Private Issues Research Articles

Perceptions of Cryptocurrencies and Modern Money before and after the COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland and Germany

Research background: Despite the fact that the issue of private, decentralized digital money (cryptocurrencies) is already quite extensively described in the literature dedicated to the financial system, especially its periphery, there is a deficiency in terms of research on the opinions of participants in the financial system, based on trust in money and its widespread acceptance. International comparative studies are lacking, particularly those conducted before and after the COVID-19 virus pandemic. The pandemic showed that people had significantly changed their willingness to use different forms of money. Being isolated at home and avoiding direct contact with others, people started to use digital money more frequently. Purpose of the article: In response to the identified research gap, this study reports research results on the perception of cryptocurrencies by young financial market participants. It attempts to provide answers to the following research questions: (1) Has the COVID-19 pandemic and the lockdown of economies caused changes at the international level in perceptions and attitudes toward the traditional monetary system and cryptocurrencies? (2) Has the COVID-19 pandemic changed perceptions of cryptocurrencies as a potential alternative to current fiat money? Methods: To evaluate respondents’ opinions, a survey in the form of a questionnaire was conducted. The respondent groups in 2019/2020 were N = 171 (Germany = 143 and Poland = 128), while in 2021, N = 157 (Germany = 95 and Poland = 62). For analytical purposes, statistical analysis using the Z ratio test was used to capture the characteristics of the response distributions and the relationships between them. These two moments in time allowed us to determine whether there were significant changes between opinions before and after COVID-19. Findings & value added: The study’s results showed that while there are significant differences in perceptions of the traditional monetary system and cryptocurrencies due to a variety of factors, the COVID-19 pandemic and the shutdown of economies did not cause statistically significant differences in this regard.

О выпуске бумажных денежных знаков 1926-го года Управления Треста «Азнефть»

For the first time in the article, paper currency signs of the year 1926 of the “Azneft” Trust Department are involved in the study. A brief history of the period, the social and public situation, and a list of private issues in Azerbaijan are provided on the basis of factual material—paper money signs. Indicating the main meaning of this material, the authors have collected and analysed information about the features, varieties, and place of printing of this issue. Also, color images of denominations, which were not previously known and not published, are presented for the first time to the attention of readers, and a complete and systematic catalog has also been compiled. The article is of interest to bonists, historians, collectors, and other interested parties. The main results of this research are used in research projects.

Legislating landlords: Private interests, issue emphasis, and policy positions

AbstractDo private interests predict politicians' rhetoric? Focusing on housing policy, we compare issue emphasis and positions of landlord politicians and politicians who do not own multiple properties. Ireland provides a unique opportunity to study legislating landlords' behavior as housing has become one of the most important political issues. We construct a novel dataset of politicians' homeownership status between 2013 and 2022, a period characterized by rising rent and property prices. We fine‐tune a transformer‐based machine learning model and apply text scaling and sentiment analysis to identify issue salience and positions on housing in over 870,000 tweets and parliamentary questions. Contrary to our expectations, landlord politicians do not avoid the topic of housing, nor do they take different positions. We also find that government status does not influence this relationship. The results imply that private financial interests do not influence rhetoric on housing policy.

Исследования социально-экономического развития АЗРФ на региональном и локальном уровне: обзор некоторых актуальных работ российских авторов

This review is an analytical presentation of the content of scientific articles and monographs published in the last few years and devoted to the problems of socio-economic development of the territories of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation (AZRF). Since the legal recognition of the AZRF, many empirical studies have been devoted to the issues of its socio-economic development. However, the literature review in them is limited to the selected narrow subject of scientific work. This circumstance creates an urgent need for a comprehensive analysis of currently relevant directions in the study of socio-economic processes in the AZRF. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the diversity of vectors of scientific search in modern Russian studies of social and economic processes in the Arctic. The limitation of the study is the significant growth of publications on the topics of interest to us, caused by the variety of private issues covered in the latest Arctic studies. Therefore, we have selected only a few representative works that reflect the multi-vector nature of Arctic research in contemporary Russia. As a result of analyzing the works, we have found that Arctic research is characterized by both thematic and geographical diversity. The authors conditionally divide contemporary Arctic studies in Russia into three directions: interregional comparative studies within the boundaries of the entire AZRF, regional case studies, and local studies (at the level of municipalities). It is important to note that within the framework of the last two directions of research the key contribution to the multiplication of empirical material and its conceptual understanding is primarily made by scientists from regional scientific and university centers. Another peculiarity of Russian Arctic research is the shift of interest towards the study of the urban environment, industrial centers, and urbanism, while economists and sociologists pay insufficient attention to the study of the rural periphery. The observed deficit of local studies of social and economic processes in the rural Arctic in the future may lead to the rapid development of this direction in modern Russian science.

Container

Issues of containment are central to the practice and discourse of interior architecture whether the constraints be physical, financial, cultural, political or social. The container as architecture suggests applications of shelter, defined property, security, privacy and ownership although often these boundaries become somewhat blurred. This suggests a further breakdown of space accepting issues of transferral, thresholds, easements; where the issues of public and private are raised. Design of packaging is based around similar concerns of containment. The relationship between object and receptacle or vessel having its origins with the hand and parts of the body used to hold or conceal personal belongings.

Impact of patient-centered communication on patient satisfaction scores in patients with chronic life-limiting illnesses: an experience from Kenya.

Patient satisfaction remains a key area of interest worldwide; utilizing a patient-centered communication approach, particularly with patients with chronic life-limiting illnesses may be one way to achieve this. However, there is a dearth of empirical information on the effect of patient-centered communication strategies in patients with chronic life-limiting illnesses in Kenya on patient satisfaction. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of patient-centered communication on patient satisfaction. We conducted our study at a tertiary teaching and referral hospital in Kenya. We utilized a quasi-experimental pre-test post-test study design and engaged 301 adult medical in-patients with chronic life limiting conditions. We randomized them to receive patient-centered communication, and evaluated the change in patient satisfaction scores using an adapted Medical Interview satisfaction Scale 21 (MISS 21). Two hundred and seventy-eight out of 301 recruited participants completed the study. The baseline characteristics of the participants randomized to the control and intervention arms were similar. Although both the control and intervention arms had a decline in the mean difference scores, the intervention arm recorded a larger decline, -15.04 (-20.6, -9.47) compared to -7.87 (-13.63, -2.12), with a statistically significant mean difference between the two groups at -7.16 (-9.67, -4.46). Participants in the intervention arm were less likely to: understand the cause of their illness (p < 0.001), understand aspects of their illness (p < 0.001), understand the management plan (p < 0.001), receive all the relevant information on their health (p < 0.001), and to receive adequate self-care information (p < 0.001). They were also less likely to acknowledge a good interpersonal relationship with the healthcare providers (p < 0.001), to feel comfortable discussing private issues (p < 0.004), and to feel that the consultation time was adequate (p < 0.001). Contrary to expectation, patient-centered communication did not result in improved patient satisfaction scores. Further studies can evaluate factors affecting and explaining this relationship and assess intermediate and long-term effects of provision of a patient-centered communication in diverse global contexts.

To the issue of free privatization of land

In the comparative legal aspect, the introduction of such a legal category, which was called "land privatization”, is highlighted, the essence of which is the transition of a land plot of state or communal ownership to private ownership, the subjects of which are natural persons and legal entities under private law. Attention is focused on the free privatization of land plots by citizens of Ukraine and its features are given. The subject composition of the procedure of free privatization of agricultural and other lands is analyzed.&#x0D; It was concluded that gradually free privatization is losing its social function and the corresponding legal norms need a radical revision. The right of Ukrainian citizens to free privatization of land, established by law (Articles 118, 121 of the Land Code of Ukraine), is not realistically ensured, since the area of the undistributed land fund is not enough for each citizen of Ukraine to receive a plot of land. Therefore, a situation has arisen when citizens have the right to free privatization of land plots, but most of them cannot implement it. Practice shows that the privatization of land plots, free of charge by law, has actually turned into paid privatization, when interested citizens of Ukraine pay a fee for the transfer of land plots to them in various forms.&#x0D; The necessity of a partial refusal of free privatization is substantiated, since it is not guaranteed and not financially supported by the land fund of our state. Along with the introduction of privatization on a paid basis, that is, its monetization, the conclusion about the expediency of maintaining free privatization for persons defined by Article 25 of the Land Code of Ukraine is substantiated. Free privatization must be transparent and fair, and its procedures must be clear and understandable.

Some issues of privatization of land of state and municipal agricultural enterprises, institutions and organizations

The article is devoted to certain issues arising in the sphere of privatization of lands of state and communal agricultural enterprises, institutions and organizations.&#x0D; The article notes that the works of domestic scholars are devoted to certain topical issues of privatization of land of state and communal agricultural enterprises, institutions and organizations. The scientific views of scholars on this issue are analyzed.&#x0D; The author emphasizes that today certain issues of the procedure for privatization of land of state and municipal agricultural enterprises, institutions and organizations, as well as preservation and restoration of the land of these entities, remain almost unexplored. Of particular concern is the qualitative condition of the reserve fund lands which are in state or communal ownership.&#x0D; The article outlines the specific features and peculiarities of privatization of lands of state and municipal agricultural enterprises, institutions and organizations.&#x0D; The author distinguishes between privatization of land of state and municipal agricultural enterprises, institutions and organizations and land division of former collective agricultural enterprises.&#x0D; The specifics of privatization of lands of state and municipal agricultural enterprises, institutions and organizations are investigated. The author emphasizes the specific range of subjects, the complex legal composition, and the special legal regime of the land share (unit).&#x0D; The author analyses the practical aspects of the procedure for privatization of land of state and municipal agricultural enterprises, institutions and organizations.&#x0D; The author makes a conclusion about the complexity and multi-stage nature of the procedure for privatization of land of state and municipal agricultural enterprises, institutions and organizations.&#x0D; Particular attention is paid to the issues of creating a reserve fund for land privatization and ensuring its quality.

К ВОПРОСУ О ГАСТРОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ РЕФЛЕКСИИ

The article is devoted to culturological gastronomic reflection, which is considered as a state of consciousness in relation to a specific sphere of cognition. The author studies the periodization of the development of reflection, in accordance with the periods of development of cognition methods. Thus, highlighting the stages, starting from the scholastic period and ending with activism, the author agrees with some authors in the naming and content of these periods. However, it is worth pointing out that this is dialectical-materialistic activism, which is based on the corresponding philosophical principles. As a result of the study of the concept and essence of reflection, the author concludes that the present stage of the development of reflection is based on an activity-based approach to the study of the cognition system, which means the implementation of activities for the formation of a certain knowledge. Since scientific reflection at the present stage is increasingly connected with social development and penetrates into its spheres, it is noted that the combination of reflection and dialectical-materialistic approach and worldview makes it possible to reflect not only in the general philosophical sense, but also within the practical application of reflection, in private scientific and everyday consciousness. The result of the application of cultural reflection in the field of gastronomy is the identification of categories of problems of science ("gastrosophy" is a term proposed by some scientists for the name of science) and its content: historical–descriptive, analytical, state and a number of others, which have their own range of private issues involving research and, of course, reflection.

Contemporary Challenges for Women in Football. The Bulgarian Case

This article aims to demonstrate the main problems that female football players in Bulgaria (we can say in most European countries) face in terms of employment, remuneration, media coverage and health support. With the help of a survey and in-depth interviews conducted with female football players, coaches and managers of women‘s and girl‘s teams, it was concluded that women in football (in Bulgaria, but elsewhere as well) often work without employment contracts, sponsorships are almost completely absent, no one interested in their media promotion, and motherhood and child-rearing is a private issue, with their clubs making no commitment to them after leaving the club, whether as a result of illness, injury, pregnancy, etc. Overcoming these issues is key to empowering women in sport and is a step towards gender equality.

Perceptions of work-life balance and gender issues in private radiology in Australia.

Women comprise almost 30% of practising clinical radiologists in Australia. Despite three-quarters of clinical radiologists working in private practice, there is limited research regarding the experience of female radiologists in private practice and issues surrounding work-life balance. The primary aim of this study was to identify gender issues within private radiology and investigate work-life balance, focusing on issues relevant for female practitioners. Clinical radiologists working in private practice at five major Australian private radiology service providers were sent an email on behalf of the researchers, containing study information and a link to an online questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, chi-square analysis and Fisher's exact test were used. Binary logistic regression was used to determine odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Responses to short-answer questions were analysed manually and grouped into themes. There were consistent gender differences in perceptions of gender and its implication upon working and career progression in radiology private practice. There was near unanimous agreement that private radiologists should be able to work flexible/reduced working hours for a proportionate decrease in pay. Two themes with distinct gender differences related to pay equity and transparency. Key themes relating to work-life balance for private radiologists included workload, setting boundaries and flexibility of work hours in private radiology. This preliminary survey highlights areas related to work-life balance and gender issues relevant for female practitioners in private practice radiology in Australia that can be targeted for further investigation and improvement, namely pay equity and transparency, and part-time leadership opportunities.

Perancangan Rumah Ramah Lingkungan Di Desa Kertawangunan, Kuningan, Jawa Barat

Kertawangunan Town, Kuningan, West Java is a region that has a great deal of green open land as rice fields and ranches. The land can be utilized for harmless to the ecosystem structures like houses. The plan of harmless to the ecosystem private houses is planned by considering parts of existing site conditions, sun powered dissemination, wind development, and other natural perspectives to address private issues for warm solace. To accomplish that should be possible with the technique for normal ventilation and regular lighting. From the consequences of the review it was observed that the best structure direction is pointing toward the east-west, toward this path the sun sparkles the entire day. On the off chance that the light power is high, vegetation can be established nearby around the structure with obscure and cooling tree species. It can likewise give an option in contrast to the structure, like making wooden sheets toward the sun to lessen brightness and expand openings to course air from outside the room. To give regular coolness to the structure, a distance is made between the structure and the current one so the breeze can move uninhibitedly in the room. Keywords : Daylighting, desain and natural ventilation

W. de Henning’s Position on the Privatisation of State-Owned Metallurgy

The formation of metallurgy in Russia occurred during the Northern War, which predetermined the dominance of state ownership in this sector of the economy. During the end of the war, Peter I embarked on a policy of privatising the state-owned industry. The regulatory and legal basis for privatisation was the Berg Privileges of 1719. However, having begun the policy of transferring state-owned factories to companies of private industrialists, Peter I was not consistent. He thought about the development of the state-owned metallurgy of the Urals and, at the same time, considered the possibility of its transfer to private industrialists in the future. This article examines the position of W. de Henning on the issue of privatisation. During his leadership of the local mining industry in 1720–1722, V. N. Tatishchev was the first to raise the question of the need to privatise the state-owned metallurgy of the Urals. In 1722, Peter I appointed Henning as head of the state mining industry of the Urals, giving him extensive administrative power. In 1722–1724, Henning managed to reconstruct the old state-owned factories and build new ones – Yekaterinburg, Polevskoy, Pyskor, and Yagoshikha. Meanwhile, in 1724, Tatishchev presented to Peter I projects for the privatisation of state-owned factories in the Urals. The emperor “accepted these projects as beneficial ones” but at the same time, developed a complex procedure for considering privatisation issues in the relevant central and local state bodies. In 1724, Tatishchev’s projects received negative reviews from the Berg Collegium and Henning, who pointed to high profits from state-owned factories. At the same time, Henning proposed his projects which either meant the transfer of state-owned factories to the company of Peter I, A. D. Menshikov, F. M. Apraksin, etc., or the transfer of Pyskor plants to him, A. Stroganov, and M. Turchaninov. However, Tatishchev and Henning’s discussion of the projects ground to a halt due to the death of Peter I. Again, the question of privatisation of the state-owned metallurgy of the Urals arose during the so-called “sales crisis” of 1729–1732 and was already post-suppressed by Henning. Henning’s privatisation projects were discussed in the Senate, the Berg Board, and the Monetary Commission. In 1733, a Commission on state-owned factories was established. However, in 1732, the “sales crisis” was overcome, and Henning abandoned his privatisation projects. He finally came to the conclusion that state ownership in metallurgy was no less effective than private ownership and began a new stage of construction of state-owned factories in the Urals. The same position was held by Tatishchev, who replaced Henning in 1734–1737 as head of the Ural plants. The subsequent history of privatisation campaigns of the second half of the eighteenth – early twentieth centuries confirmed the validity of this conclusion, with considerable state ownership in metallurgy not only remaining but also expanding.

“At home among strangers”: GR-management as political governance in the arsenal of “non-political” agents

The topic under consideration is still in the orbit of the domestic discussion of political scientists and specialists in Government Relations (GR). And there is no agreement among them yet regarding the subject field of the discipline being studied. Opinions differ, referring GR to applied political science, sociology of communications, or corporate management. This article analyzes the problems of defining the subject of GR-management as an applied political science discipline, as well as its categorical apparatus. The peculiarity of GR as a type of political management is that the goal-setting unit of the activities of GR managers and corporate lobbyists is located in an “internal” and “non-political” environment (economic, social, etc.), which may be associated with maintaining the competitiveness of the firm and obtaining economic profit by it. But the means to achieve these goals are already located in the “external” socio-political environment, in which the field of political behavior of interested actors is formed. And here we are faced with the phenomenon of “inversion” of the particular interests represented in public policy, when in order to promote them it is necessary to convert the goals of the economic strategy into adequate private issues when building a common public agenda, and into specific tasks of the strategy and tactics of an already special GR campaign.

Critical perspective on public deficits: contrasting conventional and Islamic views

Purpose This study aims to investigate the public deficit issue by contrasting conventional and Islamic views encompassing the paradigm, technical base, orientation and consequence detailed in nine discussions, which are rarely investigated in the research. There is a predisposition that contemporary Muslim scholars discuss the public deficit as well as the private sector perspective, which is used in the conventional conception, without riba as a primary feature. Design/methodology/approach The paper develops a comparative approach that derives two perspectives from the available literature using the qualitative method under the critical thinking method. It was drawn up in detail on how the paradigm and its related budgeting process contribute to public deficits, mainly in government institutions. Findings The paper reveals a prominent difference in public deficit in the Islamic view from a conventional perspective. From 9 points of comparison, the analysis covers 18 discussion that differentiates between private and public area criticism seems to overlap. The foundation giving a unique perspective in Islam toward public deficit is the concept of ownership that differs from capitalism, mainly the function of public spending is to distribute the wealth among people not for economic growth. The Islamic Government spent for public purposes based on cash-basis budgeting. The budgeting system in Islamic public spending is founded on treasure availability. Research limitations/implications The paper uses a qualitative method that cannot empirically snapshot the actual or factual condition, in which subjectivity plays a plausible role. Furthermore, there is no actual sample (best practices) of the concept to be examined. Practical implications The research encompasses overlap between Islamic and conventional perspectives, including public and private issues regarding public deficits. The main beneficiary of the paper is a policymaker, including academicians or practitioners who are appropriate to use the concept in their circumstances. Originality/value The study is a pioneering study in public deficit comprehensively comparing conventional and Islamic perspectives and drawing up conceptual and technical aspects.

Добровольность как «сквозной» принцип брачных отношений в Республике Казахстан (некоторые частно-правовые и публично-правовые аспекты)

В статье подвергнуты теоретическому анализу отдельные спорные аспекты законодательного обеспечения принципа добровольности брака в Казахстане, который исследуется в необходимой «триаде»: «добровольность заключения брака–добровольность пребывания в браке–добровольность прекращения брачных отношений». Явный акцент законодателя на добровольности исключительно как принципе заключения брака приводит к тому, что он значительно нивелируется в двух других проявлениях данной «триады». Автором проведен анализ нормативных положений брачно-семейного законодательства Республики Казахстан, других нормативно-правовых актов национального законодательства, а также сравнительно-правового исследования нормативного регулирования отдельных частных вопросов в странах ближнего зарубежья, на основе которого проиллюстрированы некоторые нарушения принципа добровольности в нормах отечественного брачно-семейного законодательства. Параллельно выявлены сохраняющиеся тенденции отечественного законодательства к наличию норм с выраженной гендерной асимметрией, не имеющей к настоящему времени объективного социально-правового обоснования. Аргументирован конфликтогенный потенциал сохраняющихся законодательных запретов в вопросах расторжения брака, не способствующих обеспечению принципов брачных отношений в Республике Казахстан, а также предложены варианты коррекции законодательных предписаний с целью его существенного снижения.

Inhabiting the Margins: Personal spaces as the negotiation zones of marginalized subjects

In this essay, I investigate the role and underlying political connotations of personal space in Giovanni’s Room by James Baldwin and A Room of One’s Own by Virginia Woolf, both of which enunciate marginalized subjectivity in 20th century English-language literature. I concentrate on using literary analysis while comparing the issues of marginalization, private and public resistance, class, race, and gender. While one text focuses on gayness in Paris and one focuses on queer womanhood in America, both reveal the temporal fragility of their respective marginalized spaces and the subjects’ claim to liberation. To situate this analysis in the wider literary and anthropological conversation, I read them against Michel Foucault’s The History of Sexuality, Feminism is for Everybody: Passionate Politics by Bell Hooks, and several other texts. My analysis argues that even seemingly quotidian actions are inscribed in a complex literary tradition that lies at the intersection of biopolitics, intersectional feminism, and queer heritage.

Legal aspects of protection of rights to land plots that were transferred to private ownership based on the provisions of Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine No. 15-92

Due to the lack of clear regulation of the procedure for registration of land ownership on various grounds of privatisation, the Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of December 26, 1992, No. 15-92 “On privatisation of land plots” has become one of the most problematic legislative acts in Ukraine. That is why there was a need to distinguish between two procedures for the privatisation of land plots: according to the above-mentioned Decree and in accordance with the Land Code. The purpose of the study is to highlight the differences in the legal procedures for privatising land plots transferred to the ownership of citizens based on Decree No. 15-92 and in accordance with paragraph 5 of Article 17 of the Land Code of Ukraine of 1990 as amended on March 13, 1992, and later – Article 118 of the Land Code of Ukraine. The analysis of the practice of the Supreme Court on the application of Decree No. 15-92 and the Land Code of Ukraine in various versions, highlights the general trend in court decisions and describes individual cases that occurred in the judicial practice of higher instances. As a result of the study, it was established that the procedures for transferring land plots to the ownership of citizens based on Decree No. 15-92 and the Land Code of Ukraine differ. Privatisation based on Decree No. 15-92 is a specific simplified form of land transfer to ownership. It is noted that the legislation does not contain a clear regulation of the procedure for transferring land plots to private ownership, if privatisation was initiated based on the rules of Decree No. 15-92, there are a substantial number of legal disputes that are resolved in court. It is proved that the vast practice of the Supreme Court on privatisation issues is not always consistent, and legal conclusions are not systematised; simultaneously, the general trend towards resolving such legal disputes is consistent and understandable. Based on the conclusions of the Supreme Court, the procedure for privatisation under the rules of the Decree was systematised, the procedures for privatisation under the Decree and the Land Code of Ukraine were delineated, documents certifying the right of ownership were identified, and ways to confirm the existence of property rights/legitimate interests to land plots, the right of ownership/use to which arose in connection with the entry into force of Decree No. 15-92 were named. The practical importance of the results obtained lies in the possibility of using them to protect the rights of citizens to land plots, residential buildings and structures located on such plots in judicial and administrative procedures.

Epistemic silences in settler‐colonial infrastructure governance literature

AbstractThe existing landscape of infrastructure governance discourses tends to focus on closing “governance gaps” commonly based on fractured and opaque neoliberal planning and delivery processes, privatisation and financialisation issues, and inequitable distribution and undemocratic decision‐making processes. These gaps represent a deeply troubling erosion of infrastructure’s capacity to serve public interests or confront crises of climate injustice. However, the literature rarely confronts the uncomfortable politics of decolonising infrastructure or acknowledges ongoing permutations of settler‐coloniality, implicating infrastructural framings of land, development, property, ownership, and decision‐making power. This paper reflects on the current state of infrastructure governance literature about ongoing settler‐colonial legacies in urban planning and development. Explaining some of the ways unceded Indigenous land has been exploited to facilitate settler state infrastructure development in major Australian cities, we then draw a line to the complicities of contemporary infrastructure governance. This foundation is considered using a systematic method to review infrastructure governance literature and reveal stark gaps in engagement with settler‐coloniality and the politics of decolonisation. In light of these silences, we reflect on disciplinary responsibilities to redress research practices and suggest two reflexive approaches centred on to truth‐telling and deep listening.

Public and Private in the Real and Virtual Space

The article examines how the public and private spheres of life are presented in two spaces: in real and virtual. The concepts of public and private both by classical authors and modern ones are considered. The emphasis in considering the issues of public and private is on the manifestation of these phenomena in the virtual space, where the same mechanisms operate as in the real space, but with special specifics, including the influence of various agents.