Private Education System Research Articles

대학 입시 공정성에 관한 해외 고등교육 관련 법과 사례에 관한 분석

Korea is a country recognized globally for its enthusiasm for education, and Korea's education craze is thanks to the parents, students, government, and private education system playing their roles. However, fairness in admissions, which should be a prerequisite for the above multi-party relationship, is difficult and ambiguous in its concept and application. Accordingly, this study aims to introduce cases that became an issue in the United States and Japan and consider the problems. In particular, we would like to look at the specific contents of 『Advancing Racial Equity and Support for Underserved Communities Through the Federal Government』.
 The main objectives of this study are as follows. First, because qualitative evaluation is less objective than quantitative evaluation, the possibility of various value judgments being involved is relatively higher than quantitative evaluation. Korea's college entrance exam cannot help but worry about the issues of fairness/inequality/discrimination, and the need for a nationwide inspection of the fair system has emerged following the Jeong Yu-ra/Sookmyung Women's High School twins/Cho Kuk incident. Accordingly, the thesis would like to introduce the purpose/ specific provisions/implementation system of the American education system that enacted and implemented the Higher Education Act. Second, the thesis would like to find, introduce, and analyze cases related to college entrance exams in the United States and also introduce incidents that became an issue in Japan. This will be an opportunity to look at the problems and status of the overall social structural system, beyond simply the application of each country's laws and policies. Third, the thesis aims to introduce and analyze laws and policies/cases to understand the current situation and suggest future directions for education.

International Students’ Academic Adjustment in Private Universities in Malaysia

Malaysia is known for having a mixed population with diverse backgrounds and religions living in peace. Malaysian education systems opened their doors to foreign countries in 1996, allowing for the establishment of branch campuses, and the private education system entered our educational sector. Since then, many international students have travelled to Malaysia to study. According to the Star Online in 2019, Malaysian higher education institutions have registered more than 170,000 international students from over 135 countries for their intercultural adaptation experiences. The top three countries are from Bangladesh, Indonesia, and China. This qualitative study investigates the academic adjustment experiences of international students in private universities in Malaysia through the lens of Cross-Cultural Adaptation (CCA) theory. Employing in-depth interviews, the research seeks to unveil the intricate processes, challenges, and adaptive strategies that shape the academic trajectories of international students within the Malaysian higher education landscape. The study aims to explore how cultural, linguistic, and academic factors influence the academic adaptation of international students. Through purposive sampling, participants will share their personal narratives, shedding light on the dynamic interplay between cultural nuances and the pursuit of academic success. Thematic analysis of the qualitative data will uncover patterns and insights into the ways in which international students negotiate academic challenges and integrate into the Malaysian educational milieu. The findings aim to contribute to the broader understanding of cross-cultural adaptation in academic settings, providing context-specific knowledge that can inform institutional policies and practices to foster a more inclusive and supportive environment for international students in Malaysian private universities. Keywords: International Students, undergraduate, adaptation, challenges, Malaysia.

Microaggressions, cancel culture, safe spaces, and academic freedom: A private property rights argumentation

AbstractScience is critical and thrives on discourse. However, new challenges for science and academic freedom have arisen from an often‐discussed cancel culture and an increasing demand for safe spaces, which are justified by their assumed protection against microaggressions. These phenomena can impede scientific progress and innovation by prohibiting certain thought processes and heterodox ideas that eventually result in new ideas, publications, statements, etc. In this paper, we use the approach of property rights ethics to shed light on these phenomena, especially in academia. First, we argue that microaggressions must be generally tolerated according to property rights ethics as the starting point for discussion. Then, we analyze cancel culture and safe spaces in academia. To this end, we distinguish between two basic cases in the educational system. We show that cancel culture and safe spaces seem justifiable in a private education system but have no place in public, tax‐funded universities from the perspective of property ethics. Our essay contributes, on the one hand, to the economic analysis of science and, on the other hand, to the ethical study of new phenomena in modern societies.

Googlization(s) of education: intermediary work brokering platform dependence in three national school systems

ABSTRACT The ‘googlization’ of education is emblematic of the growing power of private tech companies in schools across the globe, challenging education as a public good. While critical scholarship has started unpacking the ideological, pedagogical and economical logics underpinning Google’s digital infrastructure in schools, we have little insight into how googlization unfolds in education systems across the world. This article addresses this by examining the googlization of education across three countries – The US, Australia, and The Netherlands – focusing on the work by new and established intermediary actors which mediate platform power between private tech companies and public education systems. Our findings highlight five different types of intermediary work that broker dependence on Google in schools. The paper concludes by outlining how education researchers and institutions might reclaim public education by intervening in the googlization of education.

The Role of the School and the Continuing Education of Teachers in Ethnic-Racial Relations in an Experience in the Community of Curuzu, Salvador-Ba

The present work aims to reflect on the pedagogical experience in the community of Curuzu through pedagogical coordination in the Lato-Sensu Specialization entitled “African and Afro-Brazilian Studies Methodology” of Integrated Colleges Olga Mettig in 2007. The General Objective was to train of education professionals and related areas on Law 10,639 and its operation in pedagogical work, whether carried out in the classroom or in another collective learning space. The specific objectives were: to provide pedagogical subsidies on Law 10.639 and to promote pedagogical interaction between the various cultural matrices that formed the Brazilian territory. This course was intended to comply with the operation of Law 10.639/03, having as its main target audience educators and graduates in the area of human and social sciences. The main results of this experience revolve around the access for educators to decolonial and anti-racist theories. Other important results revolved around the work of education professionals who received postgraduate degrees, where they demonstrated insertion in various segments of Bahian society, such as centuries-old institutions such as the Society for the Protection of the Underprivileged (SPD), founded 190 years ago, as well as in schools traditional public and private education systems and in Afro and Afoxé blocks.

SGI Canada Educators' Perspectives on Creating Value in the Teaching and Learning Environment

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the perspectives and experiences of educators who practice Soka (value-creating) pedagogy in their teaching and learning environment. Methodology: The participants were educators who were teaching, or had taught, in a formal public or private education system in Canada and were also affiliated with the Soka Gakkai International Association of Canada Educators Group. An online survey was distributed to the educators describing the study and requesting their participation in a semi-structured interview. Fourteen survey respondents were chosen for an interview. Results: The study’s findings revealed important themes concerning how Soka education positively influenced the educators’ relationships with their students, how teachers structured their teaching and learning environment, how teachers perceived their role as educators, and how the teachers’ Buddhist spiritual practice inspired and guided their application of Soka education. Limitations: The findings are best interpreted within the study’s limitation of selecting participants from a teacher population that would likely perceive Soka education in a largely favorable light. Contribution: Our research poses potential inquiries for further study, given the novelty of the finding that identified how teachers used their Buddhist practice to inspire and advance their teaching. This aspect of teaching practice is not widely represented to date in the Soka education discourse and may have implications for future investigation.

Nature versus Nurture in Social Mobility Under Private and Public Education Systems

This paper analyzes the roles of innate talent versus family background in shaping intergenerational mobility and social welfare under different education systems. We establish an overlapping-generations model in which the allocation of workforce between a high-paying skilled labor sector and a low-paying unskilled labor sector depends on talent, parental human capital, and educational resources, and the wage rate of skilled workers is governed by their average talent. Our model suggests that under the private education system, income inequality is inversely associated with social mobility, and the steady-state average talent of skilled labor declines as parents increase educational spending. The introduction of public education, which makes the allocation of workforce depend more on talent and less on family background, tends to increase both inequality and mobility and improve welfare under reasonable conditions. Our simulations show that if the government diverts public school funding to redistribution, the economy has lower inequality and mobility in the steady state. Moving from elitist to meritocratic systems yields lower inequality and greater mobility.

Religious education in French private schools: Categories, conflations, and inequities

ABSTRACT France’s secular political culture, Catholic heritage, and tumultuous relationship with Islam have had a significant impact on 21st-century interpretations, perceptions, and politicisations of religious education in French society. Since religious education is relegated to the French private school system, it is decentralised, complex, and vastly plural – especially compared to France’s hyper-centralised public education. Religious education’s plurality and decentralisation have deepened with the recent expansion of Muslim and independent schooling. This article offers a comparative analysis of the variety of interpretations and manifestations of religious education across France’s private education system. Drawing upon extensive ethnographic fieldwork carried out in more than fifteen French private Muslim, Catholic, and secular schools intermittently from 2012 to 2020, I illustrate how Catholic school actors and supposedly ‘secular’ school actors imparting Christian culture can operate with significantly more freedom than their Muslim school counterparts. Despite significant variation in approaches to religious education across the system, religious education in Muslim schools is quite parallel to other schooling communities. Nonetheless, Muslim school actors face disproportionate barriers to equitable treatment. This discrimination is facilitated by the complexities and ambiguities of RE and is representative of efforts to restrict the imparting of Muslim culture(s) to youth in French schools.

Creativity and the curriculum: educational apartheid in 21st Century England, a European outlier?

ABSTRACT In many European societies, arts education and culture play a central role in their education systems. In England, the situation is very different. There, for the last two decades, the state has progressively marginalised the role of the arts in the public education system in the belief that the ‘market’ does not value the arts. However, England also has a strong relatively autonomous private education system financed directly by parental fees. This paper explores the extent to which the top private schools have diverged from this process of marginalisation. The findings suggest that these top private schools have invested more in the arts, which have subsequently come to play an increasingly important role in the education they provide. One consequence is that we have witnessed the emergence of two ‘systems’ of education in England, which pose a significant challenge for cultural policy.

Accountability and quality assurance for leadership and governance in Dubai-based educational marketplace

PurposeOver the past decades, there has been an intensifying movement to privatize education in Western nations, with equal concern about the quality of education for all. This article adds to a global understanding of school inspections as a governance mechanism to promote educational quality in an entirely open K-12 educational marketplace.Design/methodology/approachThe role of school inspections as a quality assurance device is examined from a market accountability perspective. The Emirate of Dubai is used as an illustrative example of market accountability, where the educational landscape constitutes primarily a private open market.FindingsDubai proves that market accountability can address the needs of all families, assuring the provision of a sufficient quality standard of education, while allowing for competition to drive improvement. There are two lessons that Dubai offers a global audience that has been debating the merits of privatizing education: a fully free unregulated market does not promote an education system that provides a minimum standard of education for all; and a private education system can address stakeholder concerns and operate successfully in parallel to a public sector.Originality/valueThe idiosyncratic United Arab Emirates (UAE) education sector calls for a balance between flexibility and quality assurance across semi-independent jurisdictions. Hosting a majority of non-Emirati resident families, Dubai has developed a public inspection system for a private education market for quality assurance across 17 curricula offered in 215 private schools with diverse profit models. That most Dubai school-aged children are in private schools demanded accommodating an atypical landscape for K-12 education that affords insights into how a free market can operate. The authors encourage future research that may build a more comprehensive framework for better understanding the public–private education debate.

Quality Assurance of Academic Organisations – A Comparative Study of ISO 9001, ISO 21001 and QAA (UGC Nepal)

With the establishment of the first school in 1853, the era of modern education began in Nepal. Though it was aimed only for the members of the ruling families and their courtiers, it attracted the interest of the ordinary people as well. After about 100 years later, schooling for the general people began in 1951 after the over throw of autocratic regime. Even after these seven decades of educational history, the quality of education system in Nepal is still poor. After the introduction of the private education system, the gap between poor and rich in terms of education has widened. Like in many countries, School Education in Nepal comprises Primary Level, Middle School/Lower Secondary Level (SLC), High School/ Secondary Level and +2/ Higher Secondary Level. Bachelor's/Undergraduate Level, Master's Level/Graduate/Degree Level, Post Graduate, MPhil Level and PhD Doctoral Level are the part of Higher Education system.

Schools reopening and the COVID-19 pandemic: a case study from Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Since the first reported case of COVID-19 in Brazil, the public and private educational system started to close. Up to November 2020, scientific discussions about the return of schooling activities have been rarely performed by the national scientific community and police-makers. The great delay of school returning in Brazil contrasts with successful international strategies of school reopening worldwide and seems counterintuitive with the reopening of non-essential activities. Here, important issues to be considered before and during school reopening are reviewed and discussed. COVID-19 testing is essential to avoid disease spreading, but high cost of individual RT-qPCRs impairs an extensive testing strategy for school returning. To reduce costs and increase the speed of diagnosis, we tested the efficiency of a pooled-sample PCR strategy in a cohort of the educational staff in the city of Macaé/RJ, finding five asymptomatic individuals (0,66%) among the 754 people tested. Thus, a polled-sample PCR testing strategy of the educational staff might prevent infection spreading in schools at a reasonable cost. We discuss how our test strategy could be coupled with internationally recognized safety rules to allow for a safe school return and how countries from different world regions are dealing with educational activities during COVID-19 pandemic.

Private (institutional) schools: bridging social gaps in urban cities in Nepal?

The interest of parents in the urban cities in Nepal is tending towards enrolling their children in paid private (institutional) schools, rather than free public schools. This paper aimed at exploring the reasons behind growing craziness of the parents towards the private education system in Nepal. We adopted a critical paradigm, case study approach using in-depth interviews, and observation techniques to gather field information. This study has signaled that institutional schools are facilitating to homogenize the education system between haves and have nots groups in society. Different categories of private education systems, with accountable management team have facilitated in bridging the social gaps in Nepal. At the same time, public schools urgently need to revisit their management model, pedagogical system, and publicize their services and strengths, so that they could regain their trust from the urban parents. The explorations of this research could be helpful to outline the positive aspects of private schools and buildup the public education system along in Nepal.

“All kids matter”? Catholic institutional advocacy for federal COVID relief funding for non-public schools

This article explores the policy interests expressed by the largest private educational system in the United States, American Catholic schools, during the first four months of the COVID-19 crisis. Critical discourse analysis is applied to public texts produced by the Catholic Church between March 1 and July 1, 2020, in order to understand the discursive strategies through which this institution constructs meaning in the policy arena. This analysis illustrates how Catholic leaders use language to make racialized and low-income students “discursively invisible.” The author documents a significant change in policy discourse, from neoconservative logics to neoliberal ones, which corresponds directly to political signaling from the Trump Administration. Drawing on critical race theory, the author suggests implications for policymakers and stakeholders.

Wealth distribution and skills generation under public and private education systems

Purpose This paper aims to understand the differing impacts of wealth distribution on human capital accumulation and skilled-unskilled labour generation under three educational paradigms as follows: private, public and a system of mixed education. Design/methodology/approach The authors use an overlapping generations model. Findings The wealth dynamics show that both in the private education system and public education system, there are two possible outcomes- stagnation and steady growth depending on the efficiency of the education system, skill premium and other parameters. The choice of the education system through voting is discussed. It is found that skilled workers would always vote for private education whilst unskilled workers vote for private education if public education expenditure of the economy is low. Research limitations/implications The study is subject to several limitations. This paper considers the rate of interest and wage rate to be exogenously given, and thus ignores the general equilibrium effects. The authors do not consider the labour-leisure choice. The introduction of labour leisure choice in the model would alter many of the results. The authors do not consider heterogeneous ability across individuals. The analysis of the differential efficiency of the different education systems needs further, rigorous research. Also, this paper does not consider other occupations such as entrepreneurship and self-employment. This paper considers the labour demand function to be perfectly elastic, and hence, does not consider any demand constraint. What happens if bequests are taxed? What happens if parents are not altruistic? These questions may be addressed in future research. Social implications If the proportion of tax paying skilled labour is low in any country, pure public education may not be able to generate sustained human capital growth. For countries with a sufficiently large proportion of skilled labour, the public education system would be successful. On the other hand, if skill premium is low or the education system is poorly managed private education system may fail too. Originality/value Whilst investigating the effects of public vs private education on growth and development in the presence of unequal wealth distribution, The authors have tried to address a few questions. First, why the public education system has been successful in skill accumulation in developed countries whilst it has failed to do so in less developed countries? Second, why do some countries with mostly privately run educational institutions perform much better in human capital production whilst others do not? Third, in an economy with unequal wealth distribution, what are the factors that result in public or private education as a voting equilibrium outcome?

Exploring the Teacher Behaviors that Influence High School Student’s Class Participation in the UAE

Teachers are entrusted with the responsibility of ensuring teaching and learning takes place in the classroom; several challenges exist, however, that influence the degree to which teachers may find success in teaching and learning. This phenomenological case-study explored the perceptions of six high school science teachers concerning the teacher behaviors that influence high school student’s classroom participation within the Emirati private educational system. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with purposefully sampled participants; data was analyzed via content analysis, which employed utilized multiple stages of coding: open, axial, and thematic. The findings of this research resulted in three main themes: (1) Teachers who model positive behaviors increase student’s classroom participation; (2) An empathetic understanding of teachers-needs would lead to more effective teacher support; and (3) Field experience coupled with effective support facilitates positive perceptions of student-teacher relationship. The findings of this research indicate a strong need for active teacher-coaching and teacher-mentoring, rather than passive, primarily rote, teacher training programs that are common in schools as the primary form of professional development. It also demonstrates the need for school leaders and teachers to foster meaningful, positive relationships with students so as to improve performance. This research paper further contributes to closing the literature gap on Student-Teacher (S-T) relationships by providing new knowledge concerning the lived-experiences of high school science teachers in fostering meaningful S-T relationships.

Socio-Technical Challenge in the Selection of the Remote E-Learning Platform

Abstract The current pandemic context represents, without any doubt, the most serious challenge for all working environments, implicitly and educationally. Students and teachers alike are unwittingly deprived of such a natural meeting characteristic of the learning process in an amphitheatre or laboratory and thus put in the challenging situation of continuing their efforts to achieve the goal, by making the efficient use of the online environment in all its complexity (hardware infrastructure, educational platforms, accessibility to the internet connection). The article deals with the selection of the distance education platform by using a mathematical model of multi-criterial analysis of the factors involved. It is essential that education does not interrupt its course and continues to evolve, thus adding value to society. Moreover, our future, of all, depends on our ability to cope with the highest standards, the challenge created by distance education. By linking the skills of teachers and instructors, the potential of students and the optimization of IT resources, this desire is possible provided that each of the elements involved contributes to the achievement of the ultimate goal: preparing generations of young people for the uncertain future. The resilience of the public and private education system is dependent on the use of tools appropriate to the purposes assumed.

AS ESCOLAS PRIVADAS BILÍNGUES E A QUALIFICAÇÃO DOCENTE

Resumo Em meio às tendências da rede privada de ensino no Brasil de atender à demanda das elites, o artigo discute a oferta de bilinguismo na educação infantil, analisando a qualificação exigida dos professores à luz das discussões sobre a estratificação horizontal do sistema de ensino superior brasileiro e seus efeitos para os cursos de Pedagogia. Foram realizadas entrevistas com representantes de cinco estabelecimentos em bairros nobres da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Titulações, comprovação de proficiência, fluência “nativa” e habilidades práticas são requisitos básicos da qualificação docente para atuar com crianças de 0 a 5 anos. Evidencia-se que a tendência ao bilinguismo nas escolas privadas agrava as desigualdades de oportunidades entre os docentes.

COVID-19: Socioeconomic, Environmental, Psychological Effects, and Prediction Models

Infectious diseases are becoming a frequent nuisance for human beings. Aids, swine flue, COVID-19 are recent examples of this. Along with these diseases, natural calamities are challenging human existence. This is the result of ignoring the importance of sustainable development. Lack of awareness and forced efforts to overcome nature’s powers may affect human beings in the long run. Unethical practices in technology must be stopped. Many people have become jobless due to COVID-19 pandemic. The prolonged economic slowdown in many countries is resulting in human resources reduction in many organizations. Many people in private organizations may lose their jobs due to this pandemic. Indian private education system runs on admission and tuition fees. The youth is facing an uncertain future. There are some positive aspects like better air quality. The uncertainty has led to psychological disorders among the people. Isolation, which helps prevent the COVID-19, may be counterproductive for mental health. This paper is aimed at discussing various socio-economic, environmental, psychological, immunological effects on the human population. Also, it shed light upon investigations on prediction models.

Tertiary Education in Mauritius: Increasing Access Through International Program and Provider Mobility

Mauritius is an informative and interesting success story for increasing access of local students to tertiary education through international program and provider mobility (IPPM). This article provides a brief background on the public and private tertiary education system in Mauritius and highlights the national plans, policies, and incentives used to promote and regulate the growth of IPPM during the last two decades. IPPM enrollments doubled from 2005 to 2017 while the number of students going abroad for degrees decreased. In 2017, 35% of all students enrolled in tertiary education in Mauritius did so through IPPM. This is among the highest in the world. Favored IPPM modes include branch campuses, franchise arrangements, and distance education. The article discusses the benefits, risks, and challenges facing Mauritius in its attempt to optimize access to higher education through IPPM and to establish itself as a regional education hub. International education scholars, planners, leaders, and policy analysts will benefit from the lessons learned by Mauritius.