven identification of current and emerging skills requiring an MBA degree: a topic modelling approach

ABSTRACT The emerging field of Labour Market Intelligence focuses on extracting real-time information for professional skills. Online job posting websites provide unique opportunities to gather such intelligence, useful for job seekers and academic administrators in charge of preparing the future labour force. We propose a probabilistic topic modelling approach, incorporating occupational ontologies, to extract skillsets required for jobs needing a Master of Business Administration (MBA) degree. Analysing LinkedIn job postings in Pennsylvania, USA, we identified 28 job functions and associated skillsets confirming known demands and revealing new ones not yet identified in government and private labour market reports. By aggregating these skills, we can align MBA curricula with market needs, offering a superior alternative to conventional surveys. Our results are comparable with other popular neural models. Our approach provides improved computational efficiency with simpler methods Additionally, this methodology can be applied globally in other fields with existing occupational ontologies.

O papel das relações raciais no mercado de trabalho brasileiro: processos de recrutamento e seleção em foco

Abstract The aim is analyzing the race relations present in Brazilian society intersect gender and social class, and have an influence on the insertion in the formal labor market of black and white women through discourses of female students, and agents of Brazilian companies which capture professionals for their own company or for national and international other companies. The study adopts the qualitative approach. It uses the corpus of 26 discourses that encompass the linguistic-textual-discursive factors imbricated in the referencing process and in the construction of meanings, borrowed from Bakhtinian dialogism and Circle. The metanarratives of the agents of the companies emphasize race relations in the labor market, in line with the myth of racial democracy, meritocracy and the low schooling of women. The female students argue racism, sexism and social class as barrier to get a job in private labor market.

Diverse People in Diverse Businesses: Creating an Ecosystem around Inclusiveness

In Greece only one out of three people with difficulties in basic activities is employed (Eurostat, 2011). These significantly low employment rates among people with disabilities (PwDs) have negative implications regarding their living standards, making them economically dependent on social benefits and socially excluded. One of the main factors for that issue is the deficient rates of absorption of PwDs in the private sector, although multiple EU and Greek policies for the increase of these rates currently exist. This policy brief emphasizes on the existing situation, the reasons why disabled people are excluded from the private labor market and the potential of investing in all-inclusive work-systems for businesses. Finally, it provides policy recommendations, on both European and national level, for motivating enterprises to increase diversity in their workforce, through the creation of an EU Disability Inclusion Index and Regional Disability Projects.

Land Inequality and Workfare Policies

This paper contributes to the relatively scant literature on the impacts of inequality on the efficacy of public works programmes. We study this in the context of India. In particular, we examine the effect of land inequality on the implementation of the world’s largest workfare programme – the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA). Our OLS estimates demonstrate that the concentration of land ownership reduces the efficacy of NREGA. An instrumental variable (IV) analysis, where we use the historical land tenure system as an IV for contemporaneous land inequality, further corroborates our findings. This negative relationship is consistent with the hypothesis that public work schemes raise agricultural wages in the private labour market, thereby incentivising big landlords to use their political power to oppose such programmes. We exclude the possibility that the higher provision of public jobs in more equal areas is driven by a higher demand for public jobs or by caste or religious differences. This study suggests that the concentration of land ownership, a proxy for power asymmetries, could hinder effective implementation of development policies.

Human Capital Disparities and Earnings Inequality in The Portuguese Private Labour Market

This paper examines human capital inequality and how it relates to earnings inequality in Portugal using data from Quadros de Pessoal for the period 1986–2017. The objective is threefold: (i) show how the distribution of human capital has evolved over time; (ii) investigate the association between human capital inequality and earnings inequality; and (iii) analyse the role of returns to schooling, together with human capital inequality, in the explanation of earnings inequality. Our findings suggest that human capital inequality, computed based on the distribution of average years of schooling of employees working in the Portuguese private labour market, records a positive trend until 2007 and decreases from this year onwards, suggesting the existence of a Kuznets curve of education relating educational attainment levels and education inequality. Based on the decomposition of a Generalized Entropy index (Theil N) for earnings inequality, we observe that inequality in the distribution of human capital plays an important role in the explanation of earnings inequality, although this role has become less important over the last decade. Using Mincerian earnings regressions to estimate the returns to schooling together with the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition of real hourly earnings we confirm that there are two important forces associated with the observed decrease in earnings inequality: a reduction in education inequality and compressed returns to schooling, mainly in tertiary education.

INFORMATION SUPPORT OF THE LABOR MARKET OF UKRAINE AND EASTERN EUROPE: INNOVATION ASPECTS

Introduction. The processes of informatization of society, reform of state institutions and transformation of the economic system of Ukraine identify new problems and set new challenges for regulating the labor market and employment on the basis of public-private partnership, including by bringing to all labor market actors relevant information from verified sources. Given the signing of the Association Agreement with the European Union, Ukraine should take into account the experience of Eastern European countries that have been in similar transition conditions and have shown significant progress, in particular in overcoming the problems and threats in the labor markets that they have encountered in the process of European integration. Purpose and objectives. There is a necessity to justify the expediency of integration of information of subjects in the labor market of Ukraine for the purpose of formation of uniform information support of the labor market that will promote legal productive employment of citizens. Methodology. The article is based on international legal acts, laws and bylaws of Ukraine in the field of employment and regulation of labor market processes in the context of the functioning of a single information environment, formed on the basis of public-private partnership. Both general and special methods were used for the research: methods of analysis and synthesis, descriptive method, methods of induction and deduction. Results. The article analyzes the regulation of the European labor market by integrating the capabilities of national public employment services, the implementation of equal opportunities in free labor mobility for European workers. The data and experience of the countries of Eastern Europe are given. The institutional and legislative aspects of the functioning of private mediation in the domestic labor market are considered and it is proved that in Ukraine there is currently no regulatory influence of the state on the activities of private mediation in this market, and regulatory support in this area is imperfect. It is studied that information flows of private intermediaries, including job search and recruiting websites, operate independently of state intermediaries, and the public does not fully have up-to-date information on the state and needs of the domestic labor market. The article highlights the role of the government and the State Employment Service in the formation of information support of the labor market, compares the published data, provides relevant recommendations of the International Labor Organization and foreign experience. Conclusions. The information published in Ukraine by private labor market intermediaries needs full attention, as its connection with informal employment is not excluded. Given the impact of globalization challenges on the functioning and development of the domestic labor market, it is proposed to standardize the activities of private labor market intermediaries, including job search and recruiting websites, by including their data on labor supply and demand in the domestic labor market. For Ukraine, the experience of the European countries in cooperation between public and private intermediaries in the labor market, based on the creation of single information support of the labor market, including through joining the EURES system, is relevant.

Performing to secure cultural hegemony: mediators' impact on the integration process

PurposeThe article takes its point of departure in the current labor market debate on immigration policy and attempts to explore the way private labor market mediators involved in the integration of immigrants contribute to reproducing cultural stereotypes reminiscent of colonial ideas.Design/methodology/approachFindings are based on respondent-driven interviews with nine labor market mediators (seven women and three men) from eight private labor market agencies in Sweden.FindingsThe findings showed that the private labor market mediators put their trust in the neoliberal system and rely on the colonial discourses when convincing immigrants to assimilate into the dominant culture. At the same time, the findings also show that there is no evidence that the assimilating activities they offer will lead to long-term employment.Research limitations/implicationsGiven that migration across national borders has become a common phenomenon, the author suggests a call for critical reflections on the taken-for-granted notions of both self and others and the influences colonial discourses have on integration.Practical implicationsThe author would suggest a shift of focus from immigrants' cultural adjustment to society's and employers' responsibilities and readiness to adjust to prevailing conditions.Originality/valueThe study contributes to the labor market literature and the diversity management literature by adding insights from public labor market mediators' experiences of the help they offer immigrants to enter the labor market. It shows how mediators make use of dominating discourses to secure cultural hegemony.

The Impact of Free Secondary Education: Experimental Evidence from Ghana

Following the widespread adoption of free primary education, African policymakers are now considering making secondary school free, but little is known about the private and social benefits of free secondary education. We exploit randomized assignment to secondary school scholarships among 2,064 youths in Ghana, combined with 12 years of data, to establish that scholarships increase educational attainment, knowledge, skills, and preventative health behaviors, while reducing female fertility. Eleven years after receipt of the scholarship, only female winners show private labor market gains, but those come primarily in the form of better access to jobs with rents (in particular rationed jobs in the public sector). We develop a simple model to interpret the labor market results and help think through the welfare impact of free secondary education.

Analysis of women's job offer through entrepreneurship The case of Algeria

The aim of this scientific paper is to highlight the effective role of women working in economic development, especially those working in the entrepreneurial sector, which we see as encouraging at the macro-economic level and at the personal level, by highlighting their potential to help them enter the private labour market, value them and empower their role in the economic arena in order to win this bet to become productive and effective workers at all levels.
 Through this paper, we will try to highlight the role of Algerian women's contribution to economic development through access to the world of entrepreneurship, and we will also try to find statistics on their success levels at the local and international levels.
 To achieve our desired goals, we used the statistical approach by analysing some of the statistical data available to us from the World Bank and some important and specialized databases on the same subject.
 The scientific authenticity of our research paper is highlighted by the added value we have achieved and the results achieved, where the most notable result was that the work of contracting is an achievement that pushes women to achieve economic savings and exceed the threshold of happiness through their ability and self-realization.

Diferencial salarial por género entre el sector público y privado formal-informal en México

Se analizan las diferencias salariales en el mercado de trabajo público y privado y si estas se deben a atributos de capital humano o por rendimientos distintos, mediante muestras de mujeres y hombres separadamente y por género a lo largo de la distribución salarial. Con la metodología de Fortin, Lemieux y Firpo (2011). Trabajar en el sector público tiene importantes ventajas salariales principalmente para ellas en el grupo de salarios bajos. En el sector público las diferencias se explican por las características productivas y en el privado formal e informal responden a la parte no explicada por los atributos productivos.

Private Labor Market Intermediaries in the Europeanized Live-in Care Market between Germany and Poland: A Typology

AbstractThis article looks at the role of private companies involved in organizing so-called live-in care arrangements between two EU member states, Germany and Poland. Due to gaps in the public long-term care system, employing livein migrant care workers in private households has become a widespread individualized solution to rising long-term care needs in Germany. Since eastern EU enlargement, private brokerage agencies placing Polish live-in migrant care workers in German households have grown considerably. Building on approaches conceptualizing the role of intermediaries in formalizing domestic work, we aim to provide a more fine-grained typology of private brokerage agencies, taking into account not only the legal environment and structural features of these private enterprises, but also theirstrategic positioningunder conditions of high legal uncertainty in the EU multi-level governance system. By analyzing corporate as well as political strategies of these intermediaries, we distinguish three different agency types we call pioneers, minimum effort players and followers.

Specific Elements of Marketing in the Recruitment and Selection of Human Resources Process in Romanian Army

Abstract The issue of recruiting a quality human resource appears to be, more or less, a universal one, and it is not just an issue for the United States of America but also for Europe, as the modern armies are confronting with difficulties in recruiting and retaining military personnel. The reasons are generated by the changes of the values in civil society, as well as by the fact that the interest and motivation of joining the army are declining, especially among young people. The competition between the private labor market and the military organization is increasing due to the high level of education of the younger generation and the unemployment rate. Increasing the confidence of the population towards the army and emphasizing the its role of employer determine the connection with the young people, especially for stimulating the desire and attracting them to the military profession.

A New Form of Employment for Newly Arrived Migrant and Long-term Unemployed

November 2017, the Confederation of Swedish Enterprise and the Swedish Trade Union Confederation (LO) along with Unionen, Sweden’s largest white-collar trade union on the private labour market, reached an agreement in principle on the introduction of a new form of employment to promote labour market participation for newly arrived migrants and long-term unemployed, called establishing-employment (etableringsanstallning). A precondition for the agreement to be binding was that the State would ...

Combating Discrimination Against the Formerly Incarcerated in the Labor Market

Both discrimination by private employers and governmental restrictions in the form of statutes that prohibit professional licensing serve to exclude the formerly incarcerated from much of the labor market. This Essay explores and analyzes potential legislative and contractual means for removing these barriers to labor market participation by the formerly incarcerated. First, as a means of addressing discrimination by the state, Part I of this Essay explores the ways in which the adoption of racial impact statements — which mandate that legislators consider statistical analyses of the potential impact their proposed legislation may have on racial and ethnic groups prior to enacting such legislation — could help to reduce labor market discrimination against the formerly incarcerated. In so doing, this Part analyzes the influence of racial impact statements in the few states that have implemented them. Part II of this Essay examines the possibility of a contractual solution that could help to decrease discrimination against the formerly incarcerated in the private labor market, particularly by those employers who rely on the labor of imprisoned individuals. Specifically, this Part uses the fact that many private corporations rely on and profit from low-wage prison labor to argue that the state penal institutions that lease prisoners to such corporations should push for contractual agreements that stipulate that corporations relying on prison labor must revoke policies that bar employing the formerly incarcerated upon their release. In addition, this Part explicates how contractual stipulations may also provide for affirmative hiring policies for the formerly incarcerated. Finally, this Essay concludes by highlighting how failure to address continued labor market discrimination against the formerly incarcerated could render the formerly incarcerated a permanent economic underclass, thereby undermining notions of fairness and equality.

The Biomedicalization of Social Egg Freezing

In 2012, two major professional societies representing Europe and the United States released influential statements that would propel a commercial market for social egg freezing (SEF), in which women bank their oocytes for later use in order to avoid compromised fertility that comes with age. While the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE) condoned SEF based on reproductive autonomy and justice, the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) discouraged SEF based on insufficient data and concerns about false hope. In this article, we map the contexts and discursive moves by which the biomedicalization of SEF proceeded since 2012. We compare professional bioethical arguments that made the case to approve SEF in Europe with news and popular media discourse that formed and shaped the commercial marketization of SEF in the United States despite the recommendation of the ASRM. While a statist pronatalist perspective informed the former, a distinctly private labor market recruitment strategy utilizing a Lean In efficiency model of feminism buttressed the latter.

Self-Rated Health of the Temporary Employees in a Nordic Welfare State: Findings From the Finnish Public Sector Study.

This 9-year follow-up study explores a possible association between temporary employment and declining health. Years in temporary employment from 2004 to 2008 to 2009 were measured for a cohort of 26,886 public sector employees. Self-rated health was measured by surveys in 2004 (baseline), 2008/2009 (short-term follow-up), and 2012/2013 (long-term follow-up). Compared with the permanently employed, the baseline health-adjusted odds of poor health were lower both in the short-term and long-term follow-up, but the differences became nonsignificant when adjusted for sociodemographic and work-related factors. The results would suggest that temporary employment in public sector of a Nordic welfare state does not entail health risks. Future research is needed to elucidate if this is true also among those exposed to nonpermanent employment in the private labor market, in particular those with most atypical jobs and unstable job careers.

Making wealth sharing more efficient in high-rent countries: the citizens\u2019 income

This paper argues that hydrocarbon producers with high rents per capita constitute a specific category in the broader universe of rent-dependent countries, facing a specific set of development challenges that are not shared by mid-rent countries. It surveys patterns of rent distribution in high-rent countries (HRCs), focusing on energy subsidies and excessive public employment, and argues that these result in declining energy efficiency and labor productivity as well as exclusion of nationals from the private labor market. It then proposes unconditional cash grants for HRC citizens in combination with subsidy and public employment reform as a mitigation strategy to minimize the HRC-specific distortive effects of rent distribution. It is shown that none of the conventional counterarguments to unconditional cash grants applies in the context of HRCs.

Critical review of welfare dependency in active labor market programs in Korea: existence, causes, and interpretations

This paper comprehensively analyzes the existence and causes of welfare dependency in active labor market programs (ALMPs) administered by the Korean Government. For this analysis, we utilize the Ministry of Employment Labor’s database, using data collected from 306,410 ALMP participants from 2006 to the first quarter of 2012. According to our analysis, 4.4–12.9% of ALMP participants are likely to be in the ‘welfare trap.’ The probability of falling into the welfare trap is affected by individual characteristics. For instance: the elderly, women, and highly educated people are shown to be particularly vulnerable. Moreover, when ALMPs’ benefits are larger than the official minimum wage, individuals tend to stay in the job programs longer. At the same time, if a participant lives in a district with more people in the welfare trap, he or she is less likely to exit from ALMPs. Despite the fairly significant proportion of participants shown to have fallen into the welfare trap, most of the cases are not due to moral hazard or generously designed financial incentives; rather, our research suggests that people with a lower level of job capacity for the private labor market cannot but stay longer in ALMPs.

Land Inequality and the Provision of Public Works: Evidence from National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme in India

Does existing inequality hinder redistributive policies that aim to help the poor? This paper answers this question under a widely used redistributive policy in developing countries--public works schemes. Using district-level data on land ownership distributions and the implementations of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme in India, I find robust evidence that the concentration of land ownership reduces public works provision. This relationship could be explained by the mechanism that public works schemes raise agricultural wages in the private labor market, thereby incentivizing big landlords to use their political power to oppose this program. To address the potential endogeneity due to unobservables and measurement error, I leverage a historical institution in India, the land revenue collection system established by British colonial rulers during 1750-1861, to construct an instrumental variable for land inequality. Due to the concentration of post-independence land reforms enacted in landlord-dominated areas, those areas have lower land inequality today than the previously non-landlord dominated areas. The IV estimates suggest that a 1 percent increase of land Gini coefficient would lead to a 3-5 percent decrease in public job provision. The results are robust to using the alternative measurements of land inequality and public works implementation. To exclude the possibility that the higher provision of public jobs in more equal areas is driven by a higher demand for public jobs, I show that more equal areas have higher agricultural wages in the private labor sector. This paper provides the first empirical evidence that the concentration of land ownership, a proxy for political power, is a hurdle to providing public employment to the poor, suggesting power asymmetries could hinder policies aimed at promoting equity.

Does Slack Influence Public and Private Labour Market Interactions?

We empirically analyze the impact of public employment and wages' shocks on private labor market outcomes by studying if policies operate differently in periods of economic slack than in normal times. We use local projection methods and focus on the Spanish and euro area aggregate cases. We find that the degree of economic slack is key to determine: (i) if public employment crowds-out private employment, and (ii) the degree and extent of public wage influence on the private sector.In addition, we find that the specific features of the economy also count. In the case of Spain, when fiscal consolidation is implemented at times of economic distress, the contractionary effects of public employment cuts appear more damaging for the economy than those of public wage cuts, while the opposite happens for the euro area as a whole. These differences are likely to be related to specific features of the labor markets in both cases.