Private Funding Sources Research Articles

FINANCIAL PLANNING IN HIGHER EDUCATION: INSIGHTS FROM INTERNATIONAL PRACTICES

In recent years, the financing of higher education has undergone significant transformations, influenced by shifting economic policies and the increasing demand for educational services. This article examines the evolution of financial planning in higher education institutions (HEIs) worldwide, highlighting the interplay between public and private funding sources. It explores various financing models adopted by countries, particularly focusing on the roles of government and private sector contributions. Comparative case studies from the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom illustrate the diverse strategies employed to ensure access, quality, and sustainability in higher education. The article concludes with key lessons for HEIs aiming to navigate financial challenges and achieve long-term growth, emphasizing the importance of strategic financial planning, revenue diversification, and institutional autonomy.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE DEFENCE INDUSTRY OF UKRAINE TO ENSURE NATIONAL SECURITY

The national defence industry concentrates on military, electronic, information and space technologies. In the near future, Ukraine's defence industry may become one of the most knowledge-intensive industrial sectors of the economy. Accordingly, the purpose of the study is to assess the capacity of Ukrainian defence enterprises to produce weapons and military equipment to ensure national security. The research aims not only to assess the problems of the defence industry under martial law but also to ensure the effective development of the defence industry sectors by identifying priority areas of funding.It was found that the current state of the Ukrainian defence industry does not meet the current realities of the time, especially in the context of Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine. The provision of equipment and weapons to military units is at a low level. It is found that the renewal of modern models of weapons and military equipment of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, before the full-scale invasion, was less than 1%, which in turn did not allow to compensate for the rate of ageing of existing weapons. The authors suggest ways to support the development of Ukraine's defence industry, in particular, through the creation of a Defence Industry Development Fund.The authors propose to create a Defence Industry Development Fund using public and private sources of funding not prohibited by the legislative framework of Ukraine, which will expand the capabilities of defence industry enterprises to produce weapons and military equipment. The creation of a system of multi-level continuous education in the defence industry and long-term conditions for the sustainable development of the defence industry's human resources will allow to engage in capacity building and reach a new level of support for the Armed Forces of Ukraine through the implementation of NATO standards.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF FUNDING OF UNIVERSITY EDUCATION IN EU COUNTRIES

This paper conducts a comparative analysis of the funding models for university education in the European Union (EU), focusing on government, private, and alternative funding sources. Purpose of the study is to analyze and compare the different funding models for university education in the EU and evaluate their efficacy. The basis of the study was the scientific works of researchers from different countries of the world and the OECD report, which presents the features of public, private and alternative financing of higher education. The main methods used in the article are methods of analysis and synthesis, comparative analysis and generalization. The analysis examines how these funding models impact accessibility, quality, and sustainability of higher education across different EU member states, including Germany, Sweden, the United Kingdom (pre-Brexit), and Italy. Through a review of existing literature and an evaluation of different funding mechanisms, the study identifies key trends and outcomes associated with each funding type. The paper also explores how European integration and policies influence these funding mechanisms. By comparing models across various countries, this analysis aims to highlight best practices and recommend policy enhancements to harmonize educational opportunities and meet future economic and social demands. The study recommends that EU countries consider a balanced approach to funding that combines the strengths of government support, private investment, and innovative funding mechanisms. This approach should aim to ensure equitable access to high-quality education while fostering financial sustainability and adaptability to changing economic conditions. Further, the paper suggests that ongoing evaluation and adaptation of funding models are essential to address the evolving needs of students and the broader socio-economic landscape. These findings and recommendations contribute to a deeper understanding of the complexities and dynamics of funding university education in the EU, providing a foundation for policymakers to enhance the effectiveness and fairness of higher education systems across Europe.

Complements or Substitutes? Young Germans’ Experience and Expectations with Financing Sources for Long-Term Care

ABSTRACT Financing long-term care is a growing challenge in aging societies. To address this challenge, Germany created public long-term care insurance (DPV) more than 25 years ago. Germans still need to prepare for their own care throughout their life course to supplement public insurance. This study presents descriptive statistics and multivariate regression analysis to examine young Germans’ experiences and expectations of the relationship between the DPV and private financing sources. We base our analysis on a proprietary data set of young Germans (16–39 years old) that oversamples those with caregiving experience and East Germans. We find that public long-term care insurance is a substitute for rather than a complement to other financing sources. Specifically, many young Germans do not count on public long-term care insurance to finance care. Instead, they see private funding sources as substitutes for long-term care insurance. Those who count on private long-term care insurance are between 48 and 70% less likely to count on DPV benefits. Experience with care increases the likelihood of young Germans expecting future public benefits by factor of six or 18, depending on the specific care familiarity. Young Germans are also more likely to count on future generations to support their own care than they expect themselves to support the care of their parents through the DPV. Given that the DPV provides basic universal insurance that requires some complementary private income sources, our findings suggest that young Germans, who will need to build some of these income sources throughout their careers, are underestimating the value of the DPV and overestimating their own ability to pay for long-term care. Policymakers will need to reduce the political risks to the DPV and increase young Germans’ savings over the life-course to address this imbalance.

Challenges and Prospects of Fund Generation in Christian Higher Education Administration

The paper discusses the significance of funding in the administration of Christian Higher Education (CHE) institutions, including universities and seminaries. It highlights the challenges faced by these institutions due to their reliance on private funding sources, as they do not receive government support. The challenges include a decrease in the quality and standard of education, changes in the perception of education, disruptions to institutional goals, and issues related to responsibility and control. However, the paper also explores the prospects of fund generation for CHE institutions, emphasizing the need for proactive approaches to address financial challenges. These prospects include achieving institutional goals, effective administration, improving the quality of personnel and infrastructure, and global relevance. The paper recommends that CHE institutions should explore alternative funding sources such as alumni support, endowments, donations, and research grants. It also suggests diversifying financing and engaging in institutional investments and business ventures without losing focus on institutional mission and vision. The paper emphasizes the importance of fostering good working relationships with all stakeholders, both within and outside the institution. In conclusion, the paper underscores the critical role of funding in CHE institutions and provides recommendations for addressing funding challenges and harnessing funding prospects to enhance the quality of Christian higher education.

Decreased renal apparent diffusion coefficient after COVID-19 associated acute kidney injury

Study objective: To investigate if there are any differences in total renal blood flow, regional renal perfusion, renal oxygenation or renal tissue properties, studied by non-invasive MRI, in patients having recovered from severe COVID-19 with different grades of acute kidney injury (AKI). Hypothesis: We hypothesize that the decrease in renal blood flow and perfusion that our research group have previously found in severe COVID-19 patients with AKI 1 may persist together with possible renal edema and development of fibrosis. Material and methods: We identified patients with AKI grade 3 from a cohort of patients previously treated in the intensive care unit for severe COVID-19 with respiratory failure. These patients were matched to possible extent regarding age, sex, height, weight, body mass index (BMI) and body surface area (BSA) with patients from the same cohort that had AKI grade 1 and patients that did not have AKI. A total of 22 patients were included. Because of common occurrence of oliguria without a reduction of glomerular filtration, AKI grade was determined using the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcome (KDIGO) creatinine criteria only. All patients had a record of a plasma creatinine inside normal range within two years prior to ICU care, and had no history of renal disease. Comorbidities were common in the study population. Follow up examination was performed approximately five months after the patients were admitted the ICU. Results: Significant differences in cortical and medullary ADC were demonstrated between the study groups. Both cortical and medullary ADC was significantly reduced in the ‘AKI grade 3’ group compared to the ‘no AKI’ group and the ‘AKI grade 1’ group. Total renal blood flow was significantly lower in the ‘AKI grade 3’ group compared to the ‘no AKI’ group and global renal perfusion was significantly lower in the ‘AKI grade 3’ group compared to the ‘no AKI’ and ‘AKI grade 1’ groups. No significant differences in either cortical or medullary perfusion were seen between the groups. Cortical and medullary oxygenation and renal vein oxygen saturation did not differ significantly between the groups. Conclusion: In this study we demonstrates that, approximately five months after intensive care for severe COVID-19, patients that had high grades of AKI during hospitalization have reduced cortical and medullary ADC together with reduced total renal blood flow and global renal perfusion compared to similar patients that did not have AKI. These findings might indicate development of renal fibrosis. No differences regarding renal oxygenation were observed between the studied groups. 1. Luther T, Eckerbom P, Cox E, Lipcsey M, Bulow S, Hultstrom M, et al. Decreased renal perfusion during acute kidney injury in critical COVID-19 assessed by magnetic resonance imaging: a prospective case control study. Crit Care. 2022;26(1):262. Public and private funding sources. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2023 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Household preferences for private versus public subsidies for new heating systems: insights from a multi-country discrete choice experiment

ABSTRACT This paper employs demographically representative discrete choice experiments (DCEs) with owner occupiers in Poland, Sweden, and the United Kingdom (UK) to estimate the effects of subsidies, heating cost savings, installation time (reflecting ‘hassle costs’) and warranty length on owner occupiersʻ propensity to invest in a new heating system. In particular, the paper explores whether owner occupiers value subsidies received from public funding sources differently than subsidies received from private funding sources. The results from estimating mixed logit models suggest that respondents not only value subsidies for new heating systems because they decrease the net price, but they also value receiving a subsidy per se. For participants from Sweden (but not from Poland and the UK), this non-monetary value was found to be higher for subsidies offered by a public than by a private funding source. The results for heating cost savings in the three countries imply implicit discount rates between about 11 and 13%. We further find that respondents in Poland dislike longer installation times, and that respondents in all three countries value longer warranty times.

Predicting participation in the child care subsidy system from provider features, community characteristics, and use of funding streams

Child care is not affordable for many U.S. families, particularly those living in poverty. Child care subsidies and other sources of public funding for early education can assist low-income families with accessing child care. However, the number of providers that accept child care subsidies is declining, threatening both the sustainability of these government programs and access to early care and education for families from low-income backgrounds. The current study identifies factors that may influence center-based child care providers’ subsidy system participation using nationally representative data from the 2012 National Survey of Early Care and Education (n = 7771). Our results suggest that certain features of providers, such as having a quality rating, and the poverty density of the community within which a center operates may be positively related to subsidy system participation. In addition, we find that programs serving infants and toddlers are more likely to accept child care subsidies than early childhood programs that focus exclusively on preschool-age children. Findings also indicate that receipt of other sources of public and private funding is associated with subsidy system participation. The findings of this study help identify priorities for policymakers seeking to incentivize provider participation in the subsidy system.

Beyond the Public-Private Nexus

Increasingly, school-based partnerships have been tied to education reform and the entrance of private capital into the PK-12 space, most prominently from a philanthropy sector that contributes nearly $60 billion annually to education causes. As a result, what may have been an at-will school-business partnership in the 1980s may today resemble an embedded multi-partner arrangement around professional development, teacher evaluation, or turnaround support. In this paper, a new framework is introduced to situate school-based collaborations in a contemporary context, notably acknowledging that schools today live in a new “blended capital” reality involving diverse sector influences, multiple sources of private and public funding, and therefore multiple measures of efficacy and accountability.

Professional Friendship, Resource Competition, and Collaboration in a Homeless Service Delivery Network

ABSTRACTWhile existing literature on human services interorganizational network has focused on collaboration, networked service providers do compete for the same public and private funding sources. Interorganizational competition for scarce resources could be detrimental to collaboration. Yet organizational leaders’ external professional friendship ties with peers – an understudied type of informal relationship – may mitigate the effects of resource competition. Using data collected from a homeless service delivery network, we investigate such relational dynamics. Quantitative network analysis shows that professional friendship ties facilitate collaboration and moderate the negative impact of competition on collaboration. Both funders and managers need to invest in developing professional friendship networks.

Chemistry in Texas

Last week took me to Houston to a reception and banquet to celebrate the winners of the 2019 Welch Award in Chemistry. I had heard of the award before and knew a little bit about the work of the Welch Foundation through reading past C&EN articles published on the occasion of the Welch Foundation’s 50th anniversary. The foundation was founded in 1954 (2 years after Robert Alonzo Welch’s death) in Houston, and it is one of the oldest private funding sources for basic chemistry research in the US. So far, it has contributed nearly $930 million to the advancement of chemistry through a variety of activities, including research and departmental grants, endowed chairs, and other chemistry-related programs, all in the state of Texas. There isn’t a lot of information out there about the man behind the foundation, but if you are interested, you can read more about him in the

The intensity of private funding and the results of university? Firm interactions: the case of Brazil

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the academic side of university–firm linkages, reporting the results of research (called the “BR Survey”, a primary database) conducted in Brazil with leaders of research groups that interacted with firms. The authors analysed the answers from 662 research groups (from both universities and research institutes) to investigate whether the intensity of private funds affects the results of the interactions. The main intent is to answer the following question: Is there a difference between funding sources and the type of results achieved by research groups when interacting with firms? Design/methodology/approach To verify the impact of some variables on the perception of the main results of university–firm interactions, highlighting the impact of funding sources, the authors present a Logit Model defined with binary dependent variables. The null value is categorized as a “scientific result” (new scientific discoveries and research projects; publications, theses and dissertations; human resources’ and students’ education) and the value 1 is classified as an “innovative/technological result” (new products, artefacts and processes; improvement of industrial products and processes; patents, software, design and spin-off firms). Findings The authors found that the modes of interaction (relationship types) and some knowledge transfer channels, besides the number of interactions with firms, have statistically significant coefficients, so their values present different impacts on the results of the interaction. The results suggest that the Brazilian innovation policy towards a more active and entrepreneurial role of universities is fostering innovative/technological results from university–firm interactions. Originality/value The originality of the study lies on the results found that given the fact that private funding sources do not affect the conventional mission of Brazilian universities – teaching and research – university research groups should be even more incentivized to search for private funds to carry out their research. This may be a solution to the public fund scarcity and may help in reducing the historical distance between universities and firms in Brazil.

Private finance integration to affordable housing production: a comparison between Copenhagen and Istanbul

This study analyzes transformations in institutions of affordable housing production connected to neoliberalization, which have impacted affordability rates and income gaps in Copenhagen and Istanbul. Also, different types of affordable housing began to develop, such as modular housing of Almenbolig+ in Copenhagen and housing for very low-income people in Istanbul. Increased affordability rates are the results of the transformations of welfare state-based practices to market-based approaches. The aim of this paper is to analyze and compare how affordable housing institutions have transformed from being financed through public funds to private funding sources since the periods of financial crisis in 2001 and 2008 in a Western and non-Western country. Using the concept of neoliberal localization, this comparative case study employs variation finding tool to analyze the transformations under three causal mechanisms. The first mechanism is state withdrawal of providing finance to affordable housing production; second, collaboration with private sector for financing affordable housing while increasing authority of municipalities. The third mechanism is restructuring institutions to open a base for public-private partnerships. Primary data was provided from interviews, while secondary data was gathered from planning policies, legislations, OECD and country statistics. The outcome of this study reveals information about changes in affordable housing institutions and neoliberal effects on affordable housing production due to contributions of local governments contingent on requirements of private funding.

Unicorns, Cheshire cats, and the new dilemmas of entrepreneurial finance

ABSTRACTThis essay examines the implications of the evolving environment for the formation and financing of new firms in the United States. After the dot.com crash of 2000, there was a regime change in new firm formation and the number of firms that exited through an initial public stock offering. This change was made possible by the decreased cost, increased speed, and ease of market entry due to availability of open source software, digital platforms, and cloud computing. This facilitated a proliferation of startups seeking to disrupt incumbent firms in a wide variety of business sectors. The contemporaneous growth in the number and size of private funding sources has resulted in a situation within which new firms can afford to run massive losses for long periods in an effort to dislodge incumbents or attempt to triumph over other lavishly funded startups. This has triggered remarkable turmoil in many formerly stable industrial sectors, as the new entrants fueled by capital investments undercut incumbents on price and service. The ultimate result is that new entrants with access to massive amounts of capital can survive losses for a sufficiently long period to displace existing firms and, thereby, transform earlier industrial ecosystems.

Reproducible research practices, transparency, and open access data in the biomedical literature, 2015-2017.

Currently, there is a growing interest in ensuring the transparency and reproducibility of the published scientific literature. According to a previous evaluation of 441 biomedical journals articles published in 2000–2014, the biomedical literature largely lacked transparency in important dimensions. Here, we surveyed a random sample of 149 biomedical articles published between 2015 and 2017 and determined the proportion reporting sources of public and/or private funding and conflicts of interests, sharing protocols and raw data, and undergoing rigorous independent replication and reproducibility checks. We also investigated what can be learned about reproducibility and transparency indicators from open access data provided on PubMed. The majority of the 149 studies disclosed some information regarding funding (103, 69.1% [95% confidence interval, 61.0% to 76.3%]) or conflicts of interest (97, 65.1% [56.8% to 72.6%]). Among the 104 articles with empirical data in which protocols or data sharing would be pertinent, 19 (18.3% [11.6% to 27.3%]) discussed publicly available data; only one (1.0% [0.1% to 6.0%]) included a link to a full study protocol. Among the 97 articles in which replication in studies with different data would be pertinent, there were five replication efforts (5.2% [1.9% to 12.2%]). Although clinical trial identification numbers and funding details were often provided on PubMed, only two of the articles without a full text article in PubMed Central that discussed publicly available data at the full text level also contained information related to data sharing on PubMed; none had a conflicts of interest statement on PubMed. Our evaluation suggests that although there have been improvements over the last few years in certain key indicators of reproducibility and transparency, opportunities exist to improve reproducible research practices across the biomedical literature and to make features related to reproducibility more readily visible in PubMed.

To do a Good Deed or to Counteract Grievance? Effects on Nonprofit Funding

While a growing body of work in management research on emotions has emphasized individual's expression of emotions, organizational use of emotions is almost neglected. This study reveals how positive and negative emotions in mission statements depict nonprofits' organizational identity and distinguishes organizations from each other. Furthermore, this paper examines the effects of emotions in nonprofits' organizational identity on their funding. In, particular this article distinguishes between positive and negative emotions, depicting a nonprofit’s organizational identity, and their effect on public versus private funding sources. The results show that positive emotions ('doing a good deed') positively affect private sector funding and negatively affect public sector funding. Negative emotions in nonprofit mission statements ('counteracting grievance') have opposing effects, namely positively affecting public sector funding and negatively affecting private sector funding. These findings enable several re...

Strengthening standards, transparency, and collaboration to support medicine evaluation: Ten years of the European Network of Centres for Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacovigilance (ENCePP).

Strengthening standards, transparency, and collaboration to support medicine evaluation: Ten years of the European Network of Centres for Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacovigilance (ENCePP).

Unicorns, Cheshire Cats, and the New Dilemmas of Entrepreneurial Finance

This essay examines the implications of the evolving environment for the formation and financing new firms. Unicorn became an emblem of the newly founded firm that had rapidly grown to a value of a billion or more US dollars. However, there has been a downside, and new dilemmas, with rapidly expanding firms slipping away and like a Cheshire cat, leaving only a smile. After the dot.com crash of 2000, there was a regime change in new firm formation and the number of firms that exited through an initial public stock offering. This change was made possible by the decreased cost, increased speed, and ease of market entry due to availability of open source software, digital platforms, and cloud computing. This facilitated a proliferation of startups seeking to disrupt incumbent firms in a wide variety of business sectors. The eased market entry was accompanied by a growth in the number of private funding sources that now includes crowd-funding websites, angels, accelerators, micro-venture capitalists, traditional venture capitalists, and lately even mutual, sovereign wealth, and private equity funds - all willing to advance capital to young unlisted firms. The result has been the massive growth in the number of venture capital-backed private firms termed unicorns that have market capitalizations of over $1 billion. The ease of new firm formation and the enormous amount of capital available has resulted in to a situation within which new firms can afford to run massive losses for long periods in an effort to dislodge incumbents or attempt to triumph over other lavishly funded startups. The result has been remarkable turmoil in many formerly stable industrial sectors, as the new entrants fueled by capital investments undercut incumbents on price. Because the new firms intending to disrupt existing firms are venture capital-finance, they can afford to operate at a loss with the goal of eventually triumphing. Existing firms competing with the disruptors must be profitable to survive, while the disruptors need only keep their investors, the ultimate result is that those firms with access to capital are likely survive and displace earlier firms and, thereby, change their respective industrial ecosystems.

The academic success of undocumented Latino students: School programs, non-profit organizations, and social capital

ABSTRACTBased on 29 in-depth interviews with undocumented Latino college students and graduates in Southern California, this study explores how academic high achievers obtain the information, resources, and emotional support they need to achieve college-student status. The study highlights the importance of the programs offered by schools and nonprofit organizations to compensate for undocumented Latino students’ lack of social capital and their parents’ lack of human capital. Forging a trusting relationship with teachers and/or counselors remains crucial for navigating the unique application process for undocumented students and for identifying private funding sources.

Financing the future of green infrastructure planning: alternatives and opportunities in the UK

With the formation of the Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition government in 2010, the funding of local government in the UK changed fundamentally. Through an austerity approach to development, local planning authorities (LPAs) have been required to make significant budgetary savings, raising questions over what services are legally and morally dispensable. One service severely impacted has been green space (green infrastructure) management. In many locations, this has generated negative responses, as the proposed cuts are perceived as decreasing the liveability of urban areas. In response, LPAs are engaging in an examination of how they can manage development to more effectively fund green infrastructure provision. Such debates draw on a range of options from public, private and community funding sources, creating further complexity within LPA financing. To explore these options, this paper discusses the appropriateness of different funding mechanisms proposing a multi-option approach for the long-term management of green infrastructure.